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初中英语语法之二冠词和数词2.1不定冠词的用法 冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(theDefiniteArticle),另一种是不定冠词(theIndefiniteArticle),还有一种是零冠词(ZeroArticle)。 不定冠词a(an)与数词one同源,是一个的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作e,而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做en。 1)表示一个,意为one;指某人或某物,意为acertain。 AMr.Lingiswaitingforyou. 2)代表一类人或物。 Aknifeisatoolforcuttingwith. Mr.Smithisanengineer. 3)词组或成语。 alittle/afew/alot/atypeof/apile/agreatmany/manya/asarule/inahurry/inaminute/inaword/inashortwhile/afterawhile/haveacold/haveatry/keepaneyeon/allofasudden 2.2定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有那(这)个的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。 1)特指双方都明白的人或物: Takethemedicine.把药吃了。 2)上文提到过的人或事: Heboughtahouse.Ivebeentothehouse. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 3)指世上独一物二的事物: thesun,thesky,themoon,theearth 4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:thedollar美元; thefox狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:therich富人;theliving生者。 5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面: Wheredoyoulive?Iliveonthesecondfloor.你住在哪?我住在二层。 ThatstheverythingIvebeenlookingfor.那正是我要找的东西。 6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体: Theyaretheteachersofthisschool.指全体教师) Theyareteachersofthisschool.(指部分教师) 7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前: Shecaughtmebythearm.她抓住了我的手臂。 8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前: thePeoplesRepublicofChina中华人民共和国 theUnitedStates美国 9)用在表示乐器的名词之前:Sheplaysthepiano.她会弹钢琴。 10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人: theGreens格林一家人(或格林夫妇) 11)用在惯用语中: intheday,inthemorning(afternoon,evening),thedayaftertomorrow thedaybeforeyesterday,thenextmorning, inthesky(water,field,country) inthedark,intherain,inthedistance, inthemiddle(of),intheend, onthewhole,bytheway,gotothetheatre2.3零冠词的用法 1)国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary; 2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词; Theyareteachers.他们是教师。 3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词; Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失败乃成功之母。 4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词; Mancannotlivewithoutwater.人离开水就无法生存。 5)在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词; WegotoschoolfromMondaytoFriday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。 6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词; TheguardstooktheAmericantoGeneralLee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。 7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词如:havebreakfast,playchess 8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词; Icantwritewithoutpenorpencil.没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。 9)当by与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;bybus,bytrain; 10)有些个体名词不用冠词;如: school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义; gotohospital去医院看病 gotothehospital去医院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的) 11)不用冠词的序数词; a.序数词前有物主代词 b.序数词作副词Hecamefirstintherace. c.在固定词组中at(the)first, firstofall,fromfirsttolast2.4冠词与形容词+名词结构 1)两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。 Heraisesablackandawhitecat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。 Theblackandthewhitecatsarehers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。 2)如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。 Heraisesablackandwhitecat.他养了一只花猫。2.5冠词位置 1)不定冠词位置 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意: a.位于下列形容词之后:such,what,many,half, Ihaveneverseensuchananimal. Manyamanisfitforthejob. b.当名词前的形容词被副词as,so,too,how,however,enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后: ItisaspleasantadayasIhaveeverspent. Soshortatime. Toolongadistance. c.quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。但当rather,quite前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。如:quitealot d.在as,though引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后: Braveamanthoughheis,hetremblesatthesightofsnakes.他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。 当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。 2)定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all,both,double,half,twice,threetimes等词之后,名词之前。 Allthestudentsintheclasswentout.班里的所有学生都出去了。2.6数词 表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。 一、基数词 1)基数词写法和读法:345threehundredandforty-five; 2)基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数: a.与of短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连用,如scoresofpeople指许多人; b.在一些表示一排或一组的词组里; 如:Theyarrivedintwosandthrees.他们三三两两的到达了。 c.表示几十岁; d.表示年代,用in+the+数词复数; e.在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:3x5=15Threefivesis(are)fifteen. 二、序数词 序数词的缩写形式:first-1stsecond-2ndthirty-first-31st 三、数词的用法 1)倍数表示法 a.主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+as+adj.+as Ihavethreetimesasmanyasyou.我有你三倍那么多。 b.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+thesize(amount,length)of Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.地球是月球的49倍。 c.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+形容词(副词)比较级+than Thegrainoutputis8percenthigherthisyearthanthatoflastyear. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。 d.还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍 Theproductionofgrainhasbeenincreasedbyfourtimesthisyear. 今年粮食产量增加了4倍。 2)分数表示法 构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数: 1/3one-third;3/37threeandthree-sevenths.数词用法知多少近几年的中考中,经常有涉及数词方面的知识,也是学生经常出错的地方。本文就数词的用法作一归纳,供大家在复习中参考。一、 除了从1-12个基本数词(基数词)用不同的词表达外,从13-19后都有-teen后缀。如:one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen,sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen二、 从20至90之间表整十的数词都跟后缀-ty。如: twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, eighty, ninety 表示“几使几”用整十加个位数构成,中间用连字符“-”。如: twenty-one, thirty-two, forty-three, fifty-four, ninety-six三、 表示几百,几千,几百万,十亿用数词1-9加hundred,thousand, million,billion构成。如: four hundred, five thousand, seven million, nine billion 注意:几百几十之间一般用and连接。如: three hundred and forty- nine, six hundred and seven四、 表示不确定的“数百”,“数百万”,“数千”,“数十亿”时,用“hundreds”,“thousands”,“millions”,“billions”加“of”构成。如: There are hundreds of teachers in our school. Thousands of students are studying in our school. The mountain is covered with billions of trees.五、 表示顺序的词(序数词)除1-3外,其余的后面都有后缀-th。如: first, second, third,fourth, fifth, ninth, eleventh, twelfth六、 整十的序数词后面是由基数词变y为i,再加eth构成。如: twenty twentieth, eightyeightieth, ninetyninetieth 其余的整数加个位数构成的词,只变个位数为序数词即可。如: twenty-ninetwenty-ninth,forty-fiveforty-fifth,fifty-sixfifty-sixth,sixty-sevensixty-seventh,ninety-seven ninety-seventh七、 序数词前一般加定冠词the,但有时加不定冠词表示“又一”,“再一”等。如:I have tried twice. I want to try a third time.He has failed three times. He will try a fourth time.八、 数词与名词连用时,如几号,几班,几年级,房间号及邮编号码时,首字母都大写。如: Number One, Class Three, Grade Two, Room 218, Zip Code 257091九、 表示倍数的大小时,两倍用twice表达,三倍以上用数词加times表达。如: My school is twice as large as theirs. Five times seven is 35.十、分数的表达:分子基数词,分母序数词,分子大于1,分母加s。如: 1/4 one fourth,3/4 three fourths(three quarters), 1/5 one fifth, 4/5 four fifths十一、小数的表达,小数点读作point,其余的按基数词读出。如:0.2 zero point two, 5.79 five point seven nine十二、百分数的表达,百分号读作percent。如: 10% ten percent, 16% sixteen percent, 0.7% point seven percent, 89%eighty-nine percent十三、数词算式表达:+plus,minus,multiplied divided。如: 5+7five plus seven, 93nine minus three, 89eight multiplied by nine, 648sixty divided by eight, 6:5 the ratio of six to five, 42 four squared, 33three-cubed, 54the fourth power of five十四、与数有关的几个常用单词及词组。如: half 一半, a dozen 一打, dozens of 几十, a score 二十, scores of 许多, several(a few),几个,数个巩固训练1. About _ of the workers are young man.A. third fifths B. three fifths C. three fives D three fifth2. The computer of this kind can work _ than that kind.A. hundreds of times faster B. hundred of times faster C. hundred times faster D. a hundred time faster2. Two _ died of flu last year.A. hundred old people B. hundreds of old people C. hundreds of people D. hundreds old people3. He graduated in _ of _ centrury.A. the sixtieth; twenty B. sixty; the twentieth C. the sixties; the twentieth D. sixty; twenty4. The two great men wrote those letters in _.A. 1870s B. 1870s C. the 1870s D. the 18705. I wonder if I can ask him _ time.A. four B. fourth C. the fourth D. a fourth冠词不定冠词a/an一、用a或an填空:1. _ honest boy 2. _ ugly man 3. _ useful tool4. _ one-act play5. _ uncle 6. _ uniform7. _ university8. _ hour9. _ umbrella10. _ interesting story11. _ “x”12. _ “s”13. _ “h”14. _ “u”二、写出下列惯用语1. 一会儿2. 匆忙 3玩得很愉快4. 去散步5一群6. 去游泳 7助某人一臂之力8. 谋生定冠词the一、the用法: 1 _ sun rises in _ east 2Washington is _ capital of _ USA 3Its too hotOpen _ door,please4They went to _ Peoples Park,but we both went to _ Peoples Cinema yesterday 5Where do you live?I live on _ second floor.6I believe that _ young have a bright future.7Paris is _ most beautiful city, where you can see _ famous Eiffel Tower.8Eddie likes playing _ basketball best. He doesnt like playing _ piano.9. Shanghai is in _ east of China10. They passed our school _ day before yesterday二、写出下列惯用语1在中间2. 一直 3此刻,目前4. 第一次5去看电影(cinema)6. 在右边 7给某人指路8. 与。同样9在早晨10. 整理床铺综合练习:一、冠词填空:在下列句中空白处填入适当冠词,不需用冠词处划/。 1There is _ woman over there _ woman is Meimeis mother2This is _ useful bookIve read it for _ hour 3 _ elephant is much heavier than _ horse 4 _ doctor told him to take _ medicine three times _ day 5Lets go out for _ walk 6I often watch _ TV in _ evening7Tomorrow is _ Christmas Day and my father and I went to choose _ Christmas tree today8I think _ maths is more important than any other subject9 _ Changjiang River is _ longest river in _ China 10_ day of _ December 20,1999 is _ Monday11What does this _ word mean, _ Father? 12He often goes to _ school by _ bike 13He joined the army in _ spring of _ 1995 14_ old man is _ teacherHe likes playing _ basketball after _ supper 15After I had _ quick breakfast,I hurried to school 二、.选择填空。 1She has _ orange skirt _ skirt is nice Aa;The Ban;The Can;A Dthe;The 2There is _ old bike _ old bike is Mr. Zhaos Aan ;The Bthe;An Ca;The Dthe;The 3 _ apple a day keeps the doctors away AThe BA CAn DTwo 4This is _ empty glass. Would you please give me _ full one? A. a, an B. an, a C. the, a D. an, the 5At that time Tom was _ one-year-old baby Aa Ban Cthe D 6We cant see _ sun at _ night Athe;the Bthe; Ca; D;7_ useful book it is! AWhat an BHow a CWhat a DWhat8. How many books do you have? I have _ bookThats _ English book Aa;an Ba;one Cone;an Done;one9. There is _ university in our town. A. a B. an C. the D. /10_ Great Wall is _ longest wall in the world AA;a BThe;the CA;the DThe;a11 There is _ tall tree in _ front of our classroom. A. a, / B. a, the C. the, the D. /, /12_ new bridge has been built over _ Huangpu River AThe;a BA; CA;the DAn;the 13_ woman over there is _ popular teacher in our school AA;an BThe;a CThe;the DA;the 14Beijing is _ beautiful cityIts _ capital of China Aa;a Bthe;the C;the Da;the15Theres _ “u” and _ “s” in _ word “use”. A. an, a, the B. a, a, a C. a, an, the D. the, the, the 16. The museum is quite farIt will take you half _ hour to get there by _ bus Aan; Ban;a Ca; D;17Does Tom often play _ football after _ school? A; B;the Cthe; Da; 18_ United States and China are two of _ biggest countries in the world. A. /, the B. The, the C. The, / D. /, /19We all should be kind to _ old. A. a B. an C. the D. /20Ive been a student there for nearly two and _ half years Aa Ban Cthe D21We are
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