大学英语语法6——连接词.ppt

CollegeEnglishGrammar GrammarandWriting ByZhuXiangjun Unit6 Modifiers ConjunctionsGrammar ConjunctionsWriting Correcting AntecedentProblemsRewriting Howtocombineintocompoundsentences Conjunctions Conjunctionsarewordsthatjoinsinglewordsorgroupsofwords Theycanbesubdividedintocoordinatingconjunctions correlativeconjunctionsandsubordinatingconjunctions 1 CoordinatingconjunctionsCoordinatingconjunctionsjoinwordsorgroupsofwordsthathaveequalgrammaticalimportanceinasentence Basically thereareonlysevencoordinatingconjunctions and but or so nor forandyet Newspapersprovidetheirreaderswithalotofimportantfacts Newspapersprovidetheirreaderswithalotofimportantstatistics Newspapersprovidetheirreaderswithalotofimportantfactsandstatistics Hesentthejournalisttwomorefaxes Hereceivednoreply Hesentthejournalisttwomorefaxes butreceivednoreply Becarefulofthewordsthenandnow neitherisacoordinatingconjunction sodon tusethemtojointwoclausesorsentences Hesatdownnexttome thensaidslowly Kid areyouOK Hesatdownnexttomeandthensaidslowly Kid areyouOK Iwaitedforyourpermissionpatiently nowitfinallycomes Iwaitedforyourpermissionpatientlyandnowitfinallycomes Inaddition ascoordinatingconjunctionsjointwogroupsofwords theyareessentiallyplacedinthemiddleofasentence rarelyasopeners Foritisrainy heiscarryinganumbrella Heiscarryinganumbrella foritisrainy 2 CorrelativeconjunctionsCorrelativeconjunctionsalwaysworkinpairstojoinbalancedwords phrasesandclauses both andeither orneither nornotonly but also whether orif thennosooner thanhardly whenscarcely whenwouldrather thanso asThedirectorswantedtowinrecognitionfortheirwork Thedirectorswantedtoreceiverecognitionfortheirwork Thedirectorswantedbothtowinandtoreceiverecognitionfortheirwork Heavyrainwouldwashawaythesoil Heavyrainwouldcauseseriousfloodsaswell Heavyrainwouldnotonlywashawaythesoilbutalsocauseseriousfloodsaswell 3 SubordinatingconjunctionsSubordinatingconjunctionsjointwoclauses orthoughts insuchawayastomakeonegrammaticallydependentontheother Thetwopartsareofdifferentimportance Themoreimportantoneisalwaysamainclause Theotherisasubordinateclause Belowisalistofthemostfamiliarsubordinateconjunctions afteralthoughasasifaslongasasthoughbecausebeforeifoncesincethanthoughthatinorderthatprovidedthatso that tilluntilwhowhenwherewhilewhetherhowwhateverwheneverwhoever Mr Thompsonisgoingtosellthehouse Thehouseishaunted Mr Thompsonisgoingtosellthehousebecauseitishaunted Hemanagedtoclimbintothemouthofthevolcano Hecouldtakephotographs Hecouldmeasuretemperatures Hemanagedtoclimbintothemouthofthevolcanosothathecouldtakephotographsandmeasuretemperatures Apainterhadbeenworkingonthetower Hehungapotofpaintononeofthehands Heslowedtheclockdown Apainterwhohadbeenworkingonthetowerhungapotofpaintononeofthehandsandslowedtheclockdown 4 ConjunctiveadverbsConjunctiveadverbsareusedtoclarifytherelationshipbetweenclausesofequalgrammaticalimportanceinasentence Unlikestandardadverbsthatmodifyonlyasinglewordorphrase conjunctiveadverbsmodifytheentireclauseandjoinmainclausestogether Thepossiblemeaningsofconjunctiveadverbsnumbersix Time afterwards then finally eventually laterAddition also furthermore moreover besides inadditionCause asaresult accordingly consequently hence therefore thusManner inshort likewise equally similarlyContrast however nevertheless nonetheless still onthecontrary ontheotherhand insteadExample forinstance forexample namely thatis Afterbreakfast Isentthechildrentoschool ThenIwenttotheshops Afterbreakfast Isentthechildrentoschool then Iwenttotheshops Peoplesentagreatmanygoodstotheexhibition Theycamefromvariouspartsoftheworld Inaddition therewasagreatdealofmachinery Theyareondisplay Agreatmanygoodsweresenttotheexhibitionfromvariouspartsoftheworld inaddition therewasagreatdealofmachineryondisplay Mostoftheevidencewasdestroyedinthefire Asaresult itwouldbealmostimpossibletoprovehisguilty Mostoftheevidencewasdestroyedinthefire asaresult itwouldbealmostimpossibletoprovehisguilty AntecedentProblems Apronounisawordusedinplaceofanoun he she it we they and us who whom that which areallpronouns Anantecedentisaword phrase orclausetowhichafollowingpronounrefers Example Frankhasalwaysbeenfat butthingsgotsobadrecentlythathedecidedtogoonadiet 1 MismatchedAntecedentApronounmustagreewithitsantecedentinthreeways person first secondorthird number singularorplural andgender masculineorfeminine Ifapersonismissingforsevenyears youarepresumeddead Ifapersonismissingforsevenyears heorsheispresumeddead Ifanybodycomes lethimwait Ifanybodycomes lethimorherwait Nogenderagreement thelanguageappearstofavoronesexovertheother 2 UnclearantecedentApronoun santecedentmustbeclear Ilovetogotothatplacebecausetheyhaveaniceviewofthelake Ilovetogotothatplacebecauseithasaniceviewofthelake Idon tlikePolitics Theyarealwaysarguingamongthemselves Idon tlikePolitics Politiciansarealwaysarguingamongthemselves SheoughttospeakChinesewell Shelivedtherefortwoyears SheoughttospeakChinesewell ShelivedinChinafortwoyears 3 AmbiguousAntecedentSometimestheremaybemorethanonewordthepronouncouldreferto Inacaselikethat itmaybebetternottousethepronoun Thetreewasplantednearthechurchfiftyyearsago butonlyinrecentyearsithasgainedanevilreputation Thetreewasplantednearthechurchfiftyyearsago butonlyinrecentyearsthetreehasgainedanevilreputation Thetreewasplantednearthechurchfiftyyearsago butonlyinrecentyearsthechurchhasgainedanevilreputation 4 FarawayAntecedentThepronounmustbecloseenoughtotheworditisreplacingsothatyourreaderknowswhomorwhatyouaretalkingabout In1964 anexplorerwenttoMountainKivuintheCongotoobserveanewvolcano Hemanagedtoclimbatitstopsothathecouldtakephotographs In1964 anexplorerwenttoMountainKivuintheCongotoobserveanewvolcano Hemanagedtoclimbatthetopofthemountainsothathecouldtakephotographs Exercises Correctthefollowingantecedentproblems Everycitizenhastheirrightsandobligations Eachandeveryoneoftheflowershastheirowncolorsandsmells Itisimperativethateveryoneofusremoldourworldoutlooks Playingamusicalinstrumentisavaluableexperienceforachild Theyteachthemmanyimportantthings IfanyoneyouknowlivedduringWorldWarII askthemiftheyremembertheLend LeaseAct Itissaidthatifanyonetouchesthetree youwillhavebadluck Ifthepersonwantunsafecars theywillgetit Thereisnodoubtthateachofushasourownopinions Seemingly neitherofthemrememberedhisinstruction Eitheroftheboysmaytaketheirbagsinthefrontofthetable Correcting 1 their hisorher2 their its3 our hisorher4 They it5 askthemiftheyremember askhimorherifheorsheremembers6 you heorshe7 they heorshe8 our hisorher9 his hisorher10 their his Theexerciseinthissectionistocreateeffectivepassagesbycombiningtheshortsentenceswhichyouthinkisrelatedintolonger morecomplexones Iftherearesomemistakes correctthem Passage1 AdaptedfromLesso