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1 Whatisculture Onthesurface customsandbehaviorMoredeeply whatthebehaviorandcustomsmeantothepeoplewhoarefollowingthemInaword CultureisallaboutmeaningsHall Cultureiseverythingandeverywhere 4 WhatisCommunication ItcomesfromtheLatinword communicare itmeanstogiveortoexchange Now themostcommonmeaningof communication istogiveorexchangeinformationorideas Communicationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings thebasisofallhumancontact Communicationisadynamic systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols J T Wood Elementsofcommunication Context location time light temperature seatingarrangements Participants relationship gender culture Messages meanings symbols encodinganddecoding Channels sound sight smell taste touch Noise externalnoise internalnoise semanticnoise feedback LinearModelofCommunication Sender Receiver Channel message encoding decoding noise Isthisaneffectivemodelofcommunication ModeofCommunication InteractiveModelofCommunication SenderReceiver SenderReceiver encoding decoding noise Feedbackisessentialtogoodcommunication decoding encoding message channel message channel 5 Characteristicsofcommunication 1 Communicationisdynamic2 Communicationisinteractive3 Communicationisirreversible4 Communicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandsocialcontext 6 InterculturalCommunication Samovar PorterInterculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent interculturalcommunicationreferstoanycommunicationbetweentwomembersofanyculturalcommunities InterculturalCommunicationVsCross culturalCommunication Cross culturalcommunicationthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinvalueorientations affectivedispositions relationshipmanagement communicativestyles psychologicalprocess Interculturalcommunicationthepenetrationbyamemberofonecultureintoanotherculture practicalsignificance Warm up Readthefollowingsayingsaloud anddiscusswithyourpartner whatdotheymeantoyou Humanbeingsdrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature buthabitsandcustomskeepthemapart ConfuciansayingOneman smeatisanotherman spoison EnglishproverbGodgavetoeverypeopleacup cupofclay andfromthiscuptheydranklife Theyalldippedinthewater buttheircupsweredifferent R Benedict High contextCulture Inhigh contextmessages meaningisnotnecessarilycontainedinwords Informationisprovidedthroughgestures theuseofspace andevensilence Meaningisalsoconveyedthroughstatus age sex education familybackground title andaffiliation Examplesofhigh contextculturesincludeChinese Japanese MiddleEasterners etc Low contextCulture Inlow contextmessages themajorityoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode Examplesoflow contextculturesincludeEnglish NorthAmerican German etc Summary languageandculture Languageisareflectionofculture andcultureisareflectionoflanguage Cultureinfluenceslanguagebywayofsymbolsandrulesforusingthosesymbols aswellasourperceptionsoftheuniverse themeaningassociatedwiththesymbols Language ontheotherhand wouldseemtohaveamajorimpactonthewayanindividualperceivesandconceptualizestheworld Whatisverbalcommunication Verbal connectedwithwordsandtheiruseVerbalcommunication communicationdonebothorallyandinwrittenlanguageEasiertousewordstorepresentone sexperienceswithinthesameculturebecausepeoplesharemanysimilarexperiences Moretroublesomeinverbalcommunicationacrossculturesbecausepeople sexperiences beliefs values customs traditionsandthelikearedifferent Howdifferentthinkingpatternsaffectourlife WesternmedicineVstraditionalChinesemedicineWesterncookingDifferentviewsoncontractsWesternersvalueobjectivity specificityandprecisionandmakesenseoftheworldbyreasoningandanalyzing Chinesearemoresubjectiveandvalueintuitionalot throughwhichtheygetaninsightintothingsaroundthem 4 CommunicationStylesandCulture ComparethefollowingtwospokendiscourseanddecidewhichonemightbegivenbyaChineseandwhichbyanAmerican BecausemostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow andit snotreallycertainhowHongKongwillbelikeafter1997 andsinceIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense So IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision Inductivepattern topicdelayed WhichisgivenbyaChinese WhichbyanAmerican B IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision That sbecauseIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense Inadditiontothat mostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow andit snotreallycertainhowHongKongwillbelikeafter1997 deductivepattern topicfirst DifferentCommunicationStyles 2 东方 归纳法 个别 一般 VS西方 演绎 一般 个别 induction specific general deduction general specific ChineseInductive Americandeductive Intheeast peoplesometimesadoptthedeductivepattern inacloserelationshiporrelativelyequalstatus Inthewest peopledonotexcludetheuseofinductivepattern borrowmoney oraskforabig embarrassingfavor Inboththeeastandwest thepersoninahigherstatustendstousethedeductivepatternwhiletheoneinalowerstatustendstousetheinductivepattern 1 NonverbalCommunication Nonverbalcodesrefertocommunicativemessageswhicharenotinwordform Morethan55 messagesarecommunicatednonverbally Definition 1 Metacommunication beyondtheusualcommmunication paralinguistics second ordermessages thesilentlanguage andthehiddendimensionofcommunication Hall 1959 Definition 2 Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthatisgeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathaspotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver SamovarandPorter 2004 1 1BodyLanguage Bodylanguagereferstoallnonverbalcodeswhichareassociatedwithbodymovements Bodylanguageincludesgestures headmovements facialexpressions eyebehaviors posturesandotherdisplaysthatcanbeusedtocommunicate 1 GeneralAppearanceandDress Concernwithhowoneappearsisuniversal Wemakeinferences oftenfaulty aboutanother s intelligence gender age approachability financialwell being class tastes values andculturalbackground fromattractiveness dress andpersonalartifacts Doyouselectattractivefriendsoverlessattractiveones 1 2Paralanguage 伴随语言 Itreferstovoicecharacteristicsandvocalqualities Paralinguisticsisthestudyofsuchnon semanticaspectsofspeechastone volume pitchandtempo pauseandthelikewhicharetogetherwithverbalinformation Ourvoicemaybeoneofthemostinformativeelementsinbuildingupourimages 1 Pitch Pitchdecideshesitationoremphasis Whenoneisexcited his hervoicewouldbehighinpitch quickinrate andtherewillbenopausesbetweensentences Whenoneissadordepressed his hervoicetraitswouldsurelybetheopposite 2 VolumeControl TheEnglishalwaysspeakinlowervoicethanChinesewhentheymakespeechoralecture ortalkingwitheachother orphoning ButChineseoftenspeakinloudvoiceintheaforesaidoccasions Americanaremoreskilledinregulatingtheirvoicevolumeanduseverymanydifferentvolumelevelsdependingonthesizeoftheaudienceandthephysicalenvironment 3 Silence Silencecanbelongerbetweenfriendsorintimatesthanthestrangerswhohavetoconverse Chinesepaymoreattentiontothefunctionofsilenceinthetalking andthinkthatthepausesandsilencehaverichmeanings Silencemayhavemanypossiblemeanings agreement disagreement thoughtful ignorance consideration inconsideration secrecy coldness submission boredomandsoon Timesystems Hall 1976 Doyoustillremembertimeorientation MonochronicTime M Time PolychronicTime P Time 美国人类学家霍尔 EdwardHall 在 超越文化 BeyondCulture 一书中首次区分了两种不同的时间观念 即 单向计时制 monochronictime 和 多向计时制 polychronictime MonochronicTime M Time Itschedulesoneeventatatime Intheseculturestimeisperceivedasalinearstructurejustlikearibbonstretchingfromthepastintothefuture e g AmericanPeople 单向计时制重视日程安排 阶段时间和准时 认为 时间是线性的 可分割的 就象一条道路或带子向前伸展到未来 向后延伸到过去 MonochronicTime M Time 在我们看来 同时做两件事几乎有点不道德 持有这种时间取向的英美人士把时间看成具体实在 tangible 的东西 可以节省 save 花费 spend 赚得 earn 浪费 waste 失去 lose 弥补 makeup 计量 measure 甚至当成商品一样买卖 buy sell 和拥有 have 美国人特别强调把时间分割成不同的时段来安排活动 强调守时 严格按照日程一次做一件事情 doonethingatatime PolychronicTime P Time P timeschedulesseveralactivitiesatthesametime Itismoreflexibleandmorehumanistic PeoplefromP timesystememphasizetheinvolvementofpeoplemorethanschedules Theydonotseeappointmentsasironcladcommitmentsandoftenbreakthem e g Chinese LatinAmerican ArabandmostAsiancultures DefinitionofEthnocentrism Definition theviewofthingsinwhichone sowngroupisthecenterofeverything andallothersarescaledandratedwithreferencetoit WilliamG Sumner Examples Chinaisacountrywithalonghistory arrangedmarriage Reasonforethnocentricideas Allcultureshavethetendencytousethecategoriesofone sownculturetoevaluatetheactionsofothers NegativeImpactofEthnocentrism Ifpeoplebelievethattheircultureistheonlytrueculture theywilldiscriminateagainstpeoplewhomanifestculturalnormsthatfailtocorrespondtotheirvaluesandbehaviors Stereotypes DefinitionStereotypesareaformofgeneralizationaboutsomegroupofpeople orameansoforganizingimagesintofixedandsimplecategoriesthatareusedtostandfortheentirecollectionofpeople WalterLippmann ReasonsHumanbeingshaveapsychologicalneedtocategorizeandclassify Prejudice DefinitionItreferstonegative