动词语气-虚拟语气.doc

英语语气（mood）英语有三种语气，即陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。陈述语气用于陈述事实、提出看法或问题等，祈使语气用于表示请求、命令或警告等，虚拟语气则表示假想或主观愿望。虚拟语气主要有以下几种用法：一、状语从句中的虚拟语气1. if条件句状语从句的虚拟语气1）构成条件从句的谓语 主句谓语与现在事实相反 过去式(be通常用were) should (would, could, might)+动词原形与过去事实相反 过去完成时(had+过去分词) should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词与将来事实相反 过去式(be通常用were) should (would, could, might)+动词原形should+动词原形(表示可能性极小，常译为“万一”)were to+动词原形(表示与将来事实相反的假设)注意：当条件从句使用“should+动词原形”这样的谓语时，主句谓语除可用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气或祈使语气：If it should rain tomorrow, dont expect me. 万一明天下雨，就不要等我了。注： 主句谓语中的should主要用于第一人称后。would, might, could的大致区别是：would表示结果，might表示可能性，could表示能力、允许或可能性。比较：有时条件从句用would表示愿意：If he would live on with me, I would be his better half. 要是他还愿意跟我过，我仍会做他的妻子。条件从句的谓语动词为be时，不管其主语为单数还是复数通常都用were，但在口语或非正式文体中的单数第一人称和第三人称后，也可用was，不过在 If I were you这样的表达中，通常还是以用were为宜。错综时间条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情况，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整：If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now. 要是昨晚下过雨的话，现在地面就会是湿的。条件从句用 if I were时，既可指现在也可指过去。2） if虚拟条件句的省略省略连词if从句中含有were, should, had时，可将条件从句的连词if省略，但此时应用倒装句型，即将were, should, had提到句首：Were I Tom, I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆，我会拒绝。I will go, should it be necessary. 假若有必要，我会去的。【注】 若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were, should, had 等缩略成Werent, Shouldnt, Hadnt而置于句首。省略条件句的主语和其后的动词be若主从句主语一致，且谓语部分包含有动词be，通常可将主语和动词be省略：If repaired earlier, the tractor would not have broken down. 要是早点儿修一下，拖拉机就不会抛锚了。(=If it had been repaired earlier)省略“it+be”If necessary, I would send more farm-hands to help you. 如果需要的话我会派更多的民工去帮你。(=If it was necessary, I would)省略主句或从句，表达强烈的情感He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊！If only I had known the news earlier!要是我早知道这个消息多好啊！注意：if only后的动词形式参照wish。3） 含蓄虚拟条件句所谓含蓄虚拟条件句，即指将条件从句隐藏在介词短语、分词短语或上下文中的一类条件句。此时，句子的谓语采用if条件句主句相同的形式。 介词短语含虚拟条件，如：with, without, but for, under 连词含虚拟条件，如：but(后接真实情况的分句), or, otherwise, and, or else 不定式、分词含虚拟条件，如：Givenmoretime（IfIhadbeengivenmoretime），Iwouldhavebeenabletofinishthetest如果给我更多的时间，我就能做完试卷。Hewouldhavebeenfoolishtodothat（ifhehasdonethat）要是他干了这事，那真蠢。 名词含虚拟条件，如：A true friend would not have betrayed me. 若是真正的朋友，就不会背弃我。(=If he had been a true friend, he would) 定语从句含虚拟条件，如：Anyone who had seen that painting might have taken it for a photo. 凡是看过那画的人，都可能把它看成是照片。(=If anyone had seen that painting) 上下文含虚拟条件，如：Dont bother to read all these papers. It would take too long. 不要费事看所有这些文件了，那会花太多时间。(=If you read all these papers, it would take too long)4） suppose (that), supposing (that)放句首，引导条件状语从句，相当于if。Suppose that there were no gravitational force, object would not fall to the ground when dropped. 如果没有地球引力，物体就不会落到地面上。2. as if, as though引导的方式状语从句的虚拟语气表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前had + 过去分词与主句动作同时发生过去时(be 用were )发生在主句动作之后would / could / might / should+原形动词3. even if, even though引导的让步状语从句的虚拟语气说的不一定是事实，往往是一种虚拟的让步，其虚拟语气主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。注意：如果是真实情况，可用陈述语气。4. however, whatever, wherever, whenever, whoever, no matter how(what, when, where, who)引导的让步状语从句中，也可以使用虚拟语气，一般使用陈述语气从句中谓语动词的形式指现在或将来，用may+动词原形，指过去，用may+have done,主句所用谓语动词时态不限。如：Wherever she may live, she will always find friends.5.目的状语从句中的虚拟语气(1) 在for fear that, in case, lest引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为： should + 动词原形。并且 should不能省略。She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。(2) 在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为： can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。如：He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚。He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。二宾语从句中的虚拟语气1. wish后的宾语从句动词wish后接宾语从句时（常常省略连词that），从句谓语要用虚拟语气。时态 从句谓语与现在事实相反的愿望 一般过去时；与过去相反的愿望 过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望 would (could, might, should)动词原形注意：wish后从句的虚拟跟wish的时态没有关系，主要看语境。2. would rather, had rather, would sooner的宾语从句表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构过去had + 过去分词； 现在过去时(be 用were ) 将来过去时(be 用were ) Id rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。Id rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿。注意：三个词的意思都一样，had rather美语中常用，would rather和had rather的缩写都是d rather.3. “一坚持”主要是指insist的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语可省略。注意：动词insist后接宾语从句时，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别是：若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。比较：He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。“二命令”主要是指order, command的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。“三建议”主要是指advise, suggest, propose等的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should可省。注意：动词suggest后接宾语从句时，也可用陈述语气，区别是：若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气，此时suggest通常译为“建议”；若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，则要用陈述语气，此时的suggest通常译为“表明”、“认为”。比较并体会：“四要求”主要是指ask, demand, require, request等后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should可省。4. 其他的宾语从句可表示虚拟的动词有： recommend，move, vote，urge，arrange，desire, intend，direct。三主语从句中的虚拟语气，+ (should) do1. Its important类这一类型主要包括It is (was) important (necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable)that. . .句型，这些表示情绪，观点的形容词，如：It is impossible that he should go home. 他不可能会回家去。2. Its a pity类这一类还包括a shame, duty, no wonder, 等，如：It is a pity that she should fare so badly. 她竟吃得这么差，真可怜。3. Its desired类这种主语从句还常用在It is (was) desired (suggested, settled, proposed, requested, decided, etc. ) that.句型等分词。如：It is requested that a vote be taken. 建议付诸表决。【特别说明】(1) 在现代英语中，有时也可不用虚拟语气而用陈述语气，但初学者宜慎用。(2) 在It is amazing (strange, surprising, astonishing, a pity, a shame)以及 I am surprised (sorry) 和I regret等结构后的that 从句中有时也用should，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感，常含有“竟然”之意：Its strange that he should be so rude. 他竟如此无礼，真是奇怪。四表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气+(should) do表示命令、建议、要求、愿望等词的名词形式相关的表语从句中同样要使用虚拟语气，这些词有order, suggestion, advice, proposal, request, demand, requirement, desire, idea, plan等。如：The doctors advice is that you should go outside.五定语从句中的虚拟语气表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形, should不可省略。如：It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我该去学校接我的女儿了。It is high time you should go to work. 你早该上班了。六简单句中的虚拟语气1. 说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should + 原形动词。如：Would you mind my shutting the door? 我把门关起来你介意吗？2. 表示“祝愿”时，常用“may + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他”。如：May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风。3. 表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用动词原形。如：Long live my motherland. 祖国万岁。4. 习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。(1) 提出请求或邀请。如：Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？(2) 陈述自己的观点或看法。如：I should glad to meet you. 见到你我会很高兴。(3) 提出劝告或建议。如：Youd better ask your father first. 你最好先问一问你的父亲。(4) 提出问题。如：Do you think he could get here on time? 你认为他能按时来吗？(5) 表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：“情态动词 + have + 过去分词”。如：You should have got here earlier. 你应该早就到这里了。七易错题1. I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I - the book from which it was made.A. have read B. had read C. should have read D. am reading解析：从前句的时态可以看出是过去时，所以与过去事实相反的愿望，wish后应该接had done或者would/could have done. 所以选择B。2. He looked as if he - ill for a long time.A. was B. were C. has been D. had been解析：此句是过去时态。as if的虚拟语气从句动作发生在主句的动词之前，从句动词用过去完成时。选择D。3. Mr. Brown left for London long ago. Thats a pity. I wish -.A. I meet him B. Ill have met him C. Id have met him D. Id meet him解析：从第一句可知，布朗先生已经离开了，动作发生在过去，如果见到他，也是希望过去见到过他，所以是对过去的虚拟。Wish后应该用had done或would/could have done。选择C。4. The child insisted that he - it himself.A. should do B. do C. did D. does解析：若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气，即（should）do；若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气，即did。选择C。也可以用排除法，如果是表示那个小孩子坚持要自己做，那么答案A，B都对，所以都排除。5. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she - something she would regret later.A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said解析：此句是含蓄虚拟语气。Otherwise引导的句子应该是与if虚拟条件句的主句相同。根据句意，是对过去的虚拟，所以应该用would(could, might, should)+have done。所以选择D。6. If only he