理工职场英语Unit2.ppt

Unit2DesignandTesting Lessons TeamProject Review AdditionalResources EXIT Unit2DesignandTesting Lesson1 Establishingindustrialdesignasaprofession Lesson2 Nosingle unifiedstyleofindustrialdesign Lesson3 Compromisesandengineeringdesigns Lesson4 Valueengineering Lesson5 Testingyourproducts Lesson6 Choosingtoperformance testproducts EXIT Unit2DesignandTesting AdditionalActivities ReadingResources WritingResources UnitTest GrammarResources AdditionalResources EXIT LookatthephotosinExercisebanddiscussthequestionsinpairs Lesson1Establishingindustrialdesignasaprofession a 1 Whatdoyouthinkalltheseitemshaveincommon 2 Whendoyouthinkeachoftheseitemswasdesigned ListenandcompletethesummaryofthelifeofRaymondLoewy ThenlistenagainandcompletethenotesbelowwithexamplesofLoewydesigns b Key Script leavesFrancefortheUnitedStates 1929 1918 RaymondLoewyisborninParis France 1893 1919 receivesdegreeinelectricalengineering receivesfirstindustrialdesigncommissionstartshisowndesignfirm Key designswidevarietyofhouseholdproductswithroundedcornersandsimplifiedlines e g Frigidairerefrigeratorsandfreezers 1945 from1937 designsColdspotrefrigerator 1934 1930sand40s redesignsCoca Colabottle formsRaymondLoewyAssociates Key 1961 1955 designsGreyhound sScenicruiserbus 1954 1960 designsAvantisportscarforStudebaker redesignsCoca Colabottle 1967 73 designsfive centU S postagestamp JohnF Kennedy 1964 1971 designsShelllogo worksforNASA designsinteriorsforApolloandSkylab designsCoca Cola sfirstaluminumcan Key 1 householdconsumergoods 2 transportation 3 softdrinks 4 miscellaneous refrigerators electricshavers toothbrushes radios locomotivesandpassengercars Greyhound sScenicruiserbus Studebaker sAvantisportscar ApolloandSkylabspacecraft Coca Cola scontourbottle Coca Cola sfirstaluminumcan U S postagestamp Shelllogo Script ReadthesentencesandcircleeachTrueorFalse c 1 By1920 LoewyhadalreadyleftFrance TrueFalse2 By1940 LoewyhadworkedforthePennsylvaniaRailroad TrueFalse3 By1958 hehaddesignedbothbottlesandcansforCoca Cola TrueFalse4 WhenhedesignedtheAvanti hehadalreadydesignedothercars TrueFalse5 By1928 Loewyhadestablishedhisowndesignfirm TrueFalse6 By1965 LoewyhadstartedworkingforNASA TrueFalse7 Bythe1970s Loewyhadevendesignedpostagestamps TrueFalse Key Readthetextandcompleteeachspacewiththecorrectformoftheverbinparentheses Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou d Throughhisaccomplishmentsinproductdesign RaymondLoewy 1 help toestablishindustrialdesignasaprofession Bytheendofhislife hiscareer 2 encompass allapplicationsofmodernindustrialdesign fromconsumerproductstointeriorbuildingspace packaging andtransportation Longbeforehisdeath Loewy 3 become oneofthebest knownindustrialdesignersofthetwentiethcenturyandhisvisionofbeautythroughtheuseofstreamlined highlyfunctionalforms 4 shape modernindustrialdesignintheUnitedStates Fordecades hiswork 5 permeate thenation slifestyleandinfluenced and 6 continue toinfluencetoday countlessaspectsofAmericanlife Key helped hadencompassed hadbecome hadshaped permeated continues Discussthesequestionsinpairsorsmallgroups e Inyouropinion whatwereLoewy smostimpressivedesignachievements WherecanLoewy sinfluenceontheworldofindustrialdesignstillbeseen 3 WhatdoesLoewy scareerrevealabouttheworkofanindustrialdesigner 4 Whataspectsofindustrialdesigndoyoufindmostandleastappealing Researchandprepareanillustratedwrittenreportaboutawell knownpresent dayindustrialdesignerfromyourowncountryorfromabroad f Narrator RaymondLoewywasborninParis Francein1893 Heobtainedadegreeinelectricalengineeringin1918 Oneyearlater heleftFrancefortheUnitedStates HefirstworkedasafashionillustratorforVoguemagazineandalsodesignedwindowdisplaysfordepartmentstoresinNewYorkCity In1929 hereceivedhisfirstindustrialdesigncommission tomodernizetheappearanceofGestetner sduplicatingmachine Loewy sdesignwastoremainunchangedforthenextfortyyears Inthesameyear Loewystartedhisowndesignfirm In1934 hedesignedtheColdspotrefrigeratorforSears RoebuckandCo ItwasagreatcommercialsuccessanditwonfirstprizeattheParisInternationalExpositionof1937 Startingin1937 LoewybeganworkingforthePennsylvaniaRailroad designingstreamlinedstylingfortheirpassengertrains Overthefollowingyears hedesignedvariouslocomotivesandpassengercars Duringthe1930sand1940s LoewydesignedawiderangeofhouseholdproductswithroundedcornersandsimplifiedlinessuchastheFrigidairerangeofrefrigeratorsandfreezers Hemadeimportant contributionstothedesignsofelectricshavers toothbrushes officemachines ballpointpens radios bottlesforsoftdrinks packages etc In1945 withfivepartners heformedRaymondLoewyAssociates whichwastobecomethelargestindustrialdesignfirmintheworld In1954 hedesignedGreyhound sScenicruiserbus In1955 LoewyredesignedCoca Cola sfamouscontourbottleaddingthedistinctivewhiteletteringandin1960hedesignedCoca Cola sfirstaluminumcan In1961 hedesignedthenowclassicAvantisportscarforStudebaker forwhomhehadworkedpreviouslyonothercars Asadesigner Loewy srangewasimpressive In1964 heevendesignedaUSpostagestamp thefive centstampfeaturingJohnF Kennedy From1967to1973 LoewyworkedforNASAdesigninginteriorsfortheApolloandSkylabspacecraft In1971 hedesignedthedistinctiveyellowandredShelllogothatisstillusedtoday Narrator RaymondLoewywasborninParis Francein1893 Heobtainedadegreeinelectricalengineeringin1918 Oneyearlater heleftFrancefortheUnitedStates HefirstworkedasafashionillustratorforVoguemagazineandalsodesignedwindowdisplaysfordepartmentstoresinNewYorkCity In1929 hereceivedhisfirstindustrialdesigncommission tomodernizetheappearanceofGestetner sduplicatingmachine Loewy sdesignwastoremainunchangedforthenextfortyyears Inthesameyear Loewystartedhisowndesignfirm In1934 hedesignedtheColdspotrefrigeratorforSears RoebuckandCo ItwasagreatcommercialsuccessanditwonfirstprizeattheParisInternationalExpositionof1937 Startingin1937 LoewybeganworkingforthePennsylvaniaRailroad designingstreamlinedstylingfortheirpassengertrains Overthefollowingyears hedesignedvariouslocomotivesandpassengercars Duringthe1930sand1940s LoewydesignedawiderangeofhouseholdproductswithroundedcornersandsimplifiedlinessuchastheFrigidairerangeofrefrigeratorsandfreezers Hemadeimportant contributionstothedesignsofelectricshavers toothbrushes officemachines ballpointpens radios bottlesforsoftdrinks packages etc In1945 withfivepartners heformedRaymondLoewyAssociates whichwastobecomethelargestindustrialdesignfirmintheworld In1954 hedesignedGreyhound sScenicruiserbus In1955 LoewyredesignedCoca Cola sfamouscontourbottleaddingthedistinctivewhiteletteringandin1960hedesignedCoca Cola sfirstaluminumcan In1961 hedesignedthenowclassicAvantisportscarforStudebaker forwhomhehadworkedpreviouslyonothercars Asadesigner Loewy srangewasimpressive In1964 heevendesignedaUSpostagestamp thefive centstampfeaturingJohnF Kennedy From1967to1973 LoewyworkedforNASAdesigninginteriorsfortheApolloandSkylabspacecraft In1971 hedesignedthedistinctiveyellowandredShelllogothatisstillusedtoday Lesson2Nosingle unifiedstyleofindustrialdesign Readanddiscussthetextinsmallgroups a Accordingtocurrentlyprevailingstandardsofindustrialdesign aproduct apartfrombeingcost effectiveinitsuseofresources shouldsatisfythefollowingcriteria thoughtherelativeimportanceofanyofthesestandardswillvarydependingontheobject expressionoffunctionintermsofformbeautyofline color proportion andtextureconvenienceand orcomfortinusehighefficiencyandsafetyofoperationdurabilityeaseofmaintenanceandrepair Lookatthefollowinglistofproductsand foreachone writetheindustrialdesigncriteriathatyouthinkwouldhave relatively moreimportance b 1 alawnmower 2 anofficedesklamp 3 agarbagecollectiontruck 4 amobilephone 5 awashingmachine Discussyouranswersinpairs C Lookatthephotosanddiscussthequestionsinpairs d Whichcomputermousedoyoupreferandwhy Whichtoasterdoyoupreferandwhy 3 Whatdesignimprovements ifany wouldyousuggestforeitheritem Youaregoingtohearsomeonetalkingaboutfourtrendsinindustrialdesign Listenandnumberthetopicsintheorderthattheyarediscussed Fourofthetopicsbelowarenotmentioned Thenlistenagainandtakenotesofthepositiveviewsexpressedabouteachtopic e theoriginsofindustrialdesignanemphasisonimpersonalityartificiallyacceleratedobsolescencetheroleofartindesignpackaging classics ofindustrialdesignthecostofindustrialdesignstreamlining Key Script 1 4 3 2 Script Key Script naturalpartofmassproductionmarketing representsaveragetaste protectiveshells safeandclean neatandattractive smooth cleandesigns veryappealingtotheeye veryeffectivefromaneconomicpointofview goesagainstindividualexpression superficial trendtakentoridiculousextremes unacceptabletopersuadepeopletoreplacethingssoonerthanwouldusuallybenecessary Nowlistentoanotherspeakerofferingacontrastingpointofviewandcompletetherestofthechart f Script Key Insmallgroups debatethemeritsofthetwospeakers respectivepointsofview g Writeanarticleaboutthewayyouthinkindustrialdesignwillchangeinthefuture h HistorycapsuleGermanarchitectanddesignerPeterBehrens 1868 1940 isconsideredbymanytobethefirstindustrialdesigner In1907 hecreatedtheentirecorporateidentityforAEG AmonghisstudentswerearchitectsanddesignerslikeWalterGropius MiesvanderRohe andLeCorbusier SpeakerA Thereisnosingle unifiedstyleofindustrialdesignbuttherearefourtrendsthatwecanidentify Oneoftheseisastressonimpersonalityindesign somethingthatPeterBehrenswasoneofthefirsttoestablish Itischaracterizedbyacertainneutralityofexpression whetheradesigncomesfromanindividualoragroup Inmyopinion thisisjustanaturalpartofmassproductionandmarketinganditrepresentsaveragetaste Anothertrendwecanseeinindustrialdesignisthewaydesignerstrytowraporpackageproducts Complexelectronicormechanicaldevices perhapsdesignedbyotherengineers haveprotectiveshellsthatkeepthemsafeandcleanandthatalsolookneatandattractive There salsothecontinuingtendencytostreamlinedesigns Thisdesignprinciplegoesbacktothe1930swithpeoplelikeRaymondLoewy whowasaveryinfluentialindustrialdesigner Streamlineddesignshavecontoursdesignedtoofferminimumresistancewhenmovingthroughairorwater Thesedesignsaresmoothandcleanandextremelyappealingtotheeye ThefourthtrendIcanidentifyisartificiallyacceleratedobsolescence Thisreferstothepracticeofchangingadesignintentionallytotrytogetpeopletoreplacethethingstheyhavewithnewones It snotjustthedesign ofcourse Advertisingandchangesinfashionplayalargepartaswell Fromaneconomicpointofview well it sveryeffective SpeakerA Thereisnosingle unifiedstyleofindustrialdesignbuttherearefourtrendsthatwecanidentify Oneoftheseisastressonimpersonalityindesign somethingthatPeterBehrenswasoneofthefirsttoestablish Itischaracterizedbyacertainneutralityofexpression whetheradesigncomesfromanindividualoragroup Inmyopinion thisisjustanaturalpartofmassproductionandmarketinganditrepresentsaveragetaste Anothertrendwecanseeinindustrialdesignisthewaydesignerstrytowraporpackageproducts Complexelectronicormechanicaldevices perhapsdesignedbyotherengineers haveprotectiveshellsthatkeepthemsafeandcleanandthatalsolookneatandattractive There salsothecontinuingtendencytostreamlinedesigns Thisdesignprinciplegoesbacktothe1930swithpeoplelikeRaymondLoewy whowasaveryinfluentialindustrialdesigner Streamlineddesignshavecontoursdesignedtoofferminimumresistancewhenmovingthroughairorwater Thesedesignsaresmoothandcleanandextremelyappealingtotheeye ThefourthtrendIcanidentifyisartificiallyacceleratedobsolescence Thisreferstothepracticeofchangingadesignintentionallytotrytogetpeopletoreplacethethingstheyhavewithnewones It snotjustthedesign ofcourse Advertisingandchangesinfashionplayalargepartaswell Fromaneconomicpointofview well it sveryeffective SpeakerB Iagreewithyourlistoftheprevailingtrendsinindustrialdesign But personally Ihavedoubtsaboutanumberofthings Forexample thisemphasisonimpersonality Tome itgoesagainstindividualexpression asifweallhavetosubmitto themachine Asfortheexteriorpackagingthatcoversuptheengineeringinsides ofaproduct well tomethisissortofsuperficial Ithinksomeindustrialdesignersspendtoomuchtimeandmoneyonthis Whatyousayaboutstreamliningistrue Peopleseemtolikesmooth sleeklines Theysuggestspeedandmovement But Ithinkwe vetakenthistrendtoridiculousextremes Imean whydowestreamlinethingsliketoasterswhentheyhavenothingtodowithmovementorspeed Asforyourlastpoint thisisalsotrue regrettably Icanunderstand andaccept theideaofartificiallyacceleratedobsolescenceinthingsthatarejustfashionitemsbutIthinkitisunacceptabletotrytopersuadepeopletoreplacethingslikehouseholdappliancessoonerthanwouldusuallybenecessaryasaresultofnormalwearandtear Lesson3Compromisesandengineeringdesigns Inpairsorsmallgroups discussthequestions a 1 Whatdoestheword dilemma mean 2 Whatsortsofdilemmasmightyoufaceinyourstudiesorinyourwork 3 Whatdoyouunderstandbytheterm trilemma Workingroupsofthree Youarepartofasoftwaredesignteam Readtheinformationontherolecardsandassignonecardtoeachpersoninyourgroup b Workingalone makenotesaboutthesoftwareproductyouwanttomake c Thiscomputergamewillhavealowcost Wewilltrytolaunchitby Workagaininthesamegroupofthree Taketurnssharingyourideaswiththeothermembersofyourgroup d Youcanmakeahigh qualityproductandyoucanbringittomarketquickly but Youcanmakeahigh quality low costproduct but 3 Youcanmakealow costproductandyoucanbringittomarketquickly but Completethesentencestoexplainthesoftwareeconomics trilemma e itwillhaveahighcost youwillnotbeabletobringittomarketquickly itwillnotbeahigh qualityproduct Key Completethetextwiththenounsinthebox Therearetwoextrawords Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou f compromisescostsdesignsengineersmarketsmathematicsmeritsmodelsrequirementssolutions 1 usetheirknowledgeofscienceand 2 alongwiththeirownrelevantexperience tofindasuitablesolutionorsolutionstoaproblem Theycreateappropriatemathematical 3 ofaproblem theyanalyzeit andthentestpotential 4 Usuallythereareanumberofreasonablesolutionstoaproblem So engineersevaluateeachdesignoptiononits 5 andchoosethesolutionthatbestmeetstheir 6 7 areattheheartofallengineering 8 The best designistheonethatmeetsasmanyofthegivenrequirementsaspossible Engineers mathematics models solutions merits requirements Compromises designs Key Discussthetextandthinkabouthowtheseprinciplesapplytoyourstudiesortoyourwork g Youhavebeenassignedthetaskofdesigninganewhand heldcomputergamedevice First completethelistsofdesirabledesignvalueswiththecorrectnounsandadjectives Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou h h attractive reliability safe high quality efficiency compactness lightweight Key Addanyotherdesirabledesignvaluesthatyouthinkarerelevanttothisproduct i Workingroups Discussthewaysinwhichonedesigncharacteristicmightconflictwithothersandthedesigncompromisesyouwouldhavetomake j Ifwemakeitmoredurable thatwillincreasetheweightandalsothecost Butifwemakeitmorelightweight itwon tbesostrong Sharetheconclusionsofyourgroup sdiscussionwiththerestoftheclass k Lesson4Valueengineering a Discussthequestionsinpairsorsmallgroups 1 Whatdoyouunderstandbytheterm valueengineering 2 Whendidengineersfirststarttoapplyprinciplesofvalueengineering 3 Howdoengineersvalueengineeraproduct Valueengineering Value Originoftheconcept Applyingvalueengineering 1 2 3 4 Listentoaninterviewaboutvalueengineeringandcompletethenotes Checkandcompareyouranswers b amethodforimprovingthevalueofproduct theratiooffunctiontocost byaccident WorldWarII GeneralElectric shortages lookforadequatesubstitutes useofsubstitutesreducedproductioncostsorimprovedproducts analyzethefunctionsofaproduct thinkofalternatives Key Script evaluateallthealternativesandcomparethemwiththeproduct choosethebestoptionandpresentfindingsandrecommendations 1 ValueengineeringcameaboutasaconsequenceofWorldWarII TrueFalse2 Valuecanbeincreasedeitherbyimprovingfunctionorbyincreasingcost TrueFalse3 Thefirststepinvalueengineeringisananalysisofaproduct sfunctions TrueFalse4 Itisacceptabletosacrificequalityinthequestforbettervalue TrueFalse5 Inthefinalstep findingsarepresentedandrecommendationsaremade TrueFalse ThenlistenagainandcirclethestatementsTrueorFalse Key c Correctthefalsestatements 1 ValueengineeringcameaboutasaconsequenceofWorldWarII 2 Valuecanbeincreasedeitherbyimprovingfunctionorbyincreasingcost 3 Thefirststepinvalueengineeringisananalysisofaproduct sfunctions 4 Itisacceptabletosacrificequalityinthequestforbettervalue 5 Inthefinalstep findingsarepresentedandrecommendationsaremade Valuecanbeincreasedeitherbyimprovingfunctionorbyreducingcost Whentryingtoachievebettervalue youdonotmakesacrificesinthequalityoftheproduct Key d Readthetextandfillinthecorrectheadingforeachparagraph Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou cheapersubstitutematerialscustomerfeedbackefficiencyandproducibilityefficientuseofenergymodulesandsubassemblies Valueengineeringlookstooptimizingcostsbyeliminatingwastefulpractices Howdoesitdothis 1 Reducecostsandaddvaluetoaproductbymakingitmoreenergy efficient 2 Replaceexpensivematerialswithcheaperonesthatfunctionjustaswell Ifaproductisonlyexpectedtolastfortenyears itiswastefultousematerialsthatlastmuchlonger Inaperfectlyvalue engineeredproduct allmaterialswearoutatthesametime efficientuseofenergy cheapersubstitutematerials Key cheapersubstitutematerialscustomerfeedbackefficiencyandproducibilityefficientuseofenergymodulesandsubassemblies 3 Redesignproductstomakethemmoreproducibleandadoptmoreefficientproductionprocesses Eliminateunnecessaryparts unnecessarystandardsofprecision andanyunnecessarystepsintheproductionprocess 4 Usemultipurposecomponentsthatcanbereusedinanumberofslightlydifferentproducts Inthisway saveonoriginalengineeringanddesigncosts 5 Aproductthathasmorefeaturesthancustomersactuallywantiswastefulandinefficient Redesignaproductsothatitmatchesexactlywhatmostcustomerswant Extrascanthenbesoldasoptions modulesandsubassemblies efficiencyandproducibility customerfeedback Key e Insmallgroups thinkofatleastonereal lifeexampleforeachofthevalueengineeringpracticesmentionedinExercised Makealist f Readaboutthesereal lifecasesand insmallgroups discusswhichofthevalueengineeringprincipleslistedintheboxarebeingappliedineachcase reduceunnecessarypartsusecheapersubstitutematerialsreduceunnecessaryprecision 1 Aslongastheydonotleak theweldedjointsonRussianrocketmotorsareallowedt