雅思作文段落支持句的扩展方式.docx

段落的扩展有多种方式,常见的有列举?举例?递进?因果?比较和对照,写作时往往是几种方法结合使用?现分别举例说明:1.列举常见的关联词有: first, second, finally; for one thing, for another thing; on one hand, on the other hand等,如:Effective measures can be taken to protect our natural resources. On one hand, we should carry out campaigns to make people aware of the urgency of environmental protection; on the other hand, strict laws should be made to put the commercial fishing under control.2.举例常见的关联词有: for example, for instance; one example is , another example is; such as 等,如:Love means more to those who need help. For example, in 1998, southern China witnessed an unprecedented flood. Many people became homeless, and they were in bad need of clothing and food for the coming winter. At this moment, people all over China offered their warm hands. With their love, they help the victims of the flood live through the winter.3.递进常见的关联词有:furthermore, moreover, besides, in addition, whats more等,如:Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TV screen. There are two reasons for this phenomenon. To begin with, they can meet the needs of manufactures. With the development of market economy, manufactures have to be more and more competitive, and advertising is one of the best ways to strengthen their competitive capacity. Whats more, advertisements are also necessary to consumers. Advertisements can help the consumers keep informed about different products and offer them different alternatives when they just stay at home.4.因果常见的关联词有:because, since, for, owing to, due to, as a result, because of, so, there fore, thus, consequently, accordingly等,如: .At present, fake products are very common in our markets. The most obvious reason is that some dishonest manufactures want to make easy money, and selling fake products is their first choice. In addition, the government hasnt passed strict laws to punish these dishonest manufacturers. As a result, fake products are very popular in the market.5.比较和对比常见的关联词有:on the contrary, in contrast, in comparison, on the other hand, likewise, while, whereas, yet, but, however等,如:The entry into WTO has brought China many opportunities. For example, it will introduce into China more advanced technology, which is bound to stimulate the development our country. However, each coin has its two sides. After China became a member of WTO, it has also faced many challenges. A case in point is that some heavy industries are facing bankruptcy because of the pressure from the foreign rivals.雅思议论文写作段落发展分析一般来说，一篇议论文必须包含至少两个主体段。每个主体段都必须有明确的主题句“topic sentence”和若干支持句“supporting sentences”。他们共同组成文章的理由段，对全文的论点提供理由支持。建议初学者在练习议论文写作时，必须遵循理由段发展的几个简单原则，这对迅速完成理由段、构建连贯和理由充分的议论文大有帮助。这几个简单原则包括：1. Write a topic sentence for each paragraph you plan to write. Each topic sentence should relate to your thesis statement and introduce what the paragraph will be about. If you find that the topics you want to discuss do not support the thesis statement you have written, revise your thesis statement or reconsider your topic sentences.（每个主体段都必须有一个明确的主题句）2. Write ideas that support your topic sentences. The topic sentence for each paragraph tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideas stated in the rest of the paragraph should all relate to the topic sentence.（支持句必须围绕主题句展开）根据第2条的原则，我们来看看下面这个主体段：Hobbies are important for many reasons. First, a hobby can be educational. For example, if the hobby is stamp collecting, the person can learn about the countries of the world and even some of their history. Second, engaging in a hobby can lead to meeting other people with the same interests. A person can also meet other people by going to the school. Third, a persons free time is being used in a positive way. The person has no time to be bored or get into mischief while engaged in the hobby. Finally, some hobbies can lead to a future job. A person who enjoys a hobby-related job is more satisfied with life.这段话的topic sentence很明显-“Hobbies are important for many reasons”，之后的支持句从三方面阐述hobby的重要性（first, second, third），但段中这句话A person can also meet other people by going the school与hobby重要的原因没有关系，因此削弱了整个段落的连贯性与统一性，应该被去掉。3. Add details. To write a more fully developed paragraph, you need to add details to your supporting ideas. Your details can be facts, examples, personal experiences, or descriptions.（需要用多种方式提供细节展开段落）根据第3条的原则，我们来看下面这个段落：The Smithsonian Institution is worth visiting for a number of reasons. The Smithsonian Institution comprises various museums that offer something for everyone. These museums include the National Museum of History and Technology, the National Aeronautics and Space Museum, the National Collection of Fine Arts, the National Museum of Natural History, and several others. A person can do more than just look at the exhibits. For example , in the insect zoo at the National Museum of Natural History, anyone who so desires can handle some of the exhibits. The museums provide unforgettable experiences. In climbing through the Skylab exhibit at the National Aeronautics and Space Museum, I was able to imagine what it would be like to be an astronaut in space. Movies shown at regular intervals aid in building an appreciation of our world. In the National Aeronautics and Space Museum, there is a theater that has a large screen. When the movie is shown, it gives the viewer the feeling that he or she is in the movie itself, either floating above the Earth in a hot-air balloon or hang gliding over cliffs.这是一个成功的主题段，请注意这段话段落细节展开的几种形式-提供事实、举例、个人经历和描述。我们把这个段落拆分后进行分析：Topic sentence（主题句）The Smithsonian Institution is worth visiting for a number of reasons.Supporting idea 1（支持理由1）The Smithsonian Institution comprises various museums that offer something for everyone.Details facts（细节展开-提供事实）These museums include the National Museum of History and Technology, the National Aeronautics and Space Museum, the National Collection of Fine Arts, the National Museum of Natural History, and several others.Supporting idea 2（支持理由2）A person can do more than just look at the exhibits.Details examples（细节展开-举例）For example, in the insect zoo at the National Museum of Natural History, anyone who so desires can handle some of the exhibits.Supporting idea 3（支持理由3）The museums provide unforgettable experiences.Details personal experience（细节展开-个人经历） In climbing through the Skylab exhibit at the National Aeronautics and Space Museum, I was able to imagine what it would be like to be an astronaut in space.Supporting idea 4（支持理由4）Movies shown at regular intervals aid in building an appreciation of our world.Details description（细节展开-描述）In the National Aeronautics and Space Museum, there is a theater that has a large screen. When the movie is shown, it gives the viewer the feeling that he or she is in the movie itself, either floating above the Earth in a hot-air balloon or hang gliding over cliffs. 雅思观点类大作文：首段结构及有用句式雅思观点类大作文的首段（Introduction）结构从宏观上讲呈一个“倒三角”型。其主要包含两部分背景介绍和话题观点。下面是狄邦培训曾铎老师对雅思观点类大作文的相关看法，希望对备考的学子有帮助！背景介绍背景介绍位于首段的开篇部分，是对题干中所提及的话题做一个引入。如果题干中本来就有对某一话题的背景陈述，那考生所做的就是对题干中的这句话进行改写和扩充。如下面这个题干：Nowadays, the traditions and customs relating to the food we eat and the way we eat are changing. Why is it happening? Do you think this kind of change is positive or negative?第一句话Nowadays, the traditions and customs relating to the food we eat and the way we eat are changing就属于话题背景陈述。考生分辨出来后，将其进行改写和扩展就是成为了段首的背景陈述部分。如果题干中没有背景陈述，直接就是呈现的某种观点，那就需要考生自己补充其话题背景。如下面这个题干：Some people think the increasing business and cultural contact between countries brings many positive effects. Others say it causes the loss of national identities. Discuss on both sides and give your opinion.本题干就不包含话题的背景介绍，是直接对观点的陈述（Some people Others say）。遇到这种情况，考生就应该根据自己已有的相关知识对该话题的背景进行补充，完成首段的开篇部分。接下来是对背景介绍部分常用到的短语的汇总和罗列，可以帮助考生充实自己的语料库。Recently, the rise in problem of/phenomenon ofhas cause/aroused public/popular/wide/worldwide concern.Recently, the rise in problem of/phenomenon ofhas been brought into focus.is yet another new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now.are playing important roles in our lives.Whether has been a topic of discussion.Whether sparks much debate.话题观点话题观点位于首段的后面部分，是对题干中所提及的话题提出相应的观点。如果题干中呈现了两类人的不同观点，那这两类人的观点就是话题观点部分的内容，只是在叙述方式上需要用另外的句子表达出来。同样看下面这个题干：Some people think the increasing business and cultural contact between countries brings many positive effects. Others say it causes the loss of national identities. Discuss on both sides and give your opinion.这个题干就直接呈现出两类人对同一话题的观点，考生便需要将其改写在话题观点部分。如果题干中没有呈现两类人的观点，而是直接问你的看法或者问你同不同意某一观点，那你自己的看法就是话题观点部分的内容。如下面这个题干：The society would benefit from a ban on all forms of advertising because it serves no useful purpose, and can even be damag