校对与改错解题思路及技巧.doc

校对与改错解题思路及技巧 考题内容及要求：综合测试考生的阅读、语法、词汇、修辞等能力；要求考生能运用语法、修辞、结构等语言知识，识别短文内的语病并提出改正的方法。题目篇幅及标注错误和改正方法：250 字左右的短 文，其中十行标有题号，每行均有错误， 每处要求考生依据“增添”、“删除”、或“改变其中某一单词”这三种方法之一改正错误。 首先，将 错误在文中注明，如需增添一词，则在需要增添处加 “ ”的符号，然后将所增添的单词在该行右边的横线上写出；如果需要删除一词，则用斜线“/”将该词划掉，再把该词抄写在右边的横线上；如果发现由于某一单词使用不当而需要替换， 则首先在原文中该词下划线， 再将正确的单词写在右边的横线上。左边标记不正确或右边横线上单词拼写有误均要扣分。举例如下：A great number Americans joined the Gold rush 1. ofhoping that when they would make a fortune. 2. whenAs a result, however, most of them remain poverty-stricken. 3. remained 解题策略与技巧一、快速通读全文：由于该题型是以篇章这一较大的话语层面出现，一接触该题，考生首先应进行快速通读全文，大致了解文章的大意。这是进一步逐个仔细推敲各标有题号行之错误的前提和基础。二、寻找错误：随后，考生应以完整句子为单位，从中寻找基本语法错误。在理解句子意义的前提下：1. 首先从句法角度对句子进行分析，考察句型结构是否完整,或判别是否存在其它常见的语法结 构错误:时态错误、语态错误、主谓不一致、指代不明、 名词单复数错误等；2. 倘若确定没有上述错误，再着手寻找词法错误。特别要注意词类误用、容易混淆的词以及词语固定搭配等错误.3.上述两类错误均以句子为单位进行侦寻，但考生切不可忽视语篇错误，即前后指代错误、篇章的衔接、以及由于上下文语义的逻辑关系而产生的错误。一、句法错误句法错误在八级考试中常见，是三大错误中最容易改的一种。八级改错的句法错误常包括：时态、语态错误、主谓不一致错误、非谓语动词错误、主从结构错误等。1.主谓一致问题主谓一致的三个原则语法一致原则:主语和谓语动词在单,复数形式上的一致.意义一致原则:主语在语法形式上为复数,但有单数意义,或主语在语法形式上为单数,但在意义可视为单数,随后的动词要保持一致.就近原则:谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的名词主语的单复数形式.A. 并列主语的主谓一致1): The additional stress and tension as well as the lack of suitable rest and recreation very often have a disastrous effect on his health. (由and/both.and:意义一致 or/nor/eitheror:就近原则 as much as/rather than; as well as/in addition to/with/along with/except 等连接的并列主语:依短语之前主语的单复数而定)B. 在复杂的句子结构中确定谓语动词的主语2). The English speaker has at his disposal a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to other English speakers.enables-enable(a series of, a large proportion of, the majority of students)3). Nevertheless we teach students to do and say things with language which is fundamentally insignificant to them as persons, and consequently they say these things formally and impersonally.is-are4). Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow become evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.becomebecomes（主语从句为单数）2. 时态、语态、语气错误：1 ). We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write, and on our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many hours every day.went-go虚拟语气：2). Sometimes I wish I live in a different time and a different place. lived3). Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I followed your advice. had followed4). For this reason, biologists now suggest that language be “species specific” to the human race.Be-is3. 非谓语动词错误1). They say the increases are needed because of a loss in value of university endowments heavily investing in common stock.Investing- invested2) How difficult it is for us, then, to achieve a balance in the midst of these contradictory tensions, and yet how necessary for the proper function of our lives.Function-fuctioning3 )The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live like our prehistoric human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing with animal foods.Supplementing- supplemented5. 主从结构错误、并列结构错误1). But, in 1066, a foreigner from north west France became King William of Britain, he ordered that a wooden castle be built on the banks of the river Thames. He-who2). Once there was a pilgrim who made that his lifes work to discover the highest truth that this world could teach.That-it3).This is natural, therefore, that our speech-sounds should be those of our immediate circle.This-it4).t is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which we almost always know. Which-that 先行词 all, any (other ), only, person +that the best man + that Anything, something, nothing + that 关系代词的选择5).The state-run National Tourism Service, in partnership with a number of private companies, is currently running a worldwide campaign, takes part in trade fairs and international events to attract visitors to Chile.Takes-taking6). The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving students a governance role, and eliminate required courses.Eliminate- eliminating二、词法错误：词法错误主要指的是用词方面的错误,这些错误主要表现在三个方面：词的误用、词的遗漏、词的多用。1. 词的误用词的误用包括名词数的误用、词性的误用、词义的误用、介副词的误用、连词的误用等。名词数的误用1. Apart from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what some people say: we certainly do create a great number of obscurity when we omit them.Number-amount/deal2. It is fairly well known that wild animals survive from year to year by eating as many as they can during times of plentystoring the exess, usually in the form of fat, and then using these reserves of fat to survive during the hard time in winter when food is scarce.ManymuchTime-times从词义方面辨析:1. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred years of steady decline, producing the “baby boom”. Height-high/ peak: to reach a new high2. Although Jane was widely read in her lifetime, she published her works anonymously. The most emergent preoccupation of her bright, young heroines is courtship and finally marriage. emergent: emerging3. He holds his “readiness-to-rise” post and keeps on holding it.Post-posture修改单词时不可改变原句的意思.从词性方面辨析:1. The marketing of Wheat became an increasing favorite topic of conversation.Increasing- increasingly2. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives unconscious of what our speech sounds like, and it often comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves.Firstly-first3. By the mid- 1980s Americans found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competition. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition.Competition-competitiveness4. The Consumer Price Index is the most widely used measurement of inflation and is sometimes viewed as an indicator of the effectiveness of government economic policy. Measurement- measure从固定搭配进行辨析： 1. This helplessness of human infants is in marked contrast with the capacity of many new born animals to get on their feet within minutes of birth and run with herd within a few hours.get on- get to2. Her efforts to establish a little theater meet with little encouragement . Indeed, the people merely think she is making on airs. making onputting on3. There is a sharp difference in meaning between “man is vile”and “the man is vile”, yet “the” is the single vehicle of this difference in meaning. vehicle of- vehicle for名词+介词5. Corporate culture is a wide term used to define the unique personality or character of a particular company or organization.Wide-broad6. the government appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to buy, sell, and set prices. Total-full 形容词+名词7.Societies need to pay attention to existing problems in order to get rid of the immense danger of famine, drought and diseases that rise from the damage the pollution causes. rise arise 主语+谓语动词8. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athletes whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations. Shortenlessen/reduce谓语动词+宾语2. 词的多用词的多用指的是命题中有多余的词需要删除, 或者是当某个词已经能够清楚地表达意义，而再用其它意义相近的词进行修饰阐述而产生的赘述.词的多用现象通常涉及虚词,如冠 词、介词、连词等.1. Altogether apart from its scientific value, space travel has one justification that transcends over all others.over删除2. The strange, almost incomprehensible fact is that many professors, just as they feel obliged to write dully, they believe that they should lecture dully.they删除3. A rough and ready difference which may seem the most obvious is that grammatical words have “less meaning”, and in fact some grammarians have called them “empty words”.the删除 冠词4. after more than a hundred years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom”a删除3. 词的遗漏校对与改错命题中常常故意遗落某个词,我们称这种现象为词的遗漏。词的遗漏现象通常涉及虚词,如冠词、 介词、连词等, 有时也涉及其他成分.1). There is no mention of waves resulting from these earthquakes along the coast adjacent the Arabian sea, and it is unlikely that Tsunamis were generated.adjacentto介词2). The host continues to talk to the guest and listens to him, but leans forward and grasps the arms of the chair as about to push himself upwards.Asif3).Ones thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things which there is something to be done.Aboutwhich定语从句中关系代词之前的介词4). The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in hope of sucking vigor from its vitality.Inthe hope冠词5. In the past 400 years, people from many countries settled there, bringing with them wealth of knowledge and skills.awealth三、语篇错误：语篇错误是八级改错中较难的部分，因为改正这类错误不仅仅需要考生运用所学到的语法和词汇，而且要运用有关语篇知识，要注意搭配、修辞、措辞， 注意词与词之间的细微差别，还要注意语篇的衔接，上下文意思的连贯，逻辑一致等等。八级改错出现的语篇错误主要有三类：语义错误(上下文语义相反或逻辑混乱)、指代错误, 衔接错误 。语义相反1. The problem is that rain does not always arrive where and when it is needed. This is compounded by efficient agricultural methods and the growing competition of water from urban centers.Efficient- inefficient2. Apart from a powerful capacity to pay attention to their helplessness by using sound, there is nothing the new born child can do to ensure his own survival.Pay-draw2. Most of it-97%-is in the form of the salt waters of the oceans. The rest is fresh, but three quarters of this is in the form of ice at the Poles and on mountains, and can not be used by living systems when melted.Whenun less前后指代错误1. Between 1940 and 1960, their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well as later decades.That-those a. Their cat understands as many words as does a dog. b. He is not as fast as had been expected. c. not as good as was expected d. He spoke as naturally as could be e. Do not drive faster than is necessary (wise). 2. and increasingly the outlook of universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of business firms. Those-that3. There are important corollaries to the investigative power. One is the power to publicize investigations and its results.Its-their4. Although young animals are certainly at risk, sometimes for weeks or even months after birth compared with the human infant they very quickly grow the capacity to fend for them. them -themselves衔接错误 句中的连词 1. A pidgin is not really a language at all. It is more like a set of verbal signals used to name objects and without the grammatical rules needed for expressing thought and ideas.and withoutbut without2. This was the situation, for example, in England when it was occupied by the Norman French: the Normans were the rulers when the masses continued happily using English. Whenwhile/but3. The total quantity of water is unknown, and it is about enough to cover the surface of the globe to a depth of about two and three-quarter kms.Andbut/although4. Overall, two-thirds and more of the hunter-gatherers calories come from plants.And-or5. Since the United States maintained its dubious distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, the temporary decline in divorce did not occur to the same extent in Europe.Since-while6.Less noted but equally significant, the men an