V-ing形式-学案.doc

M5U2 Grammar and usage-V-ing 形式Step 1 Lead-in高考考纲解读：1. 动词-ing形式的构成和基本内涵；2. 动词-ing形式在句中的不同语法功能；3. 句子结构的知识、词类及其句子成分的知识、从句的知识。命题趋势：1. 重点考察动词-ing形式作状语和定语；2. 重视固定句型中的动词-ing形式；3. 熟记英语中固定的评注性状语。高考真题:1（2014北京卷）Last night, there were millions of people _ the opening ceremony live on TV.A. watchB. to watch C. watchedD. watching2.（2014北京卷）The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without _.A. recognizingB. being recognizedC. having recognizedD. having been recognized3.（2014福建卷） the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age. A. Spending B. Spent C. Having spent D. To spendStep 2 ExplorationI.动名词动名词是一种非谓语动词。动名词仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成动名词短语，同时动名词也有名词的特征，在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语以及定语成分。一、动名词的形式：V-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的V-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词write为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：时态语态 主动语态被动语态一般式完成式2 动名词的复合结构动名词也可以有逻辑主语，从而构成动名词的复合结构，如： 名词所有格（形容词性物主代词）+doing(可以用作主语或宾语) 名词通格（人称代词宾格）+doing (只能用做宾语，不能用作主语) His leaving is a great loss to me. 他的离去对我来说是一个很大的损失。Mother disliked my (me) working late. 母亲不喜欢我工作到很晚。 Ex. ( )My wife is proud of a novelist. A. me being B. my being C. me to be D. I being三动名词的用法1.V-ing（短语）作主语：Seeing is . 眼见为实。_ is easier than doing. 说比做容易。注意：为了保持句子平衡，通常用it代替动词-ing短语作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。 Eg: It is no use over spilt milk. 牛奶已经洒了，哭也无济于事。哪些句型可以表示“.是没有用的/没好处的”？ 2. V -ing作宾语：Ving作动词宾语。如： The students wasted much time (in) playing computer games.We enjoy attending Miss Lis class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。Im considering_. 我正在考虑去日本旅行。高中阶段常见的能接-ing分词作宾语的动词：_（介意）, _（建议）, _（欣赏，）, _（承认）, _（感激，欣赏）, _（避免）, _（推迟）, _（不喜欢，厌恶）, _（逃脱）, _（完成）, _（宽恕）, _（想象）, _（保持）, _（错过）, _（训练）, _（抵抗，抵制）, _（冒险）, _（拒绝，否认）, _（考虑）allow, permit, advise, consider, forbid,等。V-ing作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：Im against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。我们期待能够再次见到你。 注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。What can prevent us (from) getting married?有什么能阻止我们结婚？动名词前省略介词 in 的常用结构 忙于做某事 做有困难 做某事有困难 做有困难 做某事很开心 做很辛苦 花钱（时间）做某事 浪费钱（时间）做某事 做某事没有困难 做某事没有用 做某事没有意义高中阶段常见的带介词to的短语，后接-ing分词或名词。如： （承认）, contribute to（捐助、贡献）, get down to（着手做）, （导致）, （期待）, turn to （求助于）, stick to（忠于、坚持）, see to （注意、处理）, （习惯于）, devote oneself to（献身于）. 下列动词既可跟不定式又可跟V-ing的动词，区别如下（1） .begin和start本身为进行时，或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时，须接不定式。 When we came in, they were beginning to have supper. After his explanation, I began to understand it / realize that I was wrong.(2).有些词后面既可以接不定式亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意：Aremember，forget，regret接动名词，表示完成意义(=having done)，接不定式，表示将来意义： Please remember _(bring)me the book I want next time. I remember _(see) her (=having seen her) somewhere before.Conclusion: Dont forget _(write)to me soon. I never forget _(visit) (=having visited) them for the first time.Conclusion: I regret _(miss) that good film last week.(后悔干事) I regret not _(take) (not having taken) your advice. I regret _(say) I cant take your advice. (遗憾=be sorry)Conclusion:Bmean：mean to do=want to do打算，想要；mean doing：意味着，就是 I am sorry, I didnt mean _(hurt)your feelings. Learning a foreign language doesnt mean just _(work) in class.Conclusion:Cstop：stop to do停下来，要干另一件事，不定式作目的状语；stop doing停止干，动名词作宾语。After some time, they stopped _(work)and had a rest.After walking some time, they stopped _(have)a rest.Dtry：try to do，努力，试图干事；try doing：试着干事He searched everywhere and tried _(find) his key.He came to the city from the countryside and tried_(find) a job.The mother is out and the boy had to try _(cook) for himself.They tried to succeed and tried _(do) their experiments again and again.Ewant，need，require接动名词表示被动意义，主语与动名词之为动宾关系。The bike requires _(repair).These young trees require _(look after).The matter needs _(think)over.(=to be thought over)A Mr. Wang wants _(see) you.You dont need _(leave)so early.Fgo on：go on to do继续干和原来不同的另一件事，不定式作目的状语。go on doing继续干原来同一件事，动名词作宾语。 After a smoke，he went on _(tell)us that interesting story.After writing the composition he went on _(work)out his mathsProblems.G动词advise，allow，permit，forbid后面接单宾语时用动名词，复合宾语时用动词不定式。Doctors advise _ smoking to benefit ones health. 放弃The doctor advised him _ smoking so as to improve hishealth. 放弃She doesnt allow (permit) _ in her room.抽烟Ibe used to doing习惯于be used to do被用来做I m used to _. 早晨六点起床Wood is used _. 被用来制作家具Jcant help doing情不自禁cant help to do 不能帮助做Hearing the news, she _.不禁大哭I couldnt help _.打扫教室II. 现在分词现在分词1 现在分词的形式（以do为例）时态主动被动意义一般时分词表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生完成时分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前1.V-ing（短语）作表语：动名词作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。如：Their job is_. 他们的工作是打扫房子。现在分词作表语可以表示主语所具有的特征，相当于形容词，其主语通常是物。如：_ 这个消息听起来令人鼓舞。_ 这部电影感人而有趣。 此类V-ing含有“令人.”的意思。例如:amusing，astonishing, boring, exciting,inspiring, missing, puzzling, surprising, disappointing.2. V-ing作定语 动名词作定语时，表示被修饰的名词的作用，而现在分词作定语则表示被修饰的名词的动作。如果要区分他们，可以把被修饰的名词作主语，把doing前加上动词be，变化后的句子如果成立则是现在分词作定语；变化后的句子如果不成立，则是动名词作定语。如：The sleeping car is very expensive. 那台卧车很贵。（The car is sleeping不成立，其中的sleeping是动名词。）The sleeping boy is Johns brother. 那个睡觉的男孩是约翰的弟弟。（The boy is sleeping 成立，其中sleeping是现在分词。）现在分词作定语：单个的现在分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：_ room 阅览室 _ pool 游泳池 a _ car 一辆等待着的车 a _ child一个酣睡的孩子 a _ speech令人乏味的演讲现在分词短语作定语，一般置于修饰词后面，相当于一个定语从句。如：The man running over there is our chairman.=The man who is running over there is our chairman.The road is very wide.=The road that joins the two villages is very wide.The man is my father.站在树下的那个人是我的父亲。现在分词作非限制定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，用逗号和其他部分分开。如：Tom, arriving late(=who late), was not permitted to enter the classroom.汤姆来迟了，不被允许进教室。Translation:His brother working as a teacher lives Tianjin. His brother ,working as a teacher,lives Tianjin. 3. V-ing分词作补语：V-ing分词做see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, 等动词的宾语补语。 I saw two dogs fighting fiercely. I saw the child being beaten by his father. 注：V-ing分词作宾语表示正在进行的动作；不定式表示动作的全过程或动作的结束。I heard someone knocking at the door.I heard someone knock at the door. Three times.I noticed a man_when I got off the car. 我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。做leave, keep, catch, find等动词的宾语补足语。如：Dont leave the boy waiting at the gate in such a cold day.Last night the shopkeeper caught _ in the shop. 昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。4. V-ing分词做状语：时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随V-ing分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句。有时可由连词when, while引出。如：Walking out of the room, he found the boy still there.走出房间他发现男孩仍在那里。 the news, he couldnt help thinking the days in the college.听到这个消息，他情不自禁的想起了他的大学时光。While_, he nodded from time to time. 他一边看书，一边不时地点头。 _, I decided to write back. 收到他的信后，我决定给他回信。V-ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：Being ill, he couldnt go to school. 他因为病了而不能去学校。_ the Great Wall many times, he didnt go (there) last week他已去过长城许多次了，故上周他没有去。_ 因为没有收到父亲的信，所以她决定打个电话给父亲。Ving分词短语作结果状语，相当于一个结果状语从句。如：By 1820,the population of New York had grown to about 125,000, making it the largest city in USA.His father died, _. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。 V-ing分词也可作条件状语，相当于一个条件状语从句。如：Thinking it carefully, you will not take the job._ , Ill come and help you. 有时间的话，我会过来帮助你。_, you will find the path leading to the park. 向左转你会发现通向公园的路。V-ing分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个较次要的动作，相当于并列句。如：“You cant catch me.” Jane shouted, running away.They sat in front of the house, _ .他们坐在房前聊天。They came into the classroom, _ . 他们又唱又笑的走进教室。让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。Although from morning till night, his father didnt get enough food.=Although his father worked from morning till night, he didnt get enough food.Being ill, he still came to school. 尽管他生病了，他仍然来学校。He is unhappy, though a lot of money.尽管他有许多钱，他也不高兴。 方式状语Children usually count the numbers, by using their fingers.They show disagreement shaking their hands. She came_. 她向我们跑来。注：-ing分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。III注意事项一、独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。Observation: Time permitting, I will do it better. Mary was watching TV, Tom playing football outside. The manager being ill, David is in charge of the company now.Conclusion: （独立主格结构的特点）【小试牛刀】1）(2012新课标全国)The party will be held in the garden, weather _.A. permitting B. to permit C. permitted D. permit2）（2014江苏卷） His lecture_, a lively question-and-answer session followed.A. being given B. having givenC. to be givenD. having been given二、独立成分作状语Observation: Generally speaking, the more you pay, the more you get. Judging from his look, he didnt agree with you at all. Conclusion:有些动词-ing分词短语作状语，其形式的选择_上下文的影响，称作_。常见的有：generally speaking, frankly speaking, judging from/by, considering/taking into consideration, supposing, speaking of等。Ex.1)_ (judge) by the score, this group ranked first.2)_ (take) his health into consideration, he has to be sent to the hospital at once. Step 3 Exercise一、翻阅课文，用所给词的正确形式填空。1） Other types of waste flow into our water, _ river and sea life. (kill)2） These boats catch large numbers of fish without _ them time to lay eggs.(give)3） While we damage our environment, we keep _ more and more people who need more land to live on and more food to eat!(produce)4） That was an _ speech.(interest)5） They think of greedy businessmen _ (hide) from their responsibilities and only _(worry) about money.6） What Im here to say is that _ (work) with many environmental consultants, I know that a healthy environment and development should be possible at the same time.7） There are many factories and industries which control the amount of pollution they produce, and are very careful to spend money _ (repair) any damage they cause.8） The people _ (operate) these factories are deeply concerned about the environment.9） _ around, I find many people willing to pay a little higher price for things that are friendly to the environment.(ask)10） Thank you for _.(listen)11） Rapid development and an increase in population have meant that the amount of water taken from the river is rising, and that the waste_ back into the river has been rising.(put)12） It also watches the river and stops the illegal _ of animals, which has put the wild animal population in danger.(hunt)二、单项选择。1.（2014陕西卷）Its quite hot today. Do you feel like _ for a swim?A. to go B. going C go D. having gone 2.2014大纲卷）Toady there are more airplanes _ more people than ever before in the skies.A. carry B. carrying C. carried D. to be carrying 3.“You cant catch me!” Janet shouted, _ away. A. run B. running C. to run D. ran 4.（2014湖南卷）There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland, _at the night sky. A. to stareB. staring C. stared D, having stared5. how to work out the difficult physics problem ,he asked the teacher for help .A. Not to know B. Not knowing C. Knowing not D. Not known6.2014江西卷）_nearly all our money , we couldnt afford to s