ARFA-RF-Connector-Training--连接器培训.ppt

Agenda AmphenolRFOverviewGlobalPresenceManufacturingCapabilitiesMarketSegmentsConnectorAnatomyCableAnatomyUnderstandingRFAmphenolRFDesignCapabilitiesConnectorSelection TransmissionLinesImpedanceFrequencyRangeReturnLoss VSWRInsertionLossPassiveIntermodulationDistortionPowerHandling VoltageIsolation CrosstalkRFLeakageCableAssembly Amphenol sGlobalPresence 52ManufacturingandAssemblyOperationson5continentsSales marketinganddistributionorganizationsin55countriesISO9000 ISO14 000 QS9000 QPLCertifications ARFASZARFATWAmphenolFuyang AmphenolRF LeaderInRFTechnology RFsystemsolutionprovidercoveringtheentireRFFootprintOnlyglobalinterconnectcompanywithfocusedanddedicatedRFcompetenciesExtensiveRFengineeringresourcesIndustryleaderdefiningstandardsIEEEFAKRAUSCARIECUnparalleleddesignandtestingcapabilities TypeN FAKRAIII GlobalManufacturingLocations Tainan Taiwan 95 Nogales Mexico 150 Danbury CT 150 Shenzhen China 700 ManufacturingCapabilitiesDanbury Single spindle Multi axisMachiningCenters AutomaticBarFeeders LowandMediumVolumeLeanandFlexibleManufacturing ManufacturingCapabilityMexico ManualAssemblyLine AutomaticAssemblyMedium HighVolume LowandMediumVolume ManufacturingCapabilitiesARFA Capability CNCStarsCNCTsugamisHydromat MediumandHighVolume ManufacturingCapabilitiesProvidingaGlobalSolution AmphenolRF DanburyDesignanddevelopmentLean flexiblemanufacturingAmphenolRF AsiaMainmanufacturingcenterCapabilityforfullproductrangeHighvolumemachinesLocalizedDesign Re designcapability GlobalizationofEngineeringResources ChinaPro EAnsysAnsoftHFSS SwedenPro EAnsys USAPro EAnsysAnsoftHFSS EaseofAccesstoInformation CustomerInternet Oisusedtoprovideourcustomers Productinformation includingPDFdrawings detailedspecsanddistributorinventorylevelsRFtechnicallibraryQuarterlynewsletterwhichaddressestrendsinRFmarketneeds newproductsandtechnicalissuesContactinformationforoursalesreps distributorsandinternalemployeesOverviewofmarketsservedhighlightingeachmarket skeytechnologiesandourapplicableRFsolution RFDrivingMarkets TechnologiesSupportedCDMAGPRS EdgeTDMAGSMW CDMAUMTS WirelessInfrastructureMarket Applications AmplifiersAntennasFiltersJumperAssembliesLowNoiseAmplifiersPowerSplitters CombinersSwitches Relay WirelessInfrastructureMarket MarketDriversEricssonLucentNokiaNortelPowerwave RFSolutions7 16TypeN1 0 2 3QMASMA SMB MCXMMCXSemi RigidAssembliesRFSwitch OverMold7 16 TypeN QMA TechnologiesSupportedSatelliteRadioGlobalPositioningSystems GPS Cellular PCSBluetoothBroadbandRemoteVehicleDiagnostics KeylessEntry AutomotiveMarket AutomotiveMarket RFSolutionsFAKRAIAmphenolFAKRAIISize8ContactsSMBSMPMini UHFMMCXMCX MarketDriversGMDelphiXMSatelliteRadioSiriusSatelliteRadioM ACom Mini UHF FAKRAIII BroadbandMarket TechnologiesSupportedSet TopBoxesTransmissionSwitchesandRoutersCableModemTerminationSystems CMTS RFSolutionsFConnectorsGConnectorsAFIGangMateConnectorsMCX BroadbandMarket MarketDriversAlcatelCiscoDellEchostarMotorolaBCSRCAThomsonScientificAtlanta AFIGangMate TechnologiesSupportedAccessPointsRouters SwitchesNotebookPC sPDAPCICardPCMCIAcards WLANMarket RFSolutionsAMCSeries SMA SMB mini75OhmSMBLMRCableAssembliesTNC MMCXMicro CablesMCCardMCX MMCXPCBlaunchers ConnectorAnatomy WhatisaConnector AconnectorisadeviceusedtoconnecttocablesorotherdevicesthroughwhichelectromagneticenergyistransferredfromoneplacetoanotherBody Contact Insulator Body Contact Insulator ConnectorAnatomy LotsofchangesinaveryshortlengthMechanicalrigidityHoldContactsinplacePreventInsulatorrotationorlateralmovementAdapttodifferentcablesizesTransformbetweenconnectorseriesCreatesmanyimpedancevariationsordiscontinuitiesinaveryshortdistanceReflectionsareimportant Attenuationnotasimportant Body Contact Insulator ConnectorAnatomy DiscontinuityCompensationSteps DielectricSupportBead ContactBarb SlottedContact CableAnatomy WhatisCable CableisatransmissionlinethroughwhichelectromagneticenergyispropagatedandtransferredfromoneplacetoanotherJacket Braid Shield Dielectric CenterConductor Conductor Dielectric Jacket Shield Braid CableAnatomy NochangesinaverylonglengthNoimpedancechangesordiscontinuitiesUsuallyveryfewreflections butAttenuationisimportant AssistanceontheWeb AmphenolRFNewsletterTechnicalQuestions Ourinternetsite UnderstandingRF TransmissionLinesImpedanceFrequencyRangeReturnLoss VSWRInsertionLossPassiveIntermodulationDistortionPowerHandling VoltageIsolation CrosstalkRFLeakageCableAssembly 1 TransmissionLine Whatisatransmissionline AtransmissionlineisaconduitbywhichelectromagneticenergyistransferredfromoneplacetoanotherCoaxialCable UnbalancedLine Centerconductorsurroundedbyaconcentricdielectricandouterconductor Mostpopulartypeoftransmissionline 1 TransmissionLine Whatisatransmissionline AtransmissionlineisaconduitbywhichelectromagneticenergyistransferredfromoneplacetoanotherWaveguide Rectangular Circular 1 TransmissionLine Whatisatransmissionline AtransmissionlineisaconduitbywhichelectromagneticenergyistransferredfromoneplacetoanotherPlanarTransmissionLine Microstrip Stripline Coplanarwaveguidearemostcommon 1 TransmissionLine Whatisatransmissionline AtransmissionlineisaconduitbywhichelectromagneticenergyistransferredfromoneplacetoanotherTwinLine balancedline twoparallelconductorsseparatedbyadielectric 1 TransmissionLine Differentialorbalancedlines whereneitherconductorisgrounded e g twinlead twisted cablepair andshielded cablepair Single endedorunbalancedlines whereoneconductorisgrounded e g concentricorcoaxialcable 1 TransmissionLine ThetypeoftransmissionlinewilldeterminetheconnectorstyleCableConnector CoaxialCable TwinLineSurfaceMountConnector MicrostripTabLaunchConnector Microstrip Stripline CoplanarEndLaunchConnector Microstrip CoplanarPinLaunchConnector Microstrip Stripline Coplanar 2 Impedance R L R L C G C G L L C C Lossy Line LosslessLine Zo Zo 2 Impedance Characteristicsofalineisdeterminedbyitsprimaryelectricalconstantsordistributedparameters R m L H m C F m andG S m Characteristicimpedance Z0 isdefinedastheinputimpedanceofaninfinitelineorthatofafinitelineterminatedwithaloadimpedance ZL Z0 50and75OhmsarethemostcommonimpedancesDonotconfuseimpedancewithLOSSA50ohmimpedancedoesnothavelesslossthana75ohmimpedance ItisnotlikeresistanceImpedanceisindependentofthelengthofthecableorconnectorImpedanceisindependentoffrequencyTheImpedancewillhelpdeterminetheconnectorserieSomeseriesareonlyoneimpedance C SC HN 7 16Someseriescanbeboth50or75ohms BNC TNC N 2 Impedance FormulasforCommonCables D d D d Forparalleltwo wireline Forco axialcable m momr e eoer mo 4px10 7H m eo 8 854pF m 2 Impedance CharacteristicImpedanceisdeterminedbythegeometryanddielectricconstantofthetransmissionline 2 Impedance Impedance TheimpedanceoftheconnectorgenerallymustmatchthatofthetransmissionlineNon Constant50 75ohm50ohm75ohmBNCTwinaxialBNC7 161 6 5 6UHFSMBC SC HNTypeFTwinaxialMCXMini UHFTypeG1 0 2 3MMCXTNCSMAN OuterDiameterInnerDiameterDielectricConstantImpedance 063 0202 050Ohms 063 0122 075Ohms 276 1201 050Ohms 3 FrequencyRange Frequencyisthenumberofelectromagneticwavesthatpassagivenpointin1secondHertzistheunitoffrequencymeasurementGenerally theRFperformanceofaconnectordegradesasthefrequencyisincreasedWavelengthdecreases thereforesmallerdisruptionscausemoreproblems SpecifyingthefrequencywillmakeiteasierforthedesignengineertooptimizetheperformanceWheneverpossible don tspecifyahighfrequencyconnectorwhenalowfrequencyconnectorwillworkdothejob 3 FrequencyRange Ifafrequencyrangeisnotspecified thentheconnectorwillbedesignedtocatalogspecsandthiscouldcausethedesignprocesstotakealotlongerForexample AcustomerneedsanewSMAtooperateupto12Ghz Thecatalogspecifies18GhzforsomeSMAconnectors Iftheconnectorisoptimizedfor18Ghz itwilllikelytakealotlongerthannecessarytodesignGiveasmuchinformationabouttheapplicationoftheconnectortothedesignengineeraspossibleIsitusedinahighpower narrowfrequencybandamplifier Isitusedinabandpassfilter SomeTypicalFrequencies Housecurrent50 60HzAMRadio500 1500kHzShortwaveRadio10MHzTV channels2 13 60 250MHzCellularPhone824 894MHzDigital PCS Phone1850 1990MHzRadar6 26GHzDirectBroadcastSatellite DBS 12GHz 3 FrequencyRange FrequencyChart GHz 4 ReturnLoss VSWR AmeasureofhowmuchpowerisreflectedReturnLoss Theportionofasignalthatislostduetoareflectionofpoweratalinediscontinuity ReturnLossissimilartoVSWRandisgenerallypreferredintheCATVindustrytoaVSWRspecificationVSWR AcronymforVoltageStandingWaveRatio VSWRistheratioofvoltageappliedtovoltagereflected Itisthemajorfactorcontributingtothetotalsignalefficiencyoftheconnector Bestperformanceisachievedwhentheimpedanceofthecableandtheconnectorarethesame matched 4 ReturnLoss VSWR Reflectionsarecreatedbydeviationsfromthecharacteristicimpedancecausedby VariationsinmachiningtolerancesVariationsinthedielectricconstantsofinsulatorsTransitionswithintheconnector i e transitioningfromthecablesizeorsteppingtheconnectorfromonelinesizetoanotherlinesize 4 ReturnLoss VSWR Thereflectioncoefficientisdefinedas Itcanalsobeshownthat whereZ0isthecharacteristicimpedanceandZListheactualimpedance 4 ReturnLoss VSWR Vmin Ei Er Withamismatchedline theincidentandreflectedwavessetupaninterferencepatternonthelineknownasastandingwave Thestandingwaveratiois Vmax Ei Er l2 Voltage 4 ReturnLoss VSWR ReturnLoss RL Fractionofpowerreflected 2 or 20log dBSo Pr 2Pi MismatchedLoss ML Fractionofpowertransmitted absorbed 1 2or 10log 1 2 dBSo Pt Pi 1 2 Pi Pr Component Cable Powertransmittedintocomponent IncidentPower ReflectedPower PowerPowerTransmittedReturnReflectedintoComponentLossVSWR1 99 20dB 1 100 10 2 1 255 95 13dB1 5810 90 10dB 10 100 10 1 1 9550 50 3dB5 80TrytogetarealisticideaoftheReturnLossreallyrequiredforaspecificapplicationTryingtodesignverylowVSWRconnectors whennotreallyneeded cantakealongtimeandcanaddtothecost RelativeMagnitudes dBNotation IncreaseDecibel dB ofSignalEquivalent1 100 0dB2 100 3 3dB10 101 10dB20 101 3 13dB100 102 20dB1000 103 30dB1 10 10 1 10dB1 100 10 2 20dB1 1000 10 3 30dB Ratherthansay Thegainoftheamplifieris100times wesay Thegainis20decibels 5 InsertionLoss InsertionLossisexpressedindB andisameasureofthetotallossofpowergoingthroughadeviceIL 20 log Pout Pin Includeslossesduetoreflection usuallythedominantfactorunlesstheReturnLossisverylow 26dB pluslossesduetothedielectricandmetalconductors Attenuation LongCableassembly ConnectorinsertionlossnotusuallysignificantShortcableassembly ConnectorinsertionlosscanbesignificantTypically connectorinsertionlossisverysmall 1 25dB 5 InsertionLoss Asfrequenciesincrease theinsertionlossincreases asasquarelawfunction Mostoftheelectromagneticenergy current travelsthroughtheconductorsinacircumferentialringMostofitincenterconductor butthereissomeimpactfromouterconductorCurrentflowisrestrictedtothesurfacelayeror skin oftheconductorApproximately98 ofthecurrentdensitytravelswithin4 6skindepths 5 InsertionLoss ThelengthoftheconnectorandthematerialschosenwillimpacttheinsertionlossshorterisbetterPlatetheconductorswithahighconductivitymaterialNickel Inexpensive hardmaterialwithgoodconductivity buthighrelativepermeabilityresultinginhigherinsertionlossGold Hardmaterialandanexcellentconductor butexpensiveSilver Excellentconductor lessexpensivethangold betterpermeabilitythannickel butsofter andtarnishesStainlessSteel RuggedmaterialforsmallconnectorssuchasSMA butsteelhashighrelativepermeability 6 PassiveIntermodulationDistortion Notwellknownuntilmid1990 sPrimarilyconcerntosatellite microwaverelayindustriesModernFrequencyplansHighPowerlevelsSensitiveReceiversSpuriousSignalscreatedbynon linearmixingof2ormorefrequenciesinapassivedeviceActivePIM generatedbyamplifiers isreducedbyfilteringPassivePIM filteringnotpossibleCommontomanychannelsMustbelowPIMdesigns 6 PassiveIntermodulationDistortion SpuriousSignalscreatedbynon linearmixingof2ormorefrequenciesinapassivedevicePIMproductsfallinreceive uplink bandandblockChannels3rdordergenerallygreatestamplitude5thand7thmaybeofconcern wherem 2andn 1isa3rdorderproduct 6 PassiveIntermodulationDistortion f1 930Mhzandf2 955Mhz thenfim 905Mhz dBm measureofpowerrelativeto1milliwattdBc measureofdBbelowaspecifiedcarrierlevel 43dBminputPIM 120dBmSpec 163dBcCommonSpecis 143to 163dBc 100to 120dBm 6 PassiveIntermodulationDistortion 6 PassiveIntermodulationDistortion CausesofPIMPoorContactJunctions NonlinearrectifyingSolderouter Solderinner overmoldeddesignarebestandmoststableFerromagneticmaterials Non linearhysteresisNoNickel StainlessSteelContaminationTypesofConnectors7 16DINTypeNTNC OccasionallyNeveruseBayonet BNC orPushonstyles 7 PowerHandlingCapability Thereare2typesofpowerhandling expressedinwatts thatmustbeconsideredAveragePowerPeakPowerAveragePower theinputpowertoacable connectorwhichwillproduceamaximumsafecenterconductortemperatureundersteadystateconditionswhenterminatedwithamatchedload Asafecenterconductortemperatureisonethatwillnotmeltthedielectric 7 PowerHandlingCapability AveragePowerisinverselyproportionaltofrequencyandmustbederatedaccordinglyAveragePower PowerRating 1Mhz FrequencyinMhz ConnectorsgenerallyhavehigherpowerratingsthanthecabletowhichtheyareattachedTheyhavemetalshell cableshavebraidscoveredbyplasticjacketsTheycanbeattachedtobulkheadswhichhelpdissipateheatTheyusuallyhavelowerattenuationperunitlengthduetoairsectionswithintheconnector 7 PowerHandlingCapability PeakPower islimitedbythevoltageratingoftheconnector ThepeakpowerisdeterminedbytheequationV 2 ZwhereV thepeakvoltageratingandZisthecharacteristicimpedancePeakPowerisnotafunctionoffrequencyPeakPowerisaninversefunctionofVSWRandmodulationschemesandmustbederatedPeakandAveragePowerarefunctionsofaltitudeandmustbederatedaccordinglyMaximumpowerratingswillalwaysbethelesserofthecable connectorcombination Max OperatingVoltage volts UsedtodeterminePeakPowerRatings 7 PowerHandlingCapability 8 Isolation Crosstalk IsolationandCrosstalkareusedinterchangeablyTheyareameasureofhowmuchsignalispickedupbyanadjacentlineGangedstyleconnectorsonPCboardsHarnessedor parallelrun cableassembliesTheyaremeasuredindBandusuallyrangefrom 60to 100dBIffrequencyincreasesorthelengthofthelinesincrease crosstalkgetsworseIfthedistancebetweenthelinesincreases crosstalkgetsbetter 8 Isolation Crosstalk Therewillbesignificantcrosstalkbetweenthelinesonthisgangedconnectorunlesssomeprecautions suchasshielding aretaken 9 RF Leakage RFLeakageisameasureofhowmuchsignalleaksoutfromaconnectorindBatboththeinterfaceandatthecableentryAsfrequencyincreases theleakagegetsworseTypicalRFLeakagevaluesrangefrom 40dBforPush Ontypesto 90dBforthreadedstylesonSemiRigidcablesGenerallynotabigconcernexceptifepoxycaptivationisused 10 ConnectorandCableAssembly 2connectorsseparatedbyadistanceonacableAtspecificfrequencies allofthereflectionscanaddup bothconnectorsandcable Whenspecifyingaconnectorforacableassembly thecableassemblyrequirementsmustbeknownCatalogconnectors evenifperformancelevelsmeetMILSpecrequirements maynotbeabletoperformtothecableassemblyspecifications CalculatethetotalworstcaseVSWRbymultiplyingalloftheVSWR s Forexample Thecableassemblyspecificationis1 45maximum1stconnectorVSWR 1 252ndconnectorVSWR 1 15CableVSWR 1 05TotalworstcaseVSWR 1 25 1 15 1 05 1 51ChoosingacatalogBNCconnectorwithaVSWR 1 25andacatalogSMAconnectorwithaVSWRof1 15obviouslyWILLNOTwork Specialconnectorsareneeded 10 ConnectorandCableAssembly 10 ConnectorandCableAssembly AmphenolRFDesignCapabilities 3DMechanicalDesign PRO E 3DMechanicalAnalysis ANSYS 3DHighFrequencyStructureSimulatorAnalysis ANSOFT DedicatedModelShopElectricalTest Measurement VectorNetworkAnalyzers IMD EnvironmentalScreening temperature humidity corrosion GlobalizationofEngineeringResources ChinaPro EAnsysAnsoftHFSS SwedenPro EAnsys USAPro EAnsysAnsoftHFSS 3DMechanicalDesign Pro E Full3DParametricSolidModelingCapabilityToleranceAnalysisandCorrectFitFast AccurateModificationsAssociativeChangesCreateanygeometryImprovescustomersupportandcommunication 3DMechanicalAnalysis ANSYS 3DFiniteElementMethod FEM AnalysisCapability ANSYS LinearandNon linearThermalAnalysisandRadiationOptimizationCapabilityStaticandDynamic First theswitchcontactisimportedfromPro EintoANSYSThemodelisthenbrokenintosmallelementswiththemeshtoolforanalysisThematerialpropertiesareenteredforthedesiredmaterial 3DMechanicalAnalysis ANSYS Thecontactisthenconstrainedandaforceisappliedtothecontactpointtodeterminethespringperformanceandresultantstresses 3DMechanicalAnalysis ANSYS RFSimulationCapability ANSOFT3DHighFrequencyStructureSimulatorModelanyGeometryNoFrequencyLimitationSParameterAnalysisReturnLoss VSWR InsertionLossetc RadiatedPowerEFieldPlotsTimeDomainAnalysisOptimizationCapability RFSimulationCapability TheconnectorisdesignedusingstandardRFpracticesand2Dlinearanalysisprogramsfor ballpark performanceCalculateimpedanceswithintheconnectorCalculatenominalcompensationstepswithintheconnectorDrawtheprobleminHFSS importfromPRO E IGES 3D orDXF 2D FileAssignthematerialsSettheportsandboundaryconditions symmetry SolveAnalyzefrequencyandtimedomainplots RFSimulationCapability DrawtheRFModelfromtheMechanicaldrawingandassignmaterial Setboundaryconditionsandports RFSimulationCapability PlotthedesiredSParameters Solvetheproblembasedonthemeshstructure RFSimulationCapability ViewTimeDomainresponsetodeterminethelocationofimpedancemismatch RFSimulationCapability Alldesignchangesaremadeonthecomputer Nosamplesmadeuntilthedesignisoptimized Simulationsinamatterofminutes orhoursatmostNumerousiterationsinamatterofhoursordaysFinalmodifications ifneeded madeaftertesting HFSSExample SMTConnectoronMicrostrip ConnectorhasexcellentReturnLoss 35to 40dB Whenmountedonboard performancedeteriorates 20dB duetothemismatchatthelaunch Customermustsupplyboardcharacteristics ThicknessTracewidthMaterial dielectricconstant Transmissionlinetype i e Microstrip stripline Mismatch Initialsimulationresults ReturnLossInsertionLoss HFSSExample SMTConnectoronMicrostrip HFSSExample SMTConnectoronMicrostrip 010wide 015wide 022wide Modifylaunchareatoreducethenegative capacitive discontinuityatthelauncharea TDRResult Capacitanceduetolaunch HFSSExample SMTConnectoronMicrostrip AbletoachieveasignificantimprovementinReturnLossandInsertionLossbymo