American-modernism--美国现代主义.ppt

AmericanLiterature Modernism SectionOneAmericanModernismSectionTwoModernPoetrySectionThreeAmericanDramaSectionFourModernNovels AmericanModernism 1918 1945 AmericanModernism BackgroundsofAmericanModernismDefinitionandFeaturesofAmericanModernism BackgroundofModernism 1TheEffectoftheFirstWorldWarandtheGreatDepression 2NewTheoriesandIdeasa German KarlMarxandNietzscheb Austrian SigmundFreudc WilliamJamesandCarlJungd FrenchImpressionism GermanExpressionism andCubism Impressionism Expressionism Cubism DefinitionofModernism Duringthefirstdecadesofthe20thcenturymodernismbecameaninternationaltendencyinartandliterature ItbeganinGermanyinthe1890s andspreadworldwide andendedintheearly1940s Itincludedawiderangeofartisticexpressionssuchassymbolism impressionism post impressionism imagism expressionismandsoon Thedistinctivefeatureofliterarymodernismwasitsstrongandconsciousbreakwithtraditionalforms perceptionsandtechniquesofexpression anditsgreatconcernwithlanguageandallaspectsofitsmedium AEzraPound 1885 1975 andImagistMovement 1909 1917 FollowersofPoundBT S Eliot 1888 1965 andNewPoetryMovementFollowersofEliotCE E Cummings 1894 1962 DThreeTypesofPoets ModernPoetry ImagistMovement DefinitionofImagismThreeprinciplesofImagismExamplesofImagistpoetry TheImagistMovement Imagism LedbyEzraPoundandflourishedfrom1909to1917 themovementadvancedmodernisminartswhichconcentratedonreformingthemediumofpoetryasopposedtoRomanticism especiallyTennyson swordinessandhigh flownlanguageinpoetry ThethreeprinciplesfollowedbytheImagistswere 1 Directtreatment 2 Economyofexpression 3 Freeverse DirectTreatment Thesubjectofthepoemmustbeexpressedinsuchawayastoresembleitandreproduceitascloselyaspossible Simplelanguagemustbeusedtocreatean image whichthereadercanimmediatelyseeinhisownimagination Eachwordmustbeusedwithgreatexactitudetoproduceapreciseimageandnothingmore Economyofexpression Nowordmustbeusedwhichdoesnotcontributedirectlytotheimage Thelanguagemustbeconcentrated Theremustbenodrawingofconclusions noexplanations Freeverse Nounnecessarywordsmaybeincludedinordertomakemeterorarhyme Apoemshouldbecomposedwiththephrasingofmusic notametronome ExamplesofImagistPoems InaStationoftheMetrobyEzraPoundTheRedWheelbarrowbyWilliamCarlosWilliams InaStationoftheMetro Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd Petalsonawet blackbough EzraPound TheRedWheelbarrow Somuchdependsuponaredwheelbarrowglazedwithrainwaterbesidethewhitechickens WilliamCarlosWilliams EzraPound 1885 1972 埃兹拉 庞德 HislifeHisworksHiscontribution HisLife 1 Bornin1885inHailey IdahoBroughtupinPennsylvaniaStudiedRomancelanguagesatcollegeanduniversityIn1908sailedtoEuropeandfirstpoetryinVeniceArrivedinLondonandfoundedImagismIn1912editorof Poetry andblue penciled TheWasteLand Hislife 2 In1913beganstudyingChineseLanguageandancientChinesecultureIn1914sponsoredVorticismIn1915finished Cathay andbeganworkingon Cantos HomagetoSextusPropertiusin1917 HughSelwynMauberley in1920TreasoninWorldWarTwoandreleasedin1958ReturnedtoItalyanddiedtherein1972 Hisworks Personae 1909 人物 Exultations 1909 狂喜 Cathay 1915 译著 华夏 HomagetoSextusPropertius 1917 向赛克斯特斯 普罗波蒂斯致敬 HughSelwynMauberley 1920 TheCantosTheABCReading LiteraryEssay AEstablishedImagismwithBritishpoetT E Hulmein1908 BSuggested3principlesforImagismwithRichardAldingtonandHildaDoolittleCSponsoredVorticismwithpainterWindhamLewisin1914 DLeadingroleinpoeticrenovationandrenaissanceinthefirst25yearsofthe20thcenturyEFatherofmodernAmericanpoetry Hiscontribution NewPoetryMovement Theyears1912 1914witnessedtheappearanceofanewpoeticrevolution Thenewpoetswroteapoetrythatdefiedmostoftheacceptedrules anddealtwithsubjectswhichhadnotbeendealtwith Theywroteinnewwaysandtechniques Thenewversewasresponsivetothefragmentizednatureofmodernlife T S Eliot 1888 1965 HislifeHisworksHiscontributionAbouthiswork Hislife famousAmericanpoet playwrightandcriticmajorfigureinNewPoetryMovementakeytomodernBritishandAmericanpoetry BorninSt Louis Missouri receivedagoodeducation especiallywithclassicliterature wenttoHarvardin1906 exploredthepoetryofthe17thMetaphysicalpoets finishedTheLoveSongin1911 settleddowninEnglandin1915teaching workingasabankclerk writingbookreviews sufferinganunhappymarriagewhilecomposingpoetry Hisworks Poems TheLoveSongofJ AlfredPrufrockGerontionTheWasteLandTheHollowMenAsh WednesdayFourQuartetsDramaticworks SweeneyAgonistes MurderintheCathedral TheCocktailParty TheConfidentialClerk Hiscontribution agiveroflawsandthearbiteroftasteinnewpoetryandcriticismaliterarydictatorinAmericanliteraryhistory Hisbasicthemesofhiscriticismconcernedtherelationshipbetweentraditionandindividualtalent andbetweenthepast thepresentandthefuture Hisfamousdoctrineonpoetsandpoetryisknownasthe impersonaltheory orthetheoryofimpersonalityandobjectivity Oneofthethingsthatthistheoryemphasizesistherelationofapoemtothepoemsbyotherauthorsandsuggests theconceptionofpoetryasalivingwholeofallthepoetrythathaseverbeenwritten Itexplainstheimportanceoftraditionandthepast Anotherthingthatthistheorytriestofocusonistherelationofthepoemtoitsauthor aHestartedthereevaluationofpoetslikeMiltonandtheRomantics bHedidmoretopopularizethe17th centuryMetaphysicalpoetsandlate 19th centuryFrenchSymbolism cHeemphasizedtheneedtoseethevitalityoftheliteratureofthepastandtodrawfromliterarytraditionsotherthanEnglishliterature Hispoetryisdifficulttoread 1 Foronethingtheimagesandsymbolsseemverymuchdisconnected 2 Anotherdifficultyliesinhislearnedquotationsandallusions HisTheWasteLand P180 183 1 Itwascomposedintheautumnof1921 2 ItsepigraphistakenfromtheSatyriconofPetroniusrepresentingthemotifandthesombermoodofthepoem desperatestruggletoattainsalvation 3 ItstitledrawsitssignificancefromtheFisherKinglengend 4 Itrevealshisstronghistoricalsense thepastisofgreatsignificancetowriters 5 Itwasapoemofdespairforthe1920sand1930s E E Cummings HislifeHisworksHiscontributionHisstyle Hisworks Poems TulipsandChimneysXLIPoemsIs5NothanksCompletePoems Drama HimSantaClausProse TheEnormousRoom 4months wrongexperienceinprisonEimi hisexperienceinRussiaSixNon lectures speechesatHarvard HiscontributionAgainsttraditionalpoetrywithboldattemptsatcomposingpoemsUniquestyleCubism Dadaism guidehispoems Hisstyle Newspatialarrangementofwords Newpoemsdealingwith un poeticsubjects Hisscramblewordorderinsyntacticanagram Hisextensionofthesemanticpossibilitiesofwords hechoosestostretch squeeze orintensifybytypographicalacrobaticsorgrammaticalinnovations seeanexampleonP208 inJust springwhentheworldismud lusciousthelittlelameballoonmanwhistlesfarandweeandeddieandbillcomerunningfrommarblesandpiraciesandit sspringwhentheworldispuddle wonderfulthequeeroldballoonmanwhistlesfarandweeandbettyandisbelcomedancingfromhop scotchandjump ropeand it sspringandthegoat footedballoonmanwhistlesfarandwee ThreeTypesofModernPoets A ChicagoPoetsB LeadingfiguresinthepoeticrevolutionC in betweenpoets ChicagoPoets VachelLindsay 1879 1931 维切尔 林赛EdgarLeeMasters 1869 1950 埃德加 李 马斯特斯CarlSandburg 1878 1967 卡尔 桑德堡HartCrane 1899 1932 哈特 克兰 克莱恩 Leadingfiguresinthepoeticrevolution EzraPound 1885 1972 埃兹拉 庞德T S Eliot 1888 1972 T S 艾略特E E Cummings 1894 1962 卡明斯 FollowersofImagism AmyLowell 1874 1925 艾米 洛威尔HildaDoolittle 1886 1961 希尔达 杜利特尔 WilliamCarlosWilliams 1883 1963 威廉 卡洛斯 威廉斯 FollowersofT S Eliot WallaceStevens 1879 1955 华莱士 史蒂文斯 in betweenpoets RobertFrost 1874 1963 罗伯特 弗罗斯特EdwinArlingtonRobinson 1869 1935 埃德温 阿灵顿 罗宾逊 ChicagoPoets Chicago therevolutionarycenteragainsttraditionalpoetryPoetry amagazine AdheretothetraditionofWhitmanReflectfeelingsoflaboringpeople VachelLindsay 1879 1931 维切尔 林赛 atrampandabeggar TheTreeofLaughingBellsRhymesToBeTradedforBreadGeneralWilliamBoothEntersintoHeavenandOtherPoemsTheCongoandOtherPoems widelyrecognizedasanexponentofthe newpoetry Triedtostimulateapopulartasteforpoetrythroughamethodthathecalled thehighervaudeville inwhichhisrecitationsweremarkedbyadramaticuseofgestureandchant emphasizinghisstrongrhythmsandsyncopation Eg AbrahamLincolnWalksatMidnight TheCongoTheSanta FeTrail TheChineseNightingaleandOtherPoems markedthepeakofhisartisticachievement itstitlepoemandTheGhostofBuffaloesInPraiseofJohnnyAppleseed oneofhismostsignificantpiecesLatercollectionswithcomparativelylittlevalue TheDanielJazzTheGoldenWhalesofCaliforniaCollectedPoemsTheCandleintheCabinJohnnyAppleseedHisproseworksinclude AdventuresWhilePreachingtheGospelofBeautyAHandyGuideofBeggarsTheGoldenBookofSpringfield amysticUtopiabasedonhisgospelofbeautyTheLitanyofWashingtonStreet abookofpoliticalessaysHisbiographywaswrittenbyhisfriendEdgarLeeMastersMarkHarris sCityofDiscontent aninterpretationofhislifeandhisregion EdgarLeeMasters 1869 1950 埃德加 李 马斯特斯 Kansas bornlawyerinChicagoFirstenteredliteratureasanavocationABookofVerseMaximilian blank versedramaSpoonRiverAnthology free verseepitaph suddenlycatapultedintofameTheNewSpoonRiver abittercommentaryontheviciousurbanstandardsofchangingAmericaDomesdayBookanditssequelTheFateoftheJury 陪审团的命运 amongthebestofhislaterpoetry otherlaterpoetry SongsandSatiresTheGreatValleyTowardtheGulfStarvedRockDramaticpoems LeeJackKelsoGodbeyLicheeNuts statementsofphilosophyintheChinesemannerInvisibleLandscapesPoemsofPeopleTheNewWorld panoramasofAmericaanditsoutstandingfiguresIllinoisPoemsAlsowroteproseandnovel CarlSandburg 1878 1967 卡尔 桑德堡 AmericanmodernpoetandbiographicalwriterBenefitfromhishumblepersonalbackgroundsandrichexperienceWriteplainpoemsforplainpeople 为朴素的人民写朴素的诗 Tobesoundofthepeople成为 人民的声音 ContributiontocolloquialstyleofAmericanliteraturebeawardedtheAmericanPoetrySocietyprizein1919and1920beawardedthePulitzerPrizeforhisCompletePoemsin1950 Hisworks InRecklessEcstasyChicagoPoemsFamousImagistpoems FogLostTheHarbor ChicagoCoolTombsIAmthePeople theMobThePeople YesTheAmericanSongbag folksongsofcowboys vagabondandblackpeopleBiographyofLincoln 6volumes 1autobiography1historicalnovelCornhuskersSmokeandSteelGoodMorning AmericaCollectedPoems HartCrane 1899 1932 哈特 克兰 克莱恩 Poorchildhood adolescenceandlifeWhiteBuildings early23poemsTheBridgeHewasnotapproveduntil1937 AmyLowell 1874 1925 艾米 洛威尔 FemaleAmericanpoetandcriticLeadingadvocatorandorganizerofImagistMovementtogetherwithEzraPoundAmplifyPound sprinciplesforImagism 3 6 JohnKeats 1925 ADomeofManyColoredGlass 1912 SwordBladesandPoppySeed 1914 Men womenandGhosts 1916 PicturesoftheFloatingWorld 1919 Legend 1921 HildaDoolittle 1886 1961 希尔达 杜利特尔 Well knownasanAmericanImagistpoetOnemajorrepresentativeofImagismOnceloverandlaterfriendofEzraPoundH D pennamegivenbyEzraPound Trilogy TheWallsDoNotFall 1944 TributetoAngles 1945 TheFloweringoftheRod 1946 HeliodoraandOtherPoems 1924 CollectedPoems 1925 1940 HeleninEgypt 1961 Herlongnovels Hedylus 1928 BidMetoLive 1960 WilliamCarlosWilliams 1883 1963 威廉 卡洛斯 威廉斯 amostimportantfigureinmodernAmericanpoetryuniquetheoryonliterarycomposition sayit Noideasbutinthings BookI Paterson 思想仅寓于事物中 Freeverseandaccentualverse自由体诗 重音诗FamousAmericanpoet Hisworks Poem诗集TheTempersSpringandAllANoveletteandOtherProseKorainHellCollectedEarlierPoemsCollectedLaterPoemsTheDesertMusicJourneytoLovePicturesfromBreughedTheRedWheelbarrowPatersonWhiteMule小说三部曲ManyLovesandOtherPlaysIntheAmericanGrainSelectedEssaysSelectedLettersAutobiography WallaceStevens 1879 1955 华莱士 史蒂文斯 UnsuccessfullawyerandthenworkedininsurancecompanyInsuranceandpoetry realityandimagination artvalueofartandmissionofartistsdutyofpoetsHarmonium firstcollectionofhispoemsattheageof44 NotestowardaSupremeFictionTheIdeaofOrdersTheManwiththeBlueGuitarPartsofaWorldTransporttoSummerTheAurorasofAutumnCollectedPoemsOpusPosthumousTheNecessaryAngel RobertFrost 1874 1963 罗伯特 弗罗斯特 NewEnglandpoet RobertFrostwasthemostpopularAmericanpoetofthiscentury receivedfourPulitzerPrizesforhispoetry TheRoadNotTakenMendingWallFireandIceAcquaintedwiththeNight RobertFrost LiteraryAchievementsHisworksHisstyleAppreciationofhispoems 1StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening2TheRoadNotTaken LiteraryAchievements FrostmainlywroteaboutthelandscapeandpeopleinNewEngland Hewrotemanypoemsthatinvestigatethebasicthemeofman slife Hisworks MybutterflyABoy sWillNorthofBostonMountainIntervalNewHampshireWest RunningBrookAFurtherRangeMendingWallAfterApple PickingTheBirchesAWitnessTreeSteepleBushAMasqueofMercyCollectedPoemsCompletePoemsIntheClearingwonPulitzerPrize4timesAppointedasprofessororvisitingpoetbydozensofuniversitiesBeentitled nationalpoet byAmericansenateatageof75RecitedhispoemTheGiftOutrightonInaugurationDayofJohnKennedyLastpoematageof88 Hisstyle Frosttooknopartintheliterarymovementinthe20thcentury Hedidnotexperimentwithform asmanypoetsdidinthe1920 s Heusedconventionalforms plainandagracefulstyle Hispoemswereverycarefullyconstructedyethemadethemseemeffortlessbyusingcolloquiallanguageandfamiliar conversationalrhythms Imagesandmetaphorsinhispoemsaredrawnfromthesimplecountrylifeandthepastorallandscapethatcanbeeasilyunderstood mowing scything wind srustlinginthegrass bird ssinging aswellasponds roads thecycleoftheseasons andthealterationofnightandday MostofFrost spoemsareshortanddirectontheinformationlevel andtheyhavesimplediction However profoundideasaredeliveredunderthedisguiseoftheplainlanguageandthesimpleform Byusingsimplespokenlanguageandconversationalrhythms Frostachievedaneffortlessgraceinhisstyle Hecombinedtraditionalverseformssonnet rhymingcouplets blankverse Hewroteinboththemetricalformsandthefreeverse andsometimeshewroteinaformthatborrowsfreelyfromthemeritsofboth intheformthatmightbecalledsemi freeorsemi conventional StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEveningbyRobertFrostWhosewoodstheseareIthinkIknow Hishouseisinthevillagethough HewillnotseemestoppinghereTowatchhiswoodsfillupwithsnow MylittlehorsemustthinkitqueerTostopwithoutafarmhousenearBetweenthewoodsandfrozenlakeThedarkesteveningoftheyear HegiveshisharnessbellsashakeToaskifthereissomemistake Theonlyothersound sthesweepOfeasywindanddownyflake Thewoodsarelovely darkanddeep ButIhavepromisetokeep AndmilestogobeforeIsleep AndmiletogobeforeIsleep StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening Itrepresentsamomentofrelaxationfromtheonerousjourneyoflife analmostaestheticenjoymentandappreciationofnaturalbeautywhichiswholesomeandrestorativeagainstthechaoticexistenceofmodernman TheRoadNotTakenbyRobertFrostTWOroadsdivergedinayellowwood AndsorryIcouldnottravelbothAndbeonetraveler longIstoodAndlookeddownoneasfarasIcouldTowhereitbentintheundergrowth Thentooktheother asjustasfair Andhavingperhapsthebetterclaim Becauseitwasgrassyandwantedwear ThoughasforthatthepassingthereHadwornthemreallyaboutthesame AndboththatmorningequallylayInleavesnostephadtroddenblack Oh