博士英语翻译.doc

被动的句子，不一定是被，可以有多种翻译和表达。“加以”,“经过”,“用来”, 得， 得以，发生了，“被”,“给”,“遭”,“挨”,“为所”,“使”,“由”,“受到”以及其他方式，比如主语宾语颠倒，增加施事人或翻译成无主语等。He was robbed. The apple was eaten. We are cheated. You may be influenced by others.Quality must be guaranteed first. 首先要保证质量。It is amply justified by the result. 结果充分证明了假设。My words had been misunderstood by others.他们误解了我的话。These issues were rarely touched.大家很少谈及这些事情。He was elected monitor,他当选为班长。Otherquestionswillbediscussedbriefly（as follows）.其他问题将简单地加以讨论。其他问题给予简述。其他问题不再赘述。 其他问题简述如下。A new bill was adopted in the meeting.会议通过了一项新的决议。Inotherwordsmineralsubstanceswhicharefoundonearthmustbeextractedbydigging,boringholes,artificialexplosions,orsimilaroperationswhichmakethemavailabletous.换言之,矿物就是存在于地球上,但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。就是说，地球上的矿物质得经过挖、钻、爆破等才能获取。例3.Nuclearpowersdangertohealth,safety,andevenlifeitselfcanbesummedupinoneword:radiation.核能对健康、安全,甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词来概括：辐射。ItcouldbearguedItisoftensaid,ItisgenerallyacceptedthatItisassertedthat有人主张Itisbelievedthat有人认为Itisgenerallyconsideredthat大家(一般人)认为Itiswellknownthat大家知道(众所周知)Itwillbesaid有人会说Itwastoldthat有人曾经说All the urgent matters have now been attended to. 所有的紧急问题都处理完毕。This is not the kind of situation that should be made light of. 这不是一件可以轻视的事态。The peasants were deprived of their land.农民失去了土地。She was robbed of her necklace. 有人抢了她的项链。Arightkindoffuelisneededforanatomicreactor.原子反应堆要一种合适的燃料。反应堆正需要这种燃料。Steel plates were stored here on the roadside, but they have now all been cleared away.过去路边堆满了钢板，现在都清理干净了。Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比,而且认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。人们误认为普通人决不能与这些人相比，以为他们的大脑加工处理能力是经过专门培训的。Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeople of the damage of smoking, especiallythedreadfulconsequencesoftakingupthehabit.应该尽最大努力告诫年轻人吸烟的危害,特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。(pro-drop)Manystrangenewmeansoftransporthavebeendevelopedinourcentury,thestrangestofthembeingperhapsthehovercraft.在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具,其中最奇特的也许就是气垫船了。本世纪研发出不少新颖的交通工具，最新奇的要数气垫船。Madame Curie will long be remembered as the discoverer of radium. 居里夫人因发现了化学元素镭而永载史册。The injured were allowed hone after treatment at the local hospital, but one of the firemen was detained for observation. 伤者在当地医院经过治疗后已经允许回家，但其中一名消防员则住院观察。Newsourceofenergymustbefound,andthiswilltaketime.必须找到新的能源，这需要时间另外,下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:Itishopedthat希望Itisreportedthat据报道Itissaidthat据说Itissupposedthat据推测Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat可以毫不夸张地说Itmustbeadmittedthat必须承认Itmustbepointedoutthat必须指出Itwillbeseenfromthisthat由此可见Onthewholesuchanconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence, butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestas theotherwithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.总的来说,得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的,但必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同;他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。总的来说得出该结论是有一定把握的。但必须假定这孩子对测试的态度与其他孩子相同，还要假设他没有因为缺乏相关知识而扣过分。Earlyfiresontheearthwerecertainlycausedbynature,notbyMan.地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。Thesesignalsareproducedbycollidingstarsornuclearreactionsinouterspace.这些讯号是由外层空间的星球碰撞或者核反应所造成的。Naturallightor“white”lightisactuallymadeupofmanycolors.自然光或者“白光”实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。Thebehaviorofafluidflowingthroughapipeisaffectedbyanumberoffactors, includingtheviscosityofthefluidandthespeedatwhichitispumped.流体在管道中流动的情况,受到诸如流体粘度、泵送速度等各种因素的影响。Theymayhavebeenasourceofpartoftheatmosphereoftheterrestrial planets,andtheyarebelievedtohavebeentheplanetesimal-likebuildingblocksforsomeoftheouterplanetsandtheirsatellites.它们可能一直是地球行星的一部分大气的来源。它们还被认为是构成外部行星以及其卫星的一种类似微星的基础材料。这类物质可能来自地球卫星，也有人认为是类似小行星体的组块，用以阻碍外行星和它们的卫星。Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。科学史学家和思想家们很大程度上忽视了一个问题，即多年来工具和科技本身就是创新的重要来源。WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.政府是以减少技术的经费投入来增加纯理论科学的经费投入,还是相反,这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。Forexample,onefunctionoffriendshipseemstofulfillisthatit supportstheimagewehaveofourselves,andconfirmsthevalueoftheattitudeswehold.例如,友谊的一个作用似乎是支持我们在自己心目中的形象,并使我们持有的价值观念更加坚定。例2.Thefirsttwomustbeequalforallwhoarebeingcompared,ifanycomparisonintermsofintelligenceistobemade.(92年考题)如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话,那么对所有被比较者来说,前两个因素必须是一样的。例3.Thefirstmethodistogiveasynonym,awordthathasnearlythesamemeaningasthewordyouwishtodefine:faceforcountenance,nervousnessforanxiety.第一种方法是同义词法,即给出一个与要释义的词在意义上几乎相同的,如用face表示countenance,用nervousness表示anxiety.例4.Behaviourists,incontrast,saythatdifferenceinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy.(90年考题)相反,行为主义者认为,成绩的差异是由于黑人常常被剥夺了白人在教育及其他外界环境方面所享有的许多有利条件而造成的。例5.Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanations.(94年考题)科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式,也就是对一切现象进行思考并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。例6.Ayoungsterwhohasnoplaymatesofhisagelivingnearbymaybenefitgreatlyfromattendingnurseryschool.附近没有同龄伙伴和自己玩的儿童，上托儿所可以得到很多的益处。二、后置法当定语从句较长时,如果翻译成前置的定语,就会不符合汉语的表达习惯,在这种情况下,往往把该定语从句翻译成并列的分句,放置于原来它所修词的后面。另外在处理此类定语从句时,一般遵循的原则是:若保留先行词,则在第二个分句中加以重复,若省略,则两个并列分句中均不再保留。当然,在实的翻译过程中也有例外。例1.Allthewaterthatflowsthroughthewidepipeinasecondmustsomehowgetthroughanarrowparttoo,whichitcandoonlybygoingfaster.在一秒钟内流过粗管子的全部水量,一定会以某种方式通过细管子,这只有靠加快流速才能做到。例2.Perhapslightissomesortofelectricwave,whosenaturewedonotyetunderstand.也许,光是某种电波,其性质我们尚不清楚。例3.TheyarestrivingfortheidealwhichisclosetotheheartofeveryChineseandforwhich,inthepast,manyChinesehavelaiddowntheirlives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力,这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的,在过去,许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。例4.Thiswillbeparticularlytruesinceenergypinchwillmakeitdifficulttocontinueagricultureinhigh-energyAmericanfashionthatmakesitpossibletocombinefewfarmerswithhighyields.(91年考题)这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方法继续下去了,而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。例5.“Inshort”,aleaderofthenewschoolattends,“thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”(94年考题)新学派的一位袖人物坚持说:“简而言之,我们所称谓的科学革命,主要指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用,这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。例6.Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughtomatchthis,whichmeansthatweareheadingintoacrisisinthematterofproducingandmarketingfood.(91年考题)食品的供应将赶不上人口的增长,这就意味著我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。三、翻译成状语从句英语中有些定语从句,兼有状语从句的职能,在逻辑上(即意义上)与主句有状语关系,说明原因、结果、让步、假设等关系,翻译时应善于从英语原文的字里行间发现这些逻辑上的关系,然后翻译成汉语中相应的偏正复合句。例如:例1.Hedidnotrememberhisfatherwhodiedwhenhewasthreeyearsold.他不记得他父亲了,因为他父亲死时他才三岁。例2.However,icebergwatercouldbeextremelycheapforsomecountrieswhencomparedwithdesalination,aprocesswhichrequiresmuchmorefuelandmuchmoremoney.不过,对某些国家来讲,用冰山化水比海水脱盐相比,费用可能极为便宜,因为脱盐过程要更多燃料和更多的资金。例3.Anyonewhothinksthatrationalknowledgeneednotbederivedfromperceptualknowledgeisanidealist.如果认为理性知识不必由感性知识得来,那他就是一个唯心主义者。例4.itwasnotuntilsixtyyearsagothatamethodofextractingaluminumorewasfoundwhichcouldleadtoacheaplarge-scaleprocess.(88年考题)直到60年前人们才找到开采铝矿的方法,从而使低成本、大规模冶炼金属铝成为可能。例5.Inoffice,figures,listsandinformationarecompiledwhichtellthemanagersorheadsofthebusinesswhatishappeningintheirshopsorfactories.(85年考题)在办公室里,工作人员将各种数据、表格和信息加以汇编,以便让经理或主管人员了解他们的商店或工厂目前正在发生的情况。例6.Liquids,whichcontainsnofreeelectrons,arepoorconductorsofheat.各种液体,由于不含有自由电子,是热的不良导体。我们讲了定语从句的各种翻译方法，在这里我们还要提醒大家，在翻译含有定语从句的句子时，我们应该特别注意在分析句子的结构上面下工夫，务必要搞清定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个。下面我们结合一个实例加以说明：Infactabasicamountofmovementoccursduringsleepwhichisspecificallyconcernedwithpreventingmuscleinactivity.曾经有人把这个句子翻译为：事实上，在睡眠期间仍有一定基本量的活动，这种睡眠特别与防止肌肉活动有关。在判断上述翻译的正误之前，我们首先分析一下这个句子中的定语从句所修饰的先行词，在这个句子中which引导的定语从句有两个可能被修饰的成分：abasicamountofmovement和sleep,一般来讲，定语从句往往修饰离它最近的那个名词，但是在这个句子中，却不是这样，因为，如果是修饰sleep,我们就会翻译成上面的句子，但是从句子的意义来看讲不通，因此，这个定语从句是修饰前面的abasicamountofmovement应该翻译为：事实上，在睡眠期间仍有一定基本量的活动，这种活动特别与防止肌肉活动中断有关。由此我们可以看出，确定定语从句的先行词是极为重要的，做出正确的判断的关键在于分析句子的结构和熟悉划线的句子所出现的上下文。另外，我们还要注意一些比较复杂的定语从句结构，也就是那些定语从句里又含有定语从句的情况，在翻译这类句子时我们应该注意灵活运用我们在前面讲述的一些翻译技巧，尤其要注意分析各个定语从句之间的关系，例如：Behaviouristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.(90年考题）上面句子的骨干结构为：Behaviouristssuggestthatthechildwillexperiencedevelopment,这是一个复合句，在that所引导的宾语从句中，在主语child的后面是一个由who引导的定语从句，在在这个定语从句中又有一个由where引导的定语从句，修饰前面的名词environment,然后在这个定语从句中又有一个由which引导的定语从句，修饰前面的名词stimuli,这就构成了一个一套三的定语从句结构，在翻译成汉语时，考虑到定语从句太长，我们要将个别的定语从句分开来翻译，这样我们可以将此句翻译为：行为主义者认为，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境中成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。conferenceAssembly UN General AssemblyAcademic ConferenceSports meetMeeting gatheringRepresentative Congress Annual Convention Yearly Changan Forum Linguistic SeminarSymposium Workshop 工作坊Session Conference Overview Conference Programme objectives, purpose PhD P candidate Abstracts submission Scholarships fellowship Reference Exhibitions, Satellites & Affiliated Independent EventsConference HubsPrizes and AwardsRegistrationSecurity and Principles of Conference ParticipationFlights to Washington, D.C.Hotel AccommodationTransportationVisa and Travel InformationToursMedia CentreVolunteersFAQsSocial ResponsibilityOrganizing PartnersSponsors and Supporters Sponsored by Organized by About Washington, D.C.Working at AIDS 2012Contact UsStanford Humanities Center, Mariposa HouseStanford UniversityStanford, California 94305-8630USANovember 4, 1996ChairEnglish DepartmentPomona College140 W. 6th StreetClaremont, CA 91711Professor Peter SmithDepart. Of Foreign LColorado State Univer.Fort Carolins, CO 80123-4561USAProf. ZhangSchool of Chinese LShaanxi Normal Univer.Xian, Shaanxi 710062ChinaDear Professor Miller，Professor Cristanne Miller, To whom it may concern,开始句:I am writing to enquire Get information of. I am writing to apply for the assistant professorship On behalf of the Center of foreign students, I will askI am pleased to I would be very pleased to invite you to attend and chair a session of, preside I wish I wouldI sincerely hope that you could accept our invitation.I feel sorry to miss the opportunity of meeting you I will take the opportunity of toMuch to my regret, It is a great honor to.I shall not be able to honor your invitationI have received your letter on Sept. 12I would like to take this opportunity to strongly encourage you to attend this conferenceIt is our great honor to invite I would be grateful if you could send me further details about It is appreciated if I am looking forward to meeting you soon in XianIt is highly appreciated if you could give an earlier reply. We would like to be informed of your personal backgroundI apologize for any inconvenience caused wherefrom.Enclosed herewith is my final paper.Please contact us if you have any inquiries. Please get in touch with I would like to express my thanks and appreciation for your abstract you submitted.It is a pleasure to acknowledge the acceptance of your paper titledPlease accept my congratulations onMy dissertation is entitledThe dissertation investigates the problemMy scholarly interests range widely, from the history of law to economics I hope to carry my interests in both Victorian and modernist literature into the classroom. I believe I can help students My teaching philosophy reflects my interests in collaborative authorship. I prefer student-centered teaching that encourages learning by both students and teachers. I favor classroom dynamics I have enclosed a copy of my curriculum vitae and a writing sample I look forward to hearing from you.Sincerely,Paul K. Saint-AmourEnclosed encl.: curriculum vitae 简历November 4, 1996Professor Cristanne Miller, ChairEnglish DepartmentPomona College140 W. 6th StreetClaremont, CA 91711Dear Professor Miller:I am writing to apply for the assistant professorship in British literature of the Victorian period announced in the MLA Job Information List. I am currently completing a Ph.D. at Stanford University in nineteenth- and twentieth-century English literature. My dissertation is entitled Immense Debtorship: Originality, Literary Property, and Deficit Poetics in British Letters, 1840-1940.The dissertation investigates the twin discourses of aesthetic and economic value in post-Romantic Britain. My inquiry focuses on originality and imitation-terms that have traditionally belonged to a purely literary domain-in order to implicate them in extra-literary discourses. I illustrate how the modern notion of originality not only appears, but evolves in relation to market forces, economic theory, and the legal developments they underwrite. After linking the cardinal Romantic virtue of originality to classical economic labor theories of value, I trace the nineteenth-century transition from classical political economy to the marginalist economics that flourished during the 1870s. This shift from the social scene of production to the individual scene of consumption, I claim, sponsors a concurrent aesthetic shift away from the productivist literary value of originality, with its attendant notions of inspiration, spontaneity, individual genius.The result is a growing willingness at late-century to imitate, borrow, and even plagiarize-a kind of latter-day neoclassicism that culminates in the canny appropriations of the high modernists. This growth-industry in literary debt, furthermore, is licensed by the gradual decriminalizing of financial insolvency and the institutionalizing of consumer credit during the late nineteenth century: deficit economics begets a deficit poetics. Many Victorian writers paired debtorship with vampirism, on the grounds that both constituted a necessary pact with evil; my chapter on Eliots poetry and George Vierecks 1907 novel The House of the Vampire explores the theme and practice of deficit poetics in light of this pairing. Profligate literary debtorship also operates, I argue, as a counter-tradition to the copyright laws solidifying during the period. And for two of the principle figures in this counter-tradition-the Irishmen Oscar Wilde and James Joyce-deficit poetics works as a colonial and post-colonial retort to the British tradition of private annexation embodied in copyright. Contrary to many formalist views, then, there is a politics of intertextuality. By concluding with a look at some late-twentieth-century intellectual property questions (copyright extension bills, electronic media laws, the power of patents to protect corporate appropriations from developing nations), I suggest that mythologies of originality still have considerable ethical and political repercussions in the present. Having written three out of five chapters, I expect to submit the finished thesis in June of 1997.My scholarly interests range widely, from the history of law and economics to turn-of-the-century sexology to Irish literature and ethnography. In a subsequent project, I plan to research Victorian ideas of order-in both artistic genres and ethnographic taxonomies like Mayhews London Labour and the London Poor-and how they inform a little-theorized aspect of certain modernist texts: the inventory. In addition, I hope to carry my interests in both Victorian and modernist literature into the classroom. The conventional divide between the two periods too often results in oversimplifications-imputing, say, a gritty mate