American-transcendantalism.ppt

AnAmericanRenaissance transcendentalism NewEnglandTranscendentalismEmersonThoreau exit continue I HistoricalBackground II NewEnglandTranscendentalism III RalphWaldoEmerson IV HenryDavidThoreau Americain1830 40 thefrontierofAmericansociety becamematerialsforaliteratureaboutAmericanlifecitiesalongtheeastcoast theolderidealofthenationwasstillverymuchaliveBoston acityfilledwithintellectualexcitementandactivitylectureswerebroughtknowledgeaboutcultureandscience TheNewSpiritualEra youngintellectualsofBostondissatisfiedwiththeoldpatriotismstudiedtheGreek German andIndianphilosophers andwantedtoexploretheinnerlifeandfeelings theTranscendentalists formedamovementoffeelingsandbeliefs1 rejectedconservativePuritanismandUnitarianism唯一神论2 foundtruththroughfeelingsandintuition3 OrestesBrownsondefinedthemovementas therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively anorderofknowledgetranscendingthesenses 4 foundGodeverywhere inmanandthenature DefinitionofPuritanismandUnitarianism PuritanismThepracticesanddoctrinesofthePuritans Scrupulousmoralrigor especiallyhostilitytosocialpleasuresandindulgencesUnitarianismAChristianwhoisnotaTrinitarian上帝一位論 否認三位一體說 認為神僅存在一位 承認個人信仰自由或理性在宗教中的應用 TranscendentalismAliteraryandphilosophicalmovement associatedwithRalphWaldoEmersonandMargaretFuller assertingtheexistenceofanidealspiritualrealitythattranscendstheempiricalandscientificandisknowablethroughman sintuition NewEnglandTranscendentalism 1 ItisthesummitofAmericanRomanticism 2 Leaders EmersonandThoreau3 Manifesto NaturewrittenbyRalphWaldoEmersonin1836 whichisregardedastheBibleofNewEnglandTranscendentalism 4 Club TranscendentalistClub5 Journal TheDial 日规 6 Sources Germanidealism neo Platonism OrientalmysticismandAmericanPuritanism 7 Majorfeatures ideas SpiritorOversoul theuniverseiscomposedofNatureandSoul Spiritiseverywhere Individualism themostimportantelementinsociety thedivinityofindividual Nature isaconnectinglinkbetweenGodandman ItisasymboloftheSpirit 1 Placingemphasisonspirit ortheOversoul asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse anewwayoflookingattheworld 2 Stressingtheimportanceoftheindividual self reliance anewwayoflookingatman3 OfferingfreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicofthespiritorGod Naturewasnotpurelymatter Itwasalive filledwithGod soverwhelmingpresence ItwasthegarmentoftheOversoul TheUniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul Spiritispresenteverywhere TheindividualsoulcommunedwiththeOversoulandwasthereforedivine 超验主义 transcendentalism 的核心观点是主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理 认为人类世界的一切都是宇宙的一个缩影 世界将其自身缩小成为一滴露水 爱默生语 超验主义者强调万物本质上的统一 万物皆受 超灵 制约 而人类灵魂与 超灵 一致 这种对人之神圣的肯定使超验主义者蔑视外部的权威与传统 依赖自己的直接经验 相信你自己 这句爱默生的名言 成为超验主义者的座右铭 这种超验主义观点强调人的主观能动性 有助于打破加尔文教的 人性恶 命定论 等教条的束缚 为热情奔放 抒发个性的浪漫主义文学奠定了思想基础 超验主义者的贡献就在于在理想主义的旗帜下重新审视了美 解放了美国思想 他们认为 文学 必须保持与自然最原始的关系 使美国文学 包括散文创作 从模仿英国及欧洲大陆的风格中脱颖而出 开创了美国文艺复兴时期 作为一场融欧洲与美国思想潮流于一体的思想运动 它催生了美国散文一系列经典之作 自然 Nature 1836 美国学者 TheAmericanScholar 1837 知识的自然历史 NaturalHistoryofIntellect 1893 瓦尔登湖 Waldon orLifeintheWoods 1854 等等 教义 1 至善 absolutegood 2 纯洁无暇 unspottedinnocenceofnature 3 人具有神性 humanitywasgodlikeandthatevilwasnonexistentappearedtobeanoptimisticfolly 超验主义的来源有四 1 欧洲浪漫主义文学 theromanticliteratureofEurope 2 新柏拉图主义 neo Platonism 3 德国理想主义哲学 Germanidealisticphilosophy 4 东方神秘主义 Orientalmysticism 就是好思想 如果不去实行 就和好梦一样 爱默生 我所遇见的每一个人 或多或少都是我的老师 因为我从他们身上学到了东西 爱默生 人类所抱有的疑念 就是科学的萌芽 爱默生 自信就是成功的第一秘诀 爱默生 友谊是人生的调味品 也是人生的止痛药 爱默生 我们想的是如何养生 如何聚财 如何加固屋顶 如何备齐衣衫 而聪明人考虑的却是怎样选择最宝贵的东西 朋友 爱默生 要想得到别人的友谊 自己就得先向别人表示友好 爱默生 即使断了一条弦 其余的三条弦还是要继续演奏 这就是人生 爱默生 凡是有良好教养的人有一禁诫 勿发脾气 爱默生 RalphWaldoEmerson 1803 1882 founded TranscendentalClub anditsmagazine TheDial p 43 thegroupdividedintotwo thoseinterestedinsocialreformandthoseinindividualspublished Nature in1836 claimedman srelationshipwithnaturetranscendstheideaofusefulness RalphWaldoEmerson 1803 1882 gaveafamousspeech TheAmericanScholar atHarvardin1837 calledforanewburstofAmericancreativity scholar referredtooriginalthinker suchamanknowshimselfthroughintuitionandthestudyofnaturenotofbooks TurnedawayChristianity becomesakindof preacher Emerson sfamousessays Self Reliance Over Soul ThePoet Hisworks NatureThePoetTheAmericanScholaror America sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependenceRepresentativeMenEnglishTraitsTheConductofLifeEssays Emerson saestheticspoetsshouldfunctionaspreacherswhogavedirectionstothemass b Truepoetryandtrueartshouldennobleandserveasamoralpurificationandapassagetowardorganicunityandhigherreality c Emersonplacesemphasisonideas symbolsandimaginativewords d Astotheme EmersoncalleduponAmericanauthorstocelebrateAmericaandthelifetoday e Emerson saestheticsbroughtaboutarevolutioninAmericanliteratureingeneralandinAmericanpoetryinparticular ItmarkedthebirthoftrueAmericanpoetryandtrueAmericapoetssuchasWhitmanandDickinson exit continue Limitationsa Emersonhadnosenseofevilandtoooptimisticabouthumannatureandthesociety Somebodyoncecalledthiskindofoptimism Transcendentalfolly b Hisreputationfellinthe20thcentury 1 Hiscallforanindependentcultureinboth Nature and TheAmericanScholar playedaveryimportantpartintheintellectualhistoryofthenation 2 HecalledonAmericanwriterstowriteaboutAmericainawaypeculiarlyAmerican 3 HisimportanceintheintellectualhistoryofAmericaliesinthefactthatheembodiedanewnation sdesireandstruggletoassertitsownidentityinitsformativeperiod InfluenceonAmericanliterature Nature Nature hasbeencalled theManifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism andisgenerallyregardedastheBibleofNewEnglandTranscendentalism 1 Manisdivine ThespiritualandimmanentGodisoperativeinthesoulofman 2 Theindividual notthecrowd isthemostimportantofall theinfinitudeofman 人类发展无限论3 Thephysicalworldisvitalizedandevolutionary NaturewasemblematicofGod Inaword Natureisthesymbolofspirit ReadingNature Para1 Naturehasarestorative comforting purifyinginfluenceonMen Para2 Natureissublime respectable kind profoundandinspiring Para3 ThedefinitionofNature Para4 5 MenalwaysfeeldelightfulandyounginNature Para6 Thepowerofdelightresidesinmenorinaharmonyofboth AGrainofSandWilliamBlake Toseeaworldinagrainofsand Andaheaveninawildflower Holdinfinityinthepalmofyourhand Andeternityinanhour 一粒沙子从一粒沙子看到一个世界 从一朵野花看到一个天堂 把握在你手心里的就是无限 永恒也就消融于一个时辰 HenryDavidThoreau 1817 1862 亨利 大卫 梭罗 HislifeHisworksCommentsonThoreauAppreciationofWaldenQuestionfordiscussion Hislife UnsuccessfulfamilybackgroundMotherdeterminedtosendhimtoHarvardDidn tlikeuniversityHelpedhisfathertomakepencilsandranaprivateschoolMadefriendswithEmerson usedhislibrary andembracedhisideasWenttoliveonWaldenPondMovedbacktoConcord2yearslaterandwrotehisexperienceinWalden Hisworks CivilDisobedience or APleaforJohnBrown Abolitionistleader废奴运动领袖 AWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRiversWalden LifeintheWoodsTheMaineWoodsLetterstoVariousPerson Walden Waldenisnowconsideredoneofthebest sellingbooksinthehistoryofAmericanliterature anditscriticalreputationcontinuestogrowasmuchasitspopularacceptance Inaddition WaldenhaslongbeenastapleoftheAmericanliteraturecurriculumatuniversitiesintheU S Walden 1ItisagreatTranscendentalistworkthatcameoutoftheperiodunderdiscussion 2Itisafaithfulrecordofhisreflections Hesawnatureasagenuinerestorativehealthyinfluenceonman sspiritualwell being andregardeditasasymbolofthespirit 3Itcanbemanythingsandcanbereadonmorethanonelevel Itisabookonself cultureandhumanperfectibility Itisfullofideasexpressedtojostlehisneighborsouttotheirsmugcomplacency 4Regenerationbecameoneofitsmajorthematicconcernsanddecideditsstructuralframework Thewholebookiswithintheframeofasingleyear andprogresses