初三英语形容词副词.doc

形容词和副词1. 形容词和副词的功能及位置（1）形容词的功能：主要是用来描写或修饰名词，说明名词的性质、特征、状态，在句中作定语、表语、补足语等成分。（2）形容词的位置 作定语一般位于它所修饰的名词之前； alive, afraid, awake, alone, asleep等表语形容词作定语需后置； 修饰someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, nobody, nothing等不定代词需后置； away, long, wide, high, deep, old等词附有数量词语说明时需后置； 形容词+介词短语或不定式短语作定语需后置； 用and或or连接的两个意义相反的形容词作定语需后置； 作表语位于连系动词之后； 作宾语补足语位于宾语之后； 形容词或形容词词组作状语使用时，可放在句首、句中或句尾。eg: China has a long history. Who is the greatest man alive? 谁是当今最伟大的人？ I have something important to tell you. The road is about 50 meters wide. He is a man full of energy. A country, big or small, should be equal. 国家不论大小应该平等。 The weather here is very pleasant. 这里的天气很宜人。 I found the story very interesting. Tired and hungry, he returned home.（3）副词的功能：作状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等单词或短语，甚至整个句子，以说明动作性质或状态的特征。副词也可用来作定语、表语、宾语补足语。（4）副词的位置 修饰形容词、副词时，放在它所修饰的词的前面； enough作为副词总是置于被修饰的形容词或副词后； 频度副词、程度副词可放在实意动词的前面，情态动词、be动词、助动词之后； 时间副词和地点副词一般位于句尾。如两种副词同时出现，则地点副词放在时间副词之前，也可将时间副词放在句首； 方式副词修饰及物动词可在及物动词前或宾语后，修饰不及物动词在修饰的动词后或加介词+宾语后； 副词作宾语，一般放在被修饰的名词后； 副词作表语表示位置，位于系动词后； 副词作宾语补足语位于宾语后。eg: Our school is very beautiful. I dont know him well enough. We havent enough food for you. He always helps others. He is seldom late for class. They stayed at home last night. He does his work carefully. They live on the floor below. The light is still on. 电灯还在亮着。 Im pleased to see you back. 2. 形容词和副词级别的构成词类构成方法原级比较级最高级单音节词一般在词尾+er, estgreatgreaterthe greatest以不发音的e词尾+r, stlatelaterthe latest元音字母+y结尾+er, estgay愉快的gayerthe gayest辅音字母+y结尾变y为ier, iesteasyeasierthe easiest以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，双写此辅音字母+ er, estfatthinbigfatterthinnerbiggerthe fattestthe thinnestthe biggest双音节词少数以y, er, ow, le结尾的词，构成方法与单音节词相同happyclever narrowsimplehappiercleverernarrowersimplerthe happiestthe cleverestthe narrowestthe simplest多音节词在词前+more, mostbeautifulmore beautifulthe mostbeautiful不规则变化无规律，需认真记忆goodwelllittlebetterbetterlessthe bestthe bestthe lest有些形容词和副词没有比较级和最高级，只有原级一种形式whole asleep correct aloud perfect alone enough wrong total favorite3.形容词和副词级别的用法（1） 系动词+ as + adj.原级+ as 与一样； 实意动词+ as + adv.原级+ as 像一样； not as或so.as 不如那样 eg: Lily is as careful as Lucy.Lily studies as carefully as Lucy. Lily doesnt study as/so carefully as Lucy.（2） 系动词+ adj.比较级+ than , 比 实意动词+ adv比较级than, 比 less.than 不及；不如 eg: The problem is harder than that one. He speaks English more fluently than I (do). It is less cold today than it was yesterday.（3） the + adj. /adv. 最高级+of 在(人或物中)最 the + adj. /adv. 最高级+in 在(范围或场所中)最eg: Tom is the tallest of us all. Tom jumps the highest in my class.（4） one of the + adj. /adv. 最高级+名词复数 是最之一 among the the +最高级+ of (三者中)最的the +序数词+最高级+名词单数 第几最the +比较级+ of (两者中)较的all the +比较级 格外，越发eg: Shanghai is one of the most beautiful cities in China.China is the third largest country in the world. His mother feels all the happier for his success.（5） Which/Who + 系动词 + adj.比较级？ (两者中)哪一个较？Which/Who + 实意动词 + adv.比较级？ (两者中)哪一个较？Which/Who + 系动词+ the + adj.最高级？ (三者中)哪一个最？Which/Who + 实意动词+ (the) + adv.最高级？ (三者中)哪一个最？eg: Which is better, this picture or that one？ Who is the cleverest of the three boys?（6） no+ 比较级+ than 和一样不not+ 比较级+ than 不像那样eg: This book is no better than that one. 这本书和那本书一样不好。 This book is not better than that one. 这本书不及那本书好。（7） more and more + 名词 越来越多 比较级+ and + 比较级(单音节) 越来越more and more + adj.原级(多音节) 越来越the +比较级，the +比较级 越就(越)eg: More and more people are using the Internet. The more you read, the wise you are.（8） more than 多于，大于，超过 no more than=only 只有，仅仅not more than =at most 最多，不超过less than 少于，小于，以下no less than= as much/many as 多达not less than=at least 至少 eg: He finished the work in less than one hour. 不到一小时他就完成了工作。They are no less than 1,000 people here. 这里多达一千人。They are not less than 1,000 people here. 这里至少一千人。（9） as + adj.原级+ as 基数词+ times 比较级+ than 是的倍 the +名词+ ofeg: The room is three times as large as that one.（10） as+ adj. + a / an +名词单数+ as the same +相应名词+ as 与一样the same aseg: This is as wide a street as that one.= This street is the same width as that one.= The width of this street is the same as that of that one.（11）比较级+ than any other +名词单数 (同一范围)比其他任何一都 =比较级+ than any +名词单数+ else 比较级+ than any other +名词复数 (不同范围)比其他任何都 =比较级+ than any +名词单数eg: China is larger than any other country in Asia. = China is larger than any country else in Asia. China is larger than any other countries in Africa.= China is larger than any other country in Africa.（12） the + adj.最高级+名词+定语从句+ ever=nevera + adj.比较级+名词 最 the most + adj.原级+名词 最 a most + adj.原级+名词 非常，很 eg: This is the best film that I have ever seen. =I have never seen a better film. This is the most moving novel. 这是部最动人的小说。This is a most moving novel. 这是一部非常动人的小说。（13）常用almost, exactly, just, quite, nearly, half等来加强原级结构的语气 eg: She is just as smart as her sister.（14）常用much, far, even, still, a bit, a little, a lot, by far, a great deal, many times, several times, slightly, all the, rather, any等来加强比较级结构的语气 eg: The earth is much bigger than the moon.（15）常用by far, much, a great deal, nearly, almost, ever, on earth, in the world等来加强最高级结构的语气eg: He is the happiest man in the world.（16）最高级的多种表达形式： no +比较级+ than 没有比更 否定词+ so +原级+ as 比较级+ than any other 比其他任何都eg: He is the most active boy in class.= No boy is more active than he in class.= No boy is so active as he in class.= He is more active than any other boys in class.4. 常见形容词和副词的用法（1）名词+ ly/ y构成形容词 eg：friendly lovely sunny lucky（2）形容词+ ly构成副词，其变化规则为： 一般在词尾+ ly eg： finalfinally honesthonestly 以y结尾变y为ily eg： happyhappily easyeasily 以le结尾去e加y eg： possiblepossibly gentlegently 特殊情况 eg： wholewholly truetruly（3）有的副词不带ly多表具体概念，多位于不及物动词后；及物动词+宾语后；介词前 eg：They dug deep for treasures.（4）有的副词带ly多表抽象概念，修饰形容词、副词、过去分词；修饰动词位置比较灵活 eg：He thought highl