地理信息系统专业外语试卷4(答案).docx

专业外语参考答案 467参考答案1. Explanation of nouns1) An imaging line on the ground with all points at the same elevation above or below a specified reference surface.2) An error is the difference between a measured value for any quantity and its true value.3) The signals transmitted from the satellites bounce off a reflective surface before getting to the GPS receiver.2. translation from Chinese to English31) Geomatics2) geodesy3) Geoinformatics4) Surveying and mapping5) Geographical information system6) Plumb line7) photogrammetry8) contour9) geoid10) GPS receiver11) constellation12) accuracy/precision13) systematic error14) global navigation satellite system15) spatial entity3. Translation from English to Chinese (word)1) 卫星定位2) 航片3) 卫片4) 高程5) 精度6) 平均海水面7) 地形测量8) 视距测量法9) 海洋测量10) 精密量剧11) 视距丝12) 放样13) 全站仪14) 仪器误差15) 三角高程水准测量16) 惯性定位系统17) 伪距18) 民用码19) 拓扑学20) 随机误差，偶然误差4. Translation from English to Chinese (sentence)1) 这样，测绘学在地球科学，各种工程学，计算机科学，空间规划，土地开发和环境科学之间架起了广泛的桥梁。2) 结果是，“surveyor”的角色大大超越传统实践领域，如前所述的领域，进入到新的领域。3) 一旦地理实体的位置和属性被数字化并且存储进计算机存储器，就可以有效地为广泛的各种使用者所用。4) 测量传统定义为确定地表、地下和地上的自然与人工地貌特征；并使之按比例测绘成地形图、平面图或图表，或形成报告图表，或以数字形式形成三维立体数学模型存储进计算机。5) 考虑地球真实形状的测量学是大地测量学。6) 如果我们允许这条沟渠注满海水，沟渠里的水面就代表大地水准面。7) 如果这些点在不同高程上，那么平局指的是过点的垂线之间的水平长度。8) 水平角是指在一个水平面内由两个相交的竖直平面形成的角，或者说两条直线之间的水平角是这两条直线在水平面上的投影线的夹角。9) 水准仪包括一个高性能的望远镜（直径20mm到90mm），望远镜上面附加了一个水准器。当水准器的气泡居中时，视准轴水平。10) 全站仪是现在测绘工程中使用最普遍的一起，完全综合的仪器，可以获取所有反映三维空间位置信息所需的空间数据。11) 可以绝对地说，所有测量工作无论多么仔细的实行，也会包含误差，因此测量的真值是永远不知道的，出现的误差确切的大小也永远不知道。12) 差分改正是用来减少SA政策和其他GPS定位误差来源的方法。13) 所有的GPS接收机信号都是和卫星信号同步的，所以可以在相同时间产生相同的编码。14) 这些政策是为了满足双向需求，既要保证国家安全，又要满足商业对GPS日益增长的需求。15) 将地理信息数据作为信息层显示在电脑屏幕下，每一个层代表地图中的一个特定主题或要素。5. Translation the paragraph from English to Chinese1) 测绘学是测量、表示，分析，处理，重获和显示关于地球物理特征和环境的空间数据的科学。其包括的主要学科有制图学，土地管理，GIS，环境可视化，大地测量学，摄影测量学，遥感和测量学。2) 想象一个真正的平面与平均海水面在一个特定点上相切。在离切点平面距离1km的地方，这个平面高于平均海水面的垂直距离7.8cm。很明显，即使在获取粗略的高程值的时候，地球表面曲率也是一个不可忽略的因素。常规的测量高程的程序是，例如，在微差水准测量中平衡前后视距，地球曲率和大气折射的影响将被自动考虑和抵消，不必经过测量者额外的改正，参考曲面的高程就是可靠的了。3) 系统误差定义为，在可以在大小和符号上计算，并当作修正值应用在测量上，或者说这些误差遵循某些自然法则，因而可以预知。有些系统误差可以由某些恰当的测量程序来消除（举例来说，在微差水准测量中使用前后诗句相等来抵偿地球曲率和折射光）。有些系统误差则是利用推出改正值来消除，改正值是基于他们产生的原因的物理条件推出。6. Expand topic1) A. Commencing on, say, “face left”, the target set at survey point B is carefully bisected and the reading on horizontal scale is 25。B. The upper plate clamp is released and telescope is turned clockwise to survey C. The reading on horizontal circle is 75C. The horizontal angle is then the difference of the two direction. i.e. (75- 25) = 50D. Change face and observe point C on “face right”, and note the reading is 255E. Release upper plate and swing counter-clockwise to point B and note the reading is 205F. The reading or the direction must be subtracted in the same order as: 255- 205= 50G. The mean of two values would be accepted if they are in acceptable agreement.2) How does the GPS receiver get its position?The GPS receiver “locks on” to “A” satellite and calculate the range to be “a km”. So, the GPS receiver is on the sphere which is centered on the “A” satellite has an “a km” miles radius. Similarly, the GPS receiver can get the range to another two satellite and can get the two spheres. So, the GPS receiver must be at the position where the three spheres intersect. We can get two position but we can discard one of them because the GPS receiver is on the earth. In practice, a fourth satellite is needed to correct for clock error.3) As we all known, there has been 47 persons dead because of Pipeline explosion on November 25, 2013 in Huangdao. As a student of GIS, what can we do to prevent the similar disaster happened again. Please give a suggestion using GIS.Sum: In my opinion, what can we do is making sure we can find the hidden danger in time and confidently. We can do as the following steps:a. Get data: We should get the digital data of the oil pipeline, such as, its position, number, length e.g. and store the data in computer. b. Fix the sensor: In this step, we should fix some sensor which can detect the oils statement or some parameters and the sensor can send the statement information automatically. In addition, we should build some detection station to receive the information.c. Software and hardware: We should develop a software which can display the oil pipelines and their attributes. In the same time, the soft