Disappearing-Through-the-Skylight.ppt

DisappearingThroughtheSkylight ByOsborneBennetHardisonJr DisappearingThroughtheSkylight CultureandTechnologyintheTwentiethCentury AbookpublishedbyPenguinGroup USA IncorporatedinNovember1990 Thesis The realworld isdisappearing Itisaboutthewaysculturehaschangedinthepastcentury changingtheidentitiesofallthosebornintoit Howshouldweunderstandtheword disappearance DisappearingThroughtheSkylight CultureandTechnologyintheTwentiethCentury CommentfromPublishersWeekly Armedwiththeopinionthattechnologicalandculturaltrendsarenegatinghistoryandtheideaofhumanityitself Hardisontakesreadersonatourofthemodernage DescribedbyPWas byturnsincisiveandglib thisvolumeoffers engagingdiscussionsofallmanneroftopics fromtheBritishcrackingoftheGermans EnigmacodeinWWIItoautomobilesas thin steelsculptures DisappearingThroughtheSkylight CultureandTechnologyintheTwentiethCentury CommentfromLibraryJournal Hardison Englishprofessor Georgetown Shakespeareanscholar andamateurphysicist isalwaysentertainingandoftenthought provoking asinEnteringtheMaze Identityhere heisverysuccessfulatplacingtheadventoftechnologywithinthecontextofourcentury Throughwittyandelegantlywrittenchaptersonart architecture music andpoetry heweavesacogentandcoherenttheoryonhowthe CommentfromLibraryJournal worldleftthedomainofphilosophersandclassicalartistsandenteredthatofmathematiciansandcomputerscientists Whenourcapacitytoenvisionnatureassolidandtangible disappearedthroughtheskylight ourabilitytoenvisionwhatnatureandscienceconsistofwasirrevocablyaltered Ofthecurrenttitlesthatseemtoaddressthissubject thisisbyfarthebest Hardisonillustrates cleverlyandvividly byexample Challengingbuthighlyreadable thebookshouldsparkdiscussion Fascinatingandwellconceived OsborneBennetHardison Jr Ascholarandacritic apoetandahumanist Alsoaninspiringanddevotedteacher DiedofprostratecanceronAugust5 1990attheageof61 In1961hewasonthecoverofTimemagazineasoneofthetenbestteachersinthecountry OncedirectoroftheFolgerShakespeareLibraryinWashington ThePassage MainIdea Duetotheimpactofscienceandtechnology theworldhasbeenchangedfromthereal reliableoneintoaninsubstantialoneandmodernculturehasmovedtowardseternalplayfulnessandeternaldynamism Changes Whatcausedthechanges Whatchangeshavetakenplace Structure Paras 1 6 Scienceandtechnologyarecommittedtotheuniversal Questions 1 Whatdoestheauthormeanwith Scienceiscommittedtotheuniversal 2 Whyisitthattheworldislookingevermorehomogeneous accordingtotheauthor 3 What stherelationshipbetweentheuniversalizingtendencyofsci techandthedisappearanceofhistory Structure 4 Whatdoestheexampleofautomakingillustrate Transition Ifmancreatesmachines machinesinturnshapetheircreators Paras 7 theend Changesbroughtaboutbyscienceandtechnology modernman artandhistory modernaesthetic modernculture banks Structure ModernMan Para 7 Nolongerquiteanindividual Heiscosmopolitan Howshouldweunderstandthis ArtandHistory Paras 9 12 1 Notdepictionoftherealworld but springsfrominnerneed whichspringsfromthesoul 2 Historydisappears ModernAesthetic Para 13 Playfulness Structure ModernCulture Paras 14 15 Sharplydifferent aboundinginimages soundsandvalues Banks Paras 16 19 Nolongerneoclassicstructuresofmarbleorgranitefacedwithponderousrowsofcolumnsbutairystructuresofsteelandglassorstore frontswithslot machineliketerminalsortrailersparkedonthelotsofsuburbanshoppingmalls Structure Questions 1 Couldyougiveanexampletoillustratethat machinesinturnshapetheircreators 2 Inwhichwayismodernmancosmopolitan 3 Howshouldweunderstandthe insubstantialityoftheworld 4 Whatarethedifferencesbetweentraditionalartandmodernart Structure 5 Howshouldweunderstandthatplayfulnessisthemoststrikingfeatureofmodernaesthetic 6 Whatarethefeaturesofmodernculture 7 Inwhichsensearebanksdisappearingthroughtheskylight 8 Howmanychangeshaveyouobservedintheworldandinourlife LanguageandCulturalPoints Scienceiscommittedtotheuniversal Para 1 Line1 Topicsentence illustratedbytwoexamples thermodynamics and genetics sign Para 1 Line1 indicator evidence thermodynamics Para 1 Line4 physicsthatdealswiththerelationshipsandconversionsbetweenheatandotherformsofenergy thermo thermochemistry thermoelectric thermogenesis thermometer thermonuclear etc LanguageandCulturalPoints TrofimLysenko 1898 1976 Sovietbiologistandagronomist AsdirectoroftheInstituteofGeneticsoftheSovietAcademyofSciences 1940 1964 hehadanadverseeffectonSovietagriculturaldevelopmentbecauseofhisbeliefinthegenetictheorythatacquiredcharacteristicscanbeinherited Firstbecameknownforhisprocessofmoisteningandrefrigeratingtheseedofspringwheattherebyreputedlyimpartingtoitcharacteristicsofwinterwheat LanguageandCulturalPoints discredit Para 1 Lastsentence refusetobelieve causetobedoubted disgrace E g 1 太阳绕着地球转的观念早已不为人们所信了 Theideathatthesungoesroundtheearthhaslongbeendiscredited 2 对报纸上登的不少东西都不应相信 Oneshoulddiscreditagooddealofwhatisprintedinnewspapers 3 他们的行为败坏了英国足球运动的声誉 TheirbehaviourhasboughtdiscreditonEnglishfootball 4 Thepolice totheirdiscredit arrivedtoolate 警察来得太晚了 真丢人 LanguageandCulturalPoints Para 2 Theuniversalizingtendencyoftechnologyresultsinthedisappearanceofhistory Asthecorollaryofscience technology Para 2 Line1 corollary apracticalconsequencethatfollowsnaturally E g Blindjealousyisafrequentcorollaryofpassionatelove 他们两人并不知道这回事 因此一定是另外有人泄露了秘密Neitherofthemknowaboutit andthecorollaryofthatisthatsomeoneelserevealedthesecret LanguageandCulturalPoints homogeneous Para 2 Line3 ofthesameorsimilarkindornature E g Antonym heterogeneous heterogenousAsbuildingsbecomemorealike thepeoplewhoinhabitthebuildingsbecomemorealike Para 2 Lines10 12 thedisappearanceofhistory Para 2 Lastsentence identity time LanguageandCulturalPoints Paras 3 6 Anexampletoillustratethattheuniversalizingtendencyofscienceandtechnologymakestheworldmorealike streamlining Para 3 Line2 thecontourofabodythatismadelookinglikethelinefollowedbyastreamingfluid streamline Thingsshouldbebetternowthattheyhavestreamlinedapplicationprocedures streamlinedcompaniesusingcheapfreelancestaff LanguageandCulturalPoints all weldedbodyconstruction Para 3 Lines2 3 Comparedwiththeearliestvehiclebodywhosedifferentpartswereconnectedbyboltandnut asset Para 3 Line6 auseful valuablequality E g 他是我们公司的宝贵人才 Heisagreatassettoourcompany theFordMotorCompany Para 4 Line1 LanguageandCulturalPoints 1 U S automotivecorporation FoundedinDetroit in1903byHenryFordandagroupofinvestors itintroducedthehugelysuccessfulModelTin1908andby1923wasproducingmorethanhalfofallU S automotivevehicles Fordmanufacturespassengercars trucks andtractorsaswellaspartsandaccessories 2 Itbeganamanufacturingrevolutionwithmassproductionassemblylinesintheearly20thcentury 3 ItsoldVolvotoZhejiangGeelyHolding parentofGeelyAutomobile forabout 1 3billioncashandothermonetaryconsideration 4 Thoughitoperatesabout90plantsworldwide FordMotorgetsmorethanhalfofitssalesfromNorthAmerica LanguageandCulturalPoints LanguageandCulturalPoints Buttheideaofaworldcarwasinevitable Para 5 Line2 Why comparativeadvantage theabilityofaparty anindividual afirm oracountry toproduceaparticulargoodorserviceataloweropportunitycostthananotherparty FiatworkersrefreshedthemselveswithPepsi Cola Para 5 Lines7 8 Fiat anacronymforFabbricaItalianaAutomobiliTorino English ItalianAutomobileFactoryofTurin LanguageandCulturalPoints InternationalholdingcompanyandmajorItalianmanufacturerofautomobiles trucks andindustrialvehiclesandcomponents In1899GiovanniAgnelli 1866 1945 foundedthefirmthatwasincorporatedasFiatin1906 AmongitsautomobilebrandsareFerrariandLancia LanguageandCulturalPoints Inthefullnessoftime Para 5 Lines8 9 withintheappropriateordestinedtime E g We llknowifit saboyoragirlinthefullnessoftime Asinarchitecture soinautomaking Para 6 Line1 elliptical balancedsentence youwillbehardputat500pacestotellonemakefromanother Para 6 Lines6 7 putsb hard E g putsb hardtopaytherenttraitsthatlinkedAmericancarstoAmericanhistory Para 6 Lines8 9 LanguageandCulturalPoints VolkswagenBeetle Para 6 Line9 alsoknownastheVolkswagenType1 wasaneconomycarproducedbytheGermanautomakerVolkswagen VW from1938until2003withover21millionmanufacturedinitsair cooled rear engined rearwheeldriveconfiguration Itultimatelybecamethelongest runningandmost producedautomobileofasingledesign LanguageandCulturalPoints D ArcyThompson Para 6 LastSentence aScottishbiologist mathematician andclassicsscholar Apioneeringmathematicalbiologist heismainlyrememberedastheauthorofthe1917book OnGrowthandForm aninfluentialworkofstrikingoriginalityandelegance LanguageandCulturalPoints OnGrowthandForm Thecentralthemeisthatbiologistsofitsauthor sdayoveremphasizedevolutionasthefundamentaldeterminantoftheformandstructureoflivingorganisms andunderemphasizedtherolesofphysicallawsandmechanics Thompsonadvocatedstructuralismasanalternativetosurvivalofthefittestingoverningtheformofspecies Thompsonpointedoutexampleafterexampleofcorrelationsbetweenbiologicalformsandmechanicalphenomena CarlBreer Para 6 LastSentence AutodesignerwhodesignedthelegendaryChryslerAirflow thefirstmodernaerodynamicautomobile HealsocontributedtoanumberofChryslerfirsts includingaluminumpistons bronzeenginebushings helicalgeartransmissions andsealed beamheadlights LanguageandCulturalPoints LanguageandCulturalPoints FerdinandPorsche Para 6 LastSentence 1875 1951 anAustro Hungarianautomotiveengineer Heisbestknownforcreatingthefirsthybridvehicle gasoline electric theVolkswagenBeetle theMercedes BenzSS SSK aswellasthefirstofmanyPorscheautomobiles andforhiscontributionstoadvancedGermantankdesigns TigerI TigerII andtheElefant In1937PorschewasawardedtheGermanNationalPrizeforArtandScience oneoftherarestdecorationsinNaziGermany LanguageandCulturalPoints Ifmancreatesmachines machinesinturnshapetheircreators Para 7 Sentence1 Agree Nolongeranindividual nolongerquitetheproductof hislocationneverchanges Para 7 Lines4 9 Heiscosmopolitan Para 7 Line9 cosmopolitan asophisticatedpersonwhohastravelledinmanycountries ofworldwidescopeorapplicabilityhenolongerhasahomeinthetraditionalsenseoftheword Para 7 Lines10 11 LanguageandCulturalPoints Theuniversalizingimperativeoftechnology Para 8 Line1 thecompellingforceoftechnologytouniversalize Barring Para 8 Line2 except E g Barringstrongheadwinds theplanewillarriveonschedule 除了老板 我们星期五都出去喝酒了 Barringtheboss weallwentoutfordrinksonFriday Para 9 Howtheconceptofartchanged reminisce Para 9 Line1 recallE g Thegrandparentssatthere reminiscingallafternoon 老朋友们总喜欢谈论那 美好的往昔 Oldfriendsliketoreminisceaboutthe goodolddays LanguageandCulturalPoints FrancisPicabia Para 9 Line2 1879 1953 Frenchpainter illustrator designer writer andeditor HepaintedforatimeinanImpressionistandthenaCubiststyle HewentontocombinetheCubiststylewithOrphicelementsinsuchpaintingsasISeeAgaininMemoryMyDearUdnie 1913 14 In1915inNewYorkCity Picabia MarcelDuchamp andManRaytogetherfoundedanAmericanDadaistmovement AfterDadaismbrokeupabout1921 hefollowedintotheSurrealistmovement HesubsequentlypaintedinSurrealist abstract andfigurativestyles LanguageandCulturalPoints MarcelDuchamp Para 9 Line2 1887 1968 Frenchartistandartinnovator In1913hecausedasensationwithhispaintingNudeDescendingaStaircase No 2 1912 whichcombinedtheprinciplesofCubismandFuturism In1913heexhibitedBicycleWheel whichwassimplyanordinarybicyclewheeldisplayedasa LanguageandCulturalPoints workofart andin1917heexhibitedaurinalheentitledFountain InParisin1919heestablishedcontactwiththeDadagroupofartists whosenihilisticideashehadanticipated DuringthisperiodheexhibitedaphotographoftheMonaLisawithamoustacheandgoateeadded agesturethatexpressedtheDadaists scornfortheartofthepast HegreatlyinfluencedtheSurrealists andhisattitudetowardartandsocietyledtoPopartandothermodernandpostmodernmovements Alegendinhislifetime heisconsideredoneoftheleadingspiritsof20th centuryart LanguageandCulturalPoints owedittohimselftoturnhisbackon Para 9 Lines5 6 oweittosomeonetodosth shoulddosth becausetheydeserveit Ican tgo Ioweittohimtostay turnone sbackon upon Sheturnedherbackonhim 他成名以后就背弃了他的妻子 Heturnedhisbackonhiswifewhenhebecamefamous LanguageandCulturalPoints architecturalblasphemy Para 9 Lines6 7 blasphemy disrespectforGodorforsomethingsacred rehabilitation Para 9 Line8 reestablishmentofreputation restorationofsomeonetoausefulplaceinsocietyPara 10 Changesontheunderstandingoftheworld Artis inonedefinition simplyanefforttonametherealworld Para 10 SentenceOne LanguageandCulturalPoints Sciencehasshowntheinsubstantialityoftheworld Para 10 Lines3 4 atomPara 11 Newunderstandingofthethingsledtonewconceptsofart LanguageandCulturalPoints WassilyKandinsky Para 11 Line3 aRussianpainterwhoseworksfrom1910areconsideredthefirstabstractpaintings Between1910and1912hewroteaboutnon objective abstract paintingsandpublishedOntheSpiritualinArt aworkthatsolidifiedhispositionasthefatherofabstractart Knownforhisingenuitywithgeometricshapesanduseofbrilliantcolor hewassuccessfulinEuropeandtheUS LanguageandCulturalPoints Itisaworldradicallyemptiedofhistory Para 9 LastSentence Para 12 Modernartcanmeanliberation Thedisappearanceofhistoryisthusaliberation Para 12 Line1 PabloRuizyPicasso Para 12 Line6 1881 1973 Spanish bornFrenchpainter sculptor printmaker ceramicist andstagedesigner Hedominated20th centuryEuropeanartandwascentralinthedevelopmentoftheimageofthemodernartist Hisenormousbodyofworkspanssomanyyearsthatartexpertsgenerallyseparatehiscareerintodistinctphases suchastheBluePeriod theRosePeriodandhismostfamouscontributiontomodernart Cubism PaintingsofPicasso Self 1896 TheOldGuitarPlayer 1903 PaintingsofPicasso ManinHat 1912 Self 1972 LanguageandCulturalPoints JoanMir Para 12 lastSentence 1893 1983 aSpanishpainter sculptor andceramicist Earninginternationalacclaim hisworkhasbeeninterpretedasSurrealism Innumerous heexpressedcontemptforconventionalpaintingmethodsasawayofsupportingbourgeoissociety andfamouslydeclaredan assassinationofpainting infavourofupsettingthevisualelementsofestablishedpainting TheTilledField 1923 1924 LanguageandCulturalPoints Dada Para 12 LastSentence AEuropeanartisticandliterarymovement 1916 1923 thatfloutedconventionalaestheticandculturalvaluesbyproducingworksmarkedbynonsense travesty andincongruity Nihilisticmovementinthearts itoriginatedinZ rich Switz in1916andflourishedinNewYorkCity Paris andtheGermancitiesofBerlin Cologne andHannoverintheearly20thcentury Thename Frenchfor hobbyhorse wasselectedbyachanceproceduretosymbolizetheiremphasisontheillogicalandabsurd HowtoMakeaDadaistPoem Takeanewspaper Takeapairofscissors Chooseanarticleaslongasyouareplanningtomakeyourpoem Cutoutthearticle Thencutouteachofthewordsthatmakeupthisarticleandputtheminabag Shakeitgently Thentakeoutthescrapsoneaftertheotherintheorderinwhichtheyleftthebag Copyconscientiously Thepoemwillbelikeyou Andhereyouareawriter infinitelyoriginalandendowedwithasensibilitythatischarmingthoughbeyondtheunderstandingofthevulgar LanguageandCulturalPoints Mockheroics Para 12 LastSentence Asatiricalimitationorburlesqueoftheheroicmannerorstyle Mock heroic mock epicorheroi comicworksaretypicallysatiresorparodiesthatmockcommonClassicalstereotypesofheroesandheroicliteraturethatisgood Typically mock heroicworkstoinserttheheroicworkbyeitherputtingafoolintheroleoftheheroorbyexaggeratingtheheroicqualitiestosuchapointthattheybecomeabsurd WallaceStevens Para 12 LastSentence 1879 1955 oneofthegreatmodernistpoetsandaninsurancemanwhowrotepoemsinhissparetime bestknownfor TheEmperorofIceCream TheEmperorofIceCream Calltherollerofbigcigars Themuscularone andbidhimwhipInkitchencupsconcupiscentcurds LetthewenchesdawdleinsuchdressAstheyareusedtowear andlettheboysBringflowersinlastmonth snewspapers Letbebefinaleofseem Theonlyemperoristheemperorofice cream TheEmperorofIceCream Takefromthedresserofdeal Lackingthethreeglassknobs thatsheetOnwhichsheembroideredfantailsonceAndspreaditsoastocoverherface Ifherhornyfeetprotrude theycomeToshowhowcoldsheis anddumb Letthelampaffixitsbeam Theonlyemperoristheemperorofice cream LanguageandCulturalPoints Para 13 Themoststrikingfeatureofmodernaestheticisplayfulness bycorollary Para 13 Lines2 3 asanaturalconclusiongametheory Para 13 Line4 Amathematicalmethodofdecision makinginwhichacompetitivesituationisanalyzedtodeterminetheoptimalcourseofactionforaninterestedparty oftenusedinpolitical economic andmilitaryplanning ThePrisoner sDilemma ThePrisoner sDilemma Interrogatedseparatelyandhavingnoideawhattheotherwouldsay whopleadsnotguiltyandwhoconfesses Whatwouldbethebestcourseofaction LanguageandCulturalPoints virtualparticle Para 13 Line5 AsubatomicparticlewhoseexistenceviolatestheprincipleofconservationofenergybutisallowedtoexistforashorttimebyHeisenberg suncertaintyprinciple blackhole Para 13 Line5 1 Anareaofspace timewithagravitationalfieldsointensethatitsescapevelocityisequaltoorexceedsthespeedoflight cannibalism Para 13 Line7 1 thepracticeofeatingthefleshofyourownkind InternationalexamplesofPostmodernarchitecture NeueStaatsgalerieinStuttgart GermanybyJamesStirlingandMichaelWilford 1984 InternationalExamplesofPostmodernArchitecture CityoftheArtsandtheSciencesinValencia SpainbySantiagoCalatrava Openedtopublicin1998 LanguageandCulturalPoints Postmodernarchitecture Postmodernarchitectureevolvedfromthemodernistmovement yetcontradictsmanyofthemodernistideas Combiningnewideaswithtraditionalforms postmodernistbuildingsmaystartle surprise andevenamuse Familiarshapesanddetailsareusedinunexpectedways Buildingsmayincorporatesymbolstomakeastatementorsimplytodelighttheviewer Neomodernarchitecture Neomodernarchitecturesharesmanyofthebasiccharacteristicsofmodernism Bothrejectthepostmodernornamentation decorations anddeliberateattemptstoimitatethepast Neomodernbuildings likemodernones aredesignedtobelargelymonolithicandfunctional ExampleofNeomodernArchitecture TheBayAdelaideCentreinToronto Whenfirstproposedinthe1980sthebuildinghadastronglypostmodernistdesign Thefinaldesign completedin2009 adoptedtheneomodernstyle LanguageandCulturalPoints justaposition Para 13 LastSentence positioningclosetogether aside by sidepositioncollage Para 13 LastSentence apaste upmadebystickingtogetherpiecesofpaperorphotographstoformanartisticimage 2 an