英汉人体解剖学基本词汇(850词).doc

.The English-Chinese Basic Glossary of Human Anatomy英汉人体解剖学基本词汇systematic anatomy系统解剖学regional anatomy（topographic anatomy）局部解剖学anatomical position解剖学姿势superior上inferior下anterior前posterior后medial内侧lateral外侧superficial浅deep深internal 内external外proximal近侧distal远侧vertical axis垂直轴sagittal axis矢状轴coronal axis（frontal axis）冠状轴（额状轴）sagittal plane矢状面coronal plane（frontal plane）冠状面（额状面）horizontal plane（transverse plane）水平面（横切面）I.Locomotor System运动系统1.Bony System (Osteology）骨学long bone长骨short bone短骨flat bone扁骨irregular bone不规则骨sesamoid bone籽骨compact bone（dense bone）骨密质cancellous bone（spongy bone）骨松质diploe板障periosteum骨膜bone marrow骨髓(1)Bones of Trunk躯干骨vertebrae椎骨cervical vertebrae颈椎thoracic vertebrae胸椎lumbar vertebrae腰椎sacrum骶骨coccyx尾骨atlas寰椎axis枢椎vertebra prominens隆椎sternum胸骨rib肋骨costal cartilage肋软骨(2)Skull颅frontal bone额骨ethmoid bone筛骨sphenoid bone蝶骨parietal bone顶骨temporal bone颞骨occipital bone枕骨maxilla上颌骨zygomatic bone颧骨palatine bone腭骨nasal bone鼻骨lacrimal bone泪骨inferior nasal concha下鼻甲vomer犁骨mandible下颌骨hyoid bone舌骨(3)Bones of Upper Limb上肢骨clavicle锁骨scapula肩胛骨humerus肱骨ulna尺骨radius桡骨scaphoid bone手舟骨lunate bone月骨triquetral bone三角骨pisiform bone豌豆骨trapezium bone大多角骨trapezoid bone小多角骨capitate bone头状骨hamate bone钩骨metacarpal bones掌骨phalanges指骨(4)Bones of Lower Limb下肢骨hip bone髋骨ilium髂骨ischium坐骨pubis耻骨femur股骨patella髌骨tibia胫骨fibula腓骨talus距骨calcaneus跟骨navicular bone足舟骨medial cuneiform bone内侧楔骨intermediate cuneiform bone中间楔骨lateral cuneiform bone外侧楔骨cuboid bone骰骨metartarsal bones跖骨phalanges of toes趾骨2.Arthrology关节学joint（articulation）关节ligament韧带flexion屈extension伸adduction收abduction展pronation旋前supination旋后rotation旋转circumduction环转(1)Joints of Bones of Trunk躯干骨的连结vertebral column脊柱intervertebral disc椎间盘annulus fibrosus纤维环nucleus pulposus髓核anterior longitudinal ligament前纵韧带posterior longitudinal ligament后纵韧带cervical curve颈曲thoracic curve胸曲lumbar curve腰曲sacral curve骶曲thoracic cage胸廓costal arch肋弓(2)Synovial Joint of Skull颅的连结temporomandibular joint颞下颌关节(3)Joints of Upper Limb上肢骨连结shoulder joint肩关节elbow joint肘关节wrist joint（radiocarpal joint）腕关节（桡腕关节）(4)Joints of Lower Limb下肢骨连结pelvis骨盆hip joint髋关节knee joint膝关节medial meniscus内侧半月板lateral meniscus外侧半月板ankle joint（talocrural joint）踝关节（距小腿关节）arch of foot足弓3.Myology（Muscular System）肌学muscle肌long muscle长肌short muscle短肌flat muscle扁肌orbicular muscle轮匝肌superficial fascia（subcutaneous fascia）浅筋膜deep fascia（proper fascia）深筋膜(1)Muscles of Head头肌1)Facial Muscles面肌Epicranius（occipitofrontalis）颅顶肌（枕额肌）galea aponeurotica帽状腱膜orbicularis oculi眼轮匝肌orbicularis oris口轮匝肌2)Masticatory Muscles咀嚼肌masseter咬肌temporalis颞肌lateral pterygoid翼外肌medial pterygoid翼内肌(2)Muscles of Neck颈肌platysma颈阔肌sternocleidomastoid胸锁乳突肌scalenus anterior前斜角肌(3)Muscles of Trunk躯干肌1)Muscles of Back背肌trapezius斜方肌latissimus dorsi背阔肌erector spinae（sacrospinalis）竖脊肌（骶棘肌）2)Muscles of Thorax胸肌pectoralis major胸大肌serratus anterior前锯肌intercostales externi肋间外肌intercostales interni肋间内肌3）Diaphragm膈4)Muscles of Abdomen腹肌obliquus externus abdominis腹外斜肌obliquus internus abdominis腹内斜肌transversus abdominis腹横肌rectus abdominis腹直肌 (4)Muscles of Upper Limb上肢肌1)Muscles of Shoulder肩肌deltoid三角肌2)Muscles of Arm臂肌biceps brachii肱二头肌brachialis肱肌triceps brachii肱三头肌3)Muscles of Forearm前臂肌flexor pollicis longus拇长屈肌flexor digitorum superficialis指浅屈肌flexor digitorum profundus指深屈肌extensor pollicis longus拇长伸肌extensor digitorum指伸肌4)Muscles of Hand手肌(5)Muscles of Lower Limb下肢肌1)Muscles of Hip髋肌psoas major腰大肌iliacus髂肌gluteus maximus臀大肌piriformis梨状肌2)Muscles of Thigh大腿肌sartorius缝匠肌quadriceps femoris股四头肌adductor longus长收肌adductor magnus大收肌biceps femoris股二头肌semitendinosus半腱肌semimembranosus半膜肌3)Muscles of Leg小腿肌tibialis anterior胫骨前肌extensor digitorum longus趾长伸肌extensor hallucis longus拇长伸肌triceps surae小腿三头肌flexor digitorum longus趾长屈肌tibialis posterior胫骨后肌flexor hallucis longus拇长屈肌4)Muscles of Foot足肌II.Splanchnology内脏学viscera内脏1.Alimentary System消化系统alimentary canal消化管alimentary gland消化腺(1)Oral Cavity口腔oral lips口唇philtrum人中cheek颊hard palate硬腭soft palate软腭uvula腭垂palatine velum腭帆palatoglossal arch腭舌弓palatopharyngeal arch腭咽弓isthmus of fauces咽峡deciduous teeth乳牙permanent teeth恒牙incisor切牙canine尖牙premolar前磨牙molar磨牙dentine牙质enamel釉质cement牙骨质dental pulp牙髓tongue舌parotid gland腮腺submandibular gland下颌下腺sublingual gland舌下腺(2)Pharynx咽nasopharynx鼻咽oropharynx口咽laryngopharynx喉咽palatine tonsil腭扁桃体(3)Esophagus食管(4)Stomach胃(5)Small Intestine小肠duodenum十二指肠jejunum空肠ileum回肠(6)Large Intestine大肠caecum盲肠vermiform appendix阑尾ascending colon升结肠transverse colon横结肠descending colon降结肠sigmoid colon乙状结肠rectum直肠anal canal肛管anal column肛柱anal valve肛瓣anal sinus肛窦dental line齿状线anal pecten肛梳white line白线anus肛门sphincter ani internus肛门内括约肌sphincter ani externus肛门外括约肌(7)Liver肝porta hepatis肝门hepatic pedicle肝蒂gallbladder胆囊(8)Pancreas胰2.Respiratory System呼吸系统respiratory tract呼吸道respiratory organ呼吸器官(1)Nose鼻(2)Paranasal Sinus鼻旁窦frontal sinus额窦maxillary sinus上颌窦ethmoidal sinus筛窦sphenoid sinus蝶窦(3)Larynx喉thyroid cartilage甲状软骨cricoid cartilage环状软骨arytenoid cartilage杓状软骨epiglottic cartilage会厌软骨vocal fold声带cricothyroid环甲肌(4)Trachea and Bronchi气管和支气管right principal bronchus右主支气管left principal bronchus左主支气管(5)Lung肺apex of lung肺尖base of lung肺底hilum of lung肺门root of lung肺根(6)Pleura胸膜parietal pleura壁胸膜viceral pleura脏胸膜pleural cavity胸膜腔costodiaphragmatic recess肋膈隐窝3.Urinary System泌尿系统kidney肾renal hilum肾门renal pedicle肾蒂renal sinus肾窦renal region肾区minor renal calices肾小盏major renal calices肾大盏renal pelvis肾盂ureter输尿管urinary bladder膀胱urethra尿道4.Male Genital System男性生殖系统testis睾丸epididymis附睾ductus deferens输精管spermatic cord精索ejaculatory duct射精管seminal vesicle精囊prostate前列腺bulbourethral gland尿道球腺penis阴茎scrotum阴囊5.Female Genital System女性生殖系统ovary卵巢uterine tube输卵管uterus子宫vagina阴道vaginal orifice阴道口hymen处女膜greater vestibular gland前庭大腺vulva女阴greater lip of pudendum大阴唇lesser lip of pudendum小阴唇clitoris阴mamma乳房mammary papilla（nipple）乳头6.Peritonium腹膜peritoneal cavity腹膜腔lesser omentum小网膜greater omentum大网膜mesentery肠系膜rectovesical pouch直肠膀胱陷凹vesicouterine pouch膀胱子宫陷凹rectouterine pouch(Douglaspouch)直肠子宫陷凹（道格拉斯陷窝）III.Vascular System脉管系统1.Cardiovascular System心血管系统pulmonary circulation（lesser circulation）肺循环（小循环）systemic circulation（greater circulation）体循环（大循环）(1)Heart心right atrium右心房right ventricle右心室left atrium左心房left ventricle左心室tricuspid valve三尖瓣bicuspid valve二尖瓣aortic valve主动脉瓣pulmonary valve肺动脉瓣sinoatrial node窦房结internodal tract结间束atrioventricular node房室结atrioventricular bundle（Hisbundle）房室束（希氏束）left bundle branch左束支right bundle branch右束支Purkinjes fibers普氏纤维left coronary artery左冠状动脉right coronary artery右冠状动脉coronary sinus冠状窦great cardiac vein心大静脉middle cardiac vein心中静脉small cardiac vein心小静脉pericardium心包(2)Artery动脉pulmonary trunk肺动脉干ascending aorta升主动脉aortic arch主动脉弓brachiocephalic trunk头臂干common carotid artery颈总动脉external carotid artery颈外动脉superior thyroid artery甲状腺上动脉lingual artery舌动脉facial artery面动脉superficial temporal artery颞浅动脉maxillary artery上颌动脉middle meningeal artery脑膜中动脉occipital artery枕动脉posterior auricular artery耳后动脉internal carotid artery颈内动脉subclavian artery锁骨下动脉vertebral artery椎动脉internal thoracic artery胸廓内动脉inferior thyroid artery甲状腺下动脉costocervical trunk肋颈干axillary artery腋动脉thoracoacromial artery胸肩峰动脉lateral thoracic artery胸外侧动脉subscapular artery肩胛下动脉posterior humeral circumflex artery旋肱后动脉brachial artery肱动脉deep brachial artery肱深动脉radial artery桡动脉superficial palmar arch掌浅弓ulnar artery尺动脉deep palmar arch掌深弓common palmar digital arteries指掌侧总动脉proper palmar digital arteries指掌侧固有动脉descending aorta降主动脉thoracic aorta胸主动脉posterior intercostal arteries肋间后动脉subcostal artery肋下动脉abdominal aorta腹主动脉lumbar arteries腰动脉inferior phrenic artery膈下动脉median sacral artery骶正中动脉middle suprarenal artery肾上腺中动脉renal artery肾动脉testicular artery睾丸动脉ovarian artery卵巢动脉coeliac trunk腹腔干left gastric artery胃左动脉common hepatic artery肝总动脉splenic artery脾动脉superior mesenteric artery肠系膜上动脉inferior mesenteric artery肠系膜下动脉common iliac artery髂总动脉internal iliac artery髂内动脉obturator artery闭孔动脉superior gluteal artery臀上动脉inferior gluteal artery臀下动脉iliolumbar artery髂腰动脉uterine artery子宫动脉internal pudendal artery阴部内动脉external iliac artery髂外动脉femoral artery股动脉deep femoral artery股深动脉popliteal artery腘动脉posterior tibial artery胫后动脉peroneal artery腓动脉medial plantar artery足底内侧动脉lateral plantar artery足底外侧动脉anterior tibial artery胫前动脉dorsal artery of foot足背动脉(3)Vein静脉pulmonary vein肺静脉facial vein面静脉deep facial vein面深静脉retromandibular vein下颌后静脉maxillary vein上颌静脉pterygoid venous plexus翼静脉丛superficial temporal vein颞浅静脉external jugular vein颈外静脉internal jugular vein颈内静脉common facial vein面总静脉superior thyroid vein甲状腺上静脉middle thyroid vein甲状腺中静脉subclavian vein锁骨下静脉venous angle静脉角cephalic vein头静脉basilic vein贵要静脉median cubital vein肘正中静脉median vein of forearm前臂正中静脉ulnar vein尺静脉radial vein桡静脉brachial vein肱静脉brachiocephalic vein头臂静脉superior vena cava上腔静脉azygos vein奇静脉posterior intercostal veins肋间后静脉esophageal vein食管静脉bronchial vein支气管静脉ascending lumbar vein腰升静脉small saphenous vein小隐静脉great saphenous vein大隐静脉anterior tibial vein胫前静脉posterior tibial vein胫后静脉popliteal vein腘静脉femoral vein股静脉external iliac vein髂外静脉internal iliac vein髂内静脉common iliac vein髂总静脉inferior vena cava下腔静脉inferior phrenic vein膈下静脉lumbar veins腰静脉testicular veins睾丸静脉ovarian veins卵巢静脉renal vein肾静脉suprarenal vein肾上腺静脉hepatic vein肝静脉hepatic portal vein肝门静脉superior mesenteric vein肠系膜上静脉splenic vein脾静脉inferior mesenteric vein肠系膜下静脉left gastric vein胃左静脉right gastric vein胃右静脉cystic vein胆囊静脉paraumbilical vein附脐静脉2.Lymphatic System淋巴系统lymphatic capillary毛细淋巴管lymphatic vessel淋巴管lymphatic trunk淋巴干jugular trunk颈干subclavian trunk锁骨下干bronchomediastinal trunk支气管纵隔干lumbar trunk腰干intestinal trunk肠干right lymphatic duct右淋巴导管thoracic duct胸导管cisterna chyli乳糜池lymph tissue淋巴组织lymph node淋巴结spleen脾thymus胸腺submandibular lymph node下颌下淋巴结submental lymph node颏下淋巴结lateral cervical lymph node颈外侧淋巴结axillary lymph node腋淋巴结bronchopulmonary hilar lymph node支气管肺门淋巴结superficial inguinal lymph node腹股沟浅淋巴结deep inguinal lymph node腹股沟深淋巴结internal iliac lymph node髂内淋巴结external iliac lymph node髂外淋巴结common iliac lymph node髂总淋巴结lumbar lymph node腰淋巴结celiac lymph node腹腔淋巴结left gastric lymph node胃左淋巴结right gastric lymph node胃右淋巴结left gastroepiploic lymph node胃网膜左淋巴结right gastroepiploic lymph node胃网膜右淋巴结hepatic lymph node肝淋巴结pancreaticosplanic lymph node胰脾淋巴结superior mesenteric lymph node肠系膜上淋巴结inferior mesenteric lymph node肠系膜下淋巴结IV.Sensory Organs感觉器官1.Visual Apparatus视器(1)Eyeball眼球cornea角膜sclera巩膜iris虹膜pupil瞳孔sphincter pupilae瞳孔括约肌dilator pupilae瞳孔开大肌ciliary body睫状体ciliary muscle睫状肌choroid脉络膜retina视网膜optic disc视神经盘macula lutea黄斑fovea centralis中央凹aqueous humor房水lens晶状体vitreous body玻璃体(2)Accessory Visual Apparatus眼副器Eyelid（palpebra）眼睑palpebral fissure睑裂eyelash睫毛conjunctiva结膜lacrimal gland泪腺nasolacrimal duct鼻泪管levator palpebrae superioris上睑提肌superior rectus上直肌inferior rectus下直肌medial rectus内直肌lateral rectus外直肌superior obliquus上斜肌inferior obliquus下斜肌ophthalmic artery眼动脉central artery of retina视网膜中央动脉superior ophthalmic vein眼上静脉inferior ophthalmic vein眼下静脉2.Vestibulocochlear organ前庭蜗器(1)External Ear外耳auricle耳廓tympanic membrane鼓膜(2)Middle Ear中耳tympanic cavity鼓室malleus锤骨incus砧骨stapes镫骨tensor tympani鼓膜张肌(3)Internal Ear内耳bony labyrinth骨迷路cochlea耳蜗vestibule前庭bony semicircular canal骨半规管cochlear duct蜗管spiral organ（Cortis organ）螺旋器（Corti器）scala vestibuli前庭阶scala tympani鼓阶membranous semicircular duct膜半规管V.Nervous System神经系统gray matter灰质white matter白质cortex皮质medulla髓质nucleus神经核ganglion神经节fasciculus传导束nerve神经reticular formation网状结构1.Peripheral Nervous System周围神经系统(1)Spinal Nerves脊神经cervical plexus颈丛lesser occipital nerve枕小神经great auricular nerve 耳大神经transverse nerve of neck颈横神经supraclavicular nerves锁骨上神经phrenic nerve膈神经brachial plexus臂丛axillary nerve腋神经musculocutaneous nerve肌皮神经median nerve正中神经ulnar nerve尺神经radial nerve桡神经intercostal nerve肋间神经subcostal nerve肋下神经lumbar plexus腰丛femoral nerve股神经obturator nerve闭孔神经genitofemoral nerve生殖股神经sacral plexus骶丛superior gluteal nerve臀上神经inferior gluteal nerve臀下神经pudendal nerve阴部神经sciatic nerve坐骨神经tibial nerve胫神经common peroneal nerve腓总神经superficial peroneal nerve腓浅神经deep peroneal nerve腓深神经（2）Cranial Nerves脑神经olfactory nerve嗅神经optic nerve视神经oculomotor nerve动眼神经trochlear nerve滑车神经trigeminal nerve三叉神经abducent nerve展神经facial nerve面神经vestibulocochlear nerve前庭蜗神经glossopharyngeal nerve舌咽神经vagus nerve迷走神经accessory nerve副神经hypoglossal nerve舌下神经（3）Visceral Nervous System内脏神经系统sympathetic nerve交感神经parasympathetic nerve副交感神经sympathetic trunk交感干celiac ganglia腹腔神经节superior mesenteric ganglia肠系膜上神经节inferior mesenteric ganglia肠系膜下神经节aorticorenal ganglia主动脉肾节greater splanchnic nerve内脏大神经lesser splanchnic nerve内脏小神经lumbar splanchnic nerve腰内脏神经abdominal aortic plexus腹主动脉丛inferior mesenteric plexus肠系膜下丛pelvic plexus盆丛2Central Nervous System中枢神经系统（1）Spinal Cord脊髓cervical enlargement颈膨大lumbosacral enlargement腰骶膨大conus medullaris脊髓圆锥filum terminale终丝cauda equina马尾central canal中央管anterior horn (anterior column）前角（前柱）posterior horn (posterior column）后角（后柱）lateral horn (lateral column）侧角（侧柱）anterior funiculus前索posterior funiculus后索lateral funiculus外侧索fasciculus gracilis薄束fasciculus cuneatus楔束posterior spinocerebellar tract脊髓小脑后束anterior spinocerebellar tract脊髓小脑前束spinothalamic tract脊髓丘脑束corticospinal tract皮质脊髓束rubrospinal tract红核脊髓束vestibulospinal tract前庭脊髓束reticulospinal tract网状脊髓束tectospinal tract顶盖脊髓束medial longitudinal fasciculus内侧纵束(2)Brain脑1）Medulla Oblongata延髓pyramid锥体decussation of pyramid锥体交叉olive橄榄gracile tubercle薄束结节cuneate tubercle楔束结节inferior cerebellar peduncle小脑下脚2）Pons脑桥bulbopontine sulcus延髓脑桥沟basilar part基底部basilar sulcus基底沟middle cerebellar peduncle小脑中脚superior cerebellar peduncle小脑上脚rhomboid fossa（floor of fourth ventricle）菱形窝（第四脑室底）vestibular area前庭区acoustic tubercle听结节medial eminence内侧隆起facial colliculus面神经丘hypoglossal triangle舌下神经三角vagal triangle迷走神经三角fourth ventricle第四脑室superior medullary velum上髓帆inferior medullary velum下髓帆3）Midbrain中脑cerebral peduncle大脑脚interpeduncular fossa脚间窝superior colliculus上丘inferior colliculus下丘hypoglossal nucleus舌下神经核accessary nucleus副神经核dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve迷走神经背核nucleus ambiguus疑核inferior salivatory nucleus下泌涎核nucleus of solitary tract孤束核spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve三叉神经脊束核gracile nucleus薄束核cuneate nucleus楔束核inferior olivary nucleus下橄榄核facial nucleus面神经核abducens nucleus展神经核motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve三叉神经运动核superior salivatory nucleus上泌涎核pontine nucleus of trigeminal nerve三叉神经脑桥核ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei蜗神经腹侧核和蜗神经背侧核vestibular nuclei前庭神经核oculomotor nucleus动眼神经核trochlear nucleus滑车神经核accessory oculomotor nucleus动眼神经副核mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve三叉神经中脑核red nucleus红核substantia nigra黑质medial lemniscus内侧丘系lateral lemniscus外侧丘系spinothalamic lemniscus脊髓丘系trigeminal lemniscus三叉丘系4）Cerebellum小脑fastigial nucleus顶核globose nucleus球状核emboliform nucleus栓状核dentate nucleus齿状核anterior lobe前叶posterior lobe后叶flocculonodular lobe绒球小结叶5）Diencephalon间脑dorsal thalamus背侧丘脑metathalamus后丘脑epithalamus上丘脑subthalamus底丘脑hypothalamus下丘脑medial geniculate body内侧膝状体lateral geniculate body外侧膝状体optic chiasma视交叉optic tract视束supraoptic nucleus视上核paraventricular nucleus室旁核6）Telencephalon端脑cerebral hemisphere大脑半球corpus callosum胼胝体cerebral cortex大脑皮质cerebral medullary substance大脑髓质basal nuclei基底核lateral ventricle侧脑室lateral sulcus外侧沟central sulcus中央沟parietooccipital sulcus顶枕沟precentral sulcus中央前沟precentral gyrus中央前回superior frontal sulcus额上沟inferior frontal sulcus额下沟superior frontal gyrus额上回middle frontal gyrus额中回inferior frontal gyrus额下回parietal lobe顶叶postcentral sulcus中央后沟postcentral gyr