雅思小作文教案.doc

新航道胡敏雅思图表写作表达集粹. Introduction (Paraphrase the Words on the Graphic Material)* Pattern One (Without the Summary of the Trend)1. This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between Florida, a state of the United States, and the United States as a whole in four aspects, namely, registered engineers, the civilian labor force, manufacturing employment and hi-tech employment, from 1978 to 1987.2. There were many significant changes in modes of transport used by city dwellers from 1950 to 1990. The following paragraphs will identify and discuss the trends in the accompanying graph.3. The chart below displays the average earnings per week, in pounds sterling, of people of different levels of education living in the UK between the years 1965 and 1995.4. The chart indicates the subjects studied by university students in Australia during the latter of last century.5. The chart shows the number of road accidents in Britain over a period of six years.6. The line graph reveals the amount of fast food consumed by Australian teenagers over a 25-year period between 1975 and 2000.7. The bar chart illustrates the percentage of employees in different occupations absent from work in a given week in 2001.8. Indicators of economic and social conditions in four countries, Canada, Japan, Peru and Zaire, in 1994, compiled by the UN, reflect the great differences that exist between wealthier and poorer nations.* Pattern Two (With the Summary of the Trend)9. The graph compares the rate of smoking in men and women in Erewhon between the years 1960 and 1995. It can be clearly seen that the rate of smoking for both men and women is currently declining and that fewer women have smoked throughout the period.10. The graphs compare the number of deaths caused by six diseases in Erewhom in 1990 with the amount of research funding allocated to each of those diseases. It can be clearly seen that the amount of research funding in many cases did not correlate with the seriousness of the disease in terms of numbers of deaths.11. The three graphs provide an overview of the types of music people purchase in the UK. At first glance, we see that classical music is far less popular than pop or rock music.流程图常用句型1.描述过程，流程常用句子 the following diagraph shows the structure of it mainly consists of it works as follows. it always involves following steps. the whole procedure can be divided intostages. 2.描述流程，过程的常用过渡性词语 secondly thirdly/finally the first step is to the next step is tothe last step is to in the next stage in the following stage in the last stage first of all to begin with next later at the same timesimultaneously subsequently consequently before this during after this in the course of in order to/in order not to in order that so as to/so as not to 描述流程的文章，应说明：1 首先说明是做什么工作的过程，目的是什么 2 准备工作 3 按时间/过程先后描述 4 结果 5 简单总结（可有可无） 描述一个实物/器具的工作过程，文章应分以下几点： 1 实物是什么，做什么用的 2 基本结构 3 工作过程 4 简单总结雅思考试学习策略笔记应试原则：一、LISTENING：1。（5-6分）：反复听，模仿，换角度欣赏-口语材料，注意音标，边听边写 ;2。（7分） ：用研究的眼光：（1）从口语的角度研究，在听的时候，作下观察笔记-就地点、人物、话题、用了什么样的词汇、使用了什么样的句子；（2）对话的考点和题眼。3。（8分） ：IELTS 听力理解（10套题）及初级，中级听力教材二、READING1。词汇：突破记忆（7000词汇左右）滚动式记忆法：每天只记忆固定的半个小时，反复记忆很多次（7次为佳），第二天，首先回忆一次前一天记的，每周最后一天，不记新单词，只需重复会议一个星期记过的所有单词。巩固加深印象。2。复杂句子结构：（一般2遍仍看不懂的，为复杂句子，归纳有40-200个复杂句）*语法-非谓语动词，不定式，vn,v-ing,v-p）-复合句（各类从句） 建议参考 张道真 和 薄冰 的语法书 三、WRITING：考察书面英语的表达能力有两大误区： （1）ideas ,ideas ,ideas （2）用简单的词汇和句子结构写文章1。英汉对比：（1）以句子为单位： 英文句子“化零为整”-像一棵大树中文句子“化整为零”-像竹节（2）英译汉-破句重组 （忠告：切勿死记硬背文章，无较大收益）2。英语写作究竟考什么？（1）词汇：vocabulary range/wide 宽度vocabulary difficult 难度（2）句子结构： accuracy 精确性complex 复杂性 建议： （一般TASK1 要写3个复杂句，TASK2需要写5-7个复杂句）3。学习方法：下面介绍一种，本人一直用于学习英语文章并行之有效的方法给大家 学习从八个层次学习每一篇文章：a.同义表达；b.词伙关系：能够意想到的词类搭配联想记忆法去remember vocabularyc.短语词组；d.惯用句型；e.句子开端，应变化多样；f.复杂句子；g.衔接手段：直接用 first, second, finally 等来衔接的，是水平较低的表现，应用语言的魅力来让别人一目了然你的段落层次感。h.篇章结构。建议，仔细用上述方法，研究IELTS写作的20篇范文。四、SPEAKING： 分三个阶段，也是现实生活中的三种技能学会如何去应用这种语言交流？1。人员之间的交往：策略：变换第一阶段的ANSWER，别太常用，应与众不同。2。单独展示自己的个人魅力：策略：可以用那允许的1 MIN 写几个简单的提示（中英文皆可）； 概念要完整，条理要清晰； 让考官对你讲的东西感兴趣（属于构思技巧）；语速应该适中，贯穿始终，勿TOO SLOW-会被认为是真实水平的体现，也勿TOO FAST-会有背诵嫌疑。任务1：图表写作 要求考生在20分钟内完成150字以上的短文。 以考核图表为主。主要有:曲线图 line chart, graph柱状图 bar chart饼状图 pie chart表格等 table偶尔也会有流程图flow chart、地图geography和示意图diagram/figure 评分标准和任务2一样，评分观测点也有四项：Task achievement （ task response task 2）Coherence and cohesionLexical resourcesGrammatical range and accuracy首先让我们搞明确task achievement 要求完成什么。1) summarize the general features/trends2) select important information3) compare and contrast dataThe table below shows three social and economic indicators of seven American countries for the year 1997. country GDP per capita (USD)adult illiteracy rate (%)newspaper sales per 1000 peopleBahamas 130004.499Argentina91003.6123Brazil490016.840Mexico430010.597Surinam37007.0122Jamaica260015.263Cuba21004.4118Sample answerWe can see that GDP per capita varies substantially from 2100 USD in Cuba to 13000 USD in the Bahamas, with 5 of the 7 countries below 5000 USD per capital GDP. The illiteracy rates also differ considerably. The highest illiteracy rates are for Brazil (16.8%) and Jamaica (15.2% ), whilst Argentina has the lowest rate, at 3.6%. Mexico (10.5%) and Surinam (7%) lie in the middle. Surprisingly, the adult illiteracy rate for Cuba and the Bahamas is the same, at 4.4%. And finally, lets look at newspaper sales. It has a tendency that the higher the rate at which a country has sold newspapers, the lower its adult illiteracy rate is. But the Bahamas is an exception. Though its adult illiteracy rate is the second low among the seven countries, it has not got a comparable high rate of newspaper sale.图表写作且记住一定要客观，只写图表上要描述的信息，而不能主动解释背后的原因或深层次的含义。We are required to describe rather than explain. 也不要面面俱到，机械地记录图表内容，犹如流水账。Example: The bar chart below shows the marriage rates of people at the age of 25 in English from 1950 to 1980. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. (the green is male, the red is female) Besides giving information in the chart, the candidate also raised a question and analyzed the possible reasons why the marriage rate of men is higher than that of women, which are not supposed to be done properly. It is not your task to reason out why.文章结构首段 ： 图表作文的首段必须交待三个要素：图表研究的时间段、研究的对象和研究所采用的数据形式（是具体的数字还是百分比）。应当将这三个内容用一句话说清楚。实际上就是把题目中描述图表的那句话用自己的语言说出来并拓展一下即可。首段不要写得过长，两句话比较合适。主体段：主体段描写单方向的趋势，根据趋势的分类来决定主体段应该划分成几个自然段，例如一图表讲美国、澳大利亚、日本、英国四个国家的消费情况。在主体段落中，每一个单方向的趋势都应当用一句话来概括描述，这句话不一定要涉及具体数据，是概括性的描述，代表某一段的总的方向。就像任务2中主题句的写法。接下去就要有数据的支撑。相当任务2中的例证。所以图表写作主体段必须有两个要素：单方面的趋势和数据支持。结尾段：图表通过对具体数据的对照和对比来说明问题，因此在结尾部分要写出对照对比的趋势，以及从这个趋势中得出的一个结论。图表写作这部分的写法与任务2 完全不同。它的信息完全来自图表，不能加进任何自己的见解，不需要分析评论。文章内容 与任务2写作一样，图表写作也要紧紧围绕任务去完成。也要依据题目提供的已知信息进行写作。与任务2不同的是图表作文的信息载体不是文字而是图表，考生将图表承载的信息用文字表达出来。在转化的过程中很容易遗漏信息。所以写完后的审查就显得更加重要。趋势描写图表中反映的是某一事情或情况的变化趋势，有总趋势也有局部趋势，因而趋势描写便成为图表作文中必不可少的内容。图表的目的是通过对比对照来说明问题，因此文章中也应该描写有关对比对照的趋势。数据导入图表的另一个特点就是表中会出现大量的数据，所以导入数据便是一个重要任务。描述完某种趋势后，必须有具体的数据来支撑。没有数据的对比是空洞的。数据是重要信息，一定不要遗漏。1、表示“说明”的句子结构和常用句型This table/chart/ diagram/graph shows that .The figures /statistics show that more other verbs: describe, illustrate, display, exhibit, indicate, reflect, represent, reveal, unfold, summarize etc. More patterns:According to As is shown in the As can be seen from It can be seen fromWe can see fromIt is clear from It is apparent/obvious/ evident还可用第一人称复数引入要说明的信息。切记不要使用第一人称单数。We can seeWe conclude from .that .We find 1）数据统计时，表示静态数据的句子结构“有” “占” “是.倍” “达到” 等。常用的动词有：be, have, reach, hit, account for, e.g. 澳大利亚和英国都占10%。Australia and UK both had 10%. e.g. 中国人占市场份额最大。The Chinese accounted for the largest percentage of market share. 1) 表示增加动词+副词结构e.g. 1999年度家庭轿车的数量陡然增加。The number of family cars increased suddenly in the year 1999. 形容词+名词e.g. 参与者的数量有一个明显的上升。There was a significant jump in the number of participants. e.g. 该产品的市价在稳步上升。There is a steady increase in the price of this product. 介词短语e.g. 申请者的人数仍然在增加。The number of applicants is on the rise. e.g. 从2008年到2010年专职教师的人数在增加。The number of full-time teachers was on the increase form 2008 to 2010. 2) 表示下降 动词+副词结构e.g. 当地学校的失学人数在去年略有下降。The number of drop-outs in the local school dropped slightly last year. 形容词+名词e.g. 上个月的销售额出现了急剧下降。There was a steep fall in the sales volume last month. 介词短语e.g. 数据显示本财政年上半年海外投资规模一路走低。The statistics shows that the overseas investment was on the decline over the first half of this fiscal year. e.g. 美元对港元的汇率出现了持续疲软。The exchange rate of USD over that of HKD is still on the decrease. 3）表示“持平” “不变” 最高点” “最低点” 短语动词A: level off e.g. 收音机的听众人数在早晨6:30到8:30之间一直攀升，然后从8:45分起出现持平现象。The number of radio audience is on the rise between 6:30 and 8:30, and then levels off since 8:45. 3）表示“持平” “不变” 最高点” “最低点” 短语动词B: 系表结构Stay / keep / remain + steady unchanged stable constant 3）表示“持平” “不变” 最高点” “最低点” 短语动词B: 系表结构e.g. 这个县的离婚率在前三个季度没有发生变化。The divorce rate of the first three quarters in his county remains constant. e.g. 美国近三个月来的国内生产总值基本没有发生任何变化。The growth rate of GDP in the U.S.A stayed basically unchanged over the recent three months. 3）表示“持平” “不变” 最高点” “最低点” 短语动词C: there be + little / no / hardly + any changee.g. 六、七两个月的轿车销售几乎没有出现任何变化。There was hardly any change in the number of cars sold from June to July. e. g. 该公司的股票交易量没有发生变化。There was no change in the turn-over of the companys stocks. 3）表示“持平” “不变” 最高点” “最低点” 短语动词D: 最高点和最低点The figure / The situation / The monthly + peaked / reached a peak (a hign point) / bottomed out / reached the bottom (a low poit )e.g. 这个国家的居民消费指数在2010年十月创历史最高,达到6%。出现了严重的通胀。CPI in that country reached a peak of 6% in Oct. 2010. Inflation was serious. 4）“数据比较” 常用结构和替换词汇A. thane.g. 男子接受高等教育的人数比女子多，分别是男子10%， 女子5%。There were more males than females who have their higher education. 4）“数据比较” 常用结构和替换词汇B. ase.g. A校学生人数几乎是B校学生人数的3倍。School A has approximately three times as many students as School B. D. to / be superior / inferior/ senior to e.g. A组的成员比B组成员年轻三岁。 Mumbers of Group A are three times junior to those of Group B. 4）“数据比较” 常用结构和替换词汇E. 直接用动词表示e.g. 使用电脑的优点远远大于它的缺点。The advantages of using computers far outweigh the disadvantages. e.g. 男人接受高等教育的人数以 4比1的比例超出了女人接受高等教育的人数。The male outnumbered the female four to one in higher education. 5) 关于倍数表达倍数的增加。A）“n times larger than”与 “n times as large as” 的概念。汉语中A是B的n倍，与A比B大(n-1)倍概念相同，而英文中则不是。注意英语的 “n times larger than”与 “n times as large as” 的概念是一致的，即“是原来的n倍”。一般讲英语国家的人认为“two times larger than” 等于原来的两倍, 即“two times as large as”，所以为了避免歧义，应用更加明确的表示方法：three times its original size; three times as large as it used to bee.g. 经过十几年的建设，深圳市的面积比以前大了两倍。With more than ten years construction, the area of Shenzhen City is three times larger than before.With more than ten years construction, the area of Shenzhen City is three times its original size.With more than ten years construction, the area of Shenzhen City is three times as large as it used to be.误译：With more than ten years construction, the area of Shenzhen City is twice larger than before.2）当倍数与表示上升下降趋势的词连用时，无论是否有介词，均表示“增加到n倍”。如：increase to N timesincrease N times/N-foldincrease by N timesincrease by a factor of NThere is a N-fold/N times increase/growth注意此句应译为“增加了N-1倍倍数的减少1）“A is n times as small as B” 与“A is n times lower than B” 的概念中文中不用倍数表示“减少”，不说“A比B小/少多少倍”，而是说“A比B小几分之几”，用分数表达；所以英文的“A is n times lower than B”或“A is n times as small as B”应译成“A是B的n分之一”或“A比B小n分之n-1”。 e.g. 公司今年的利润是去年的三分之一。/公司今年的利润比去年下降三分之二。The profits of the company this year is three times lower than last year. 可以用分数直接表达以避免歧义。 The profits of the company this year is one third of last year. 2）当倍数与表示上升下降趋势的词连用时，无论是否有介词，均表示“减少到1/n”。如： decrease N times/N-folddecrease by N timesdecrease by a factor of N There is a N-fold decrease/reduction 表达的意思相同, 均为“减少到1/n”。翻番问题：两番double，三番triple，4番quadruple1) 嘉实多的油在越南每公升售价1.5美元，这个价格是那些从台湾和泰国进口油价的三倍。Castrol oil costs about $1.5 per liter in Vietnam, about three times as much as the price of cheaper oil imported from Taiwa