市政固体废物管理外文文献英文Economic analysis of a shared municipal solid waste management facility in a metropolitan region

Municipal solid waste management Integrated analysis of environmental and economic indicators based on life cycle assessment Michel Xocaira Paes a b Gerson Araujo de Medeirosb Sandro Donnnini Mancinib Ana Paula Bortoleto c Jose A Puppim de Oliveiraa d e Luiz Alexandre Kulayf aFunda ao Getulio Vargas FGV S ao Paulo School of Management FGV EAESP S ao Paulo Brazil bInstitute of Science and Technology S ao Paulo State University Sorocaba Brazil cSchool of Civil Engineering Architecture and Urban Design University of Campinas Campinas Brazil dFunda ao Getulio Vargas FGV Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration FGV EBAPE Rio de Janeiro Brazil eInstitute for Global Public Policy Fudan University China fChemical Engineering Department Polytechnic School University of S ao Paulo USP S ao Paulo Brazil a r t i c l e i n f o Article history Received 12 August 2019 Received in revised form 17 December 2019 Accepted 21 December 2019 Available online 26 December 2019 Handling editor CT Lee Keywords Environmental life cycle assessment Life cycle costing Environmental and economic performance indicators Municipal solid waste management Public policy a b s t r a c t This paper develops a method to analyze municipal solid waste management systems MSWMS that integrates environmental and economic indicators using Life Cycle Assessment LCA and Life Cycle Costing LCC The method was tested in the city of Sorocaba Brazil a medium size municipality typical of many developing countries Environmental impacts were analyzed considering system expansion which combined the aspects of primary production and recycling processes with the impacts of MSWMS The economic analysis included operating and investment costs to the costs of environmental exter nalities thus enabling the analysis of total costs to society An integrated analysis of environmental indicators revealed that the most signifi cant reductions in environmental impacts occurred in the sce narios with higher rates of reuse of dry waste through recycling 70 which lowered these impacts by up to 50 when compared to the current scenario An analysis of economic performance indicated that the two scenarios that combined the highest recycling goals with greater transport effi ciency and more composting yielded the best results reducing the total social costs by 31 and 33 respectively Lastly the integration of environmental and economic analyses revealed that the best results are obtained by a combination of composting mechanical biological treatment and recycling which would reduce the impacts of MSWMS by up to 33 7 points per invested dollar The results supports the application of this proposed integrate approach to improve the current solid waste management system in Sorocaba and in other cities with a similar system and waste generation 2019 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved 1 Introduction Signifi cant innovations in waste management have emerged in the last decade to address the growing demand for materials and counteract the environmental and social impacts of consumption based economies Cramer 2013 Lauridsen and J rgensen 2010 Puppim de Oliveira 2017 2019 Programs involving zero waste and the diversion of waste from landfi lls have gained momentum in response toincreasing urban densifi cation and the growing value of space in the world s largest cities Moreover environmental regu lations and the indisputable depletion of several material resources confi rm the benefi ts of converting end of life waste from anthropic processes into inputs that can and should be reincorporated either into their own original production cycles or into those of other producer or consumer goods Andrews Speed et al 2012 EEA 2014 Paes et al 2019 Cities around the world have made a series of efforts to improve Corresponding author Unesp Instituto de Ci encia e Tecnologia C ampus de Sorocaba Avenida Tr es de Mar o 511 Alto da Boa Vista Sorocaba SP CEP 18087 180 Brazil Corresponding author E mail addresses michelxocaira M X Paes gerson medeiros unesp br G A de Medeiros Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Cleaner Production journal homepage https doi org 10 1016 j jclepro 2019 119848 0959 6526 2019 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved Journal of Cleaner Production 254 2020 119848 solid waste management systems In some EU countries such as Germany Austria Belgium Denmark the Netherlands and Sweden the implementation of public policies has raised the rates of solid waste reuse recycling incineration with energy recovery and or composting to 95 Eurostat 2019 Word Bank 2013 What all these cases have in common is the adoption of practices for reduction prevention and non generation of solid waste Cleary 2010 2014 Nessi et al 2012 2013 In 2014 the United States adopted the landfi ll alternative for 52 of their volume of solid waste followed by recycling 26 incineration with energy re covery 13 and composting 9 0 EPA 2018 The most recent offi cial estimates published in 2017 indicated a daily generation of 166 000 tons of municipal solid waste MSW in Brazil Out of this total 63 was landfi lled about 18 was discarded in open air dumps without any treatment and 5 4 was treated in facilities for sorting composting and recycling materials in order to be recovered However no information was obtained from about approximately 14 of the waste generated SNIS 2019 In the state of S ao Paulo which has the highest gross domestic product GDP US 527 billion and the second highest per capita annual income in the country US 12 075 00 IBGE 2019 about 50 of MSW was generated in just nine of the 645 municipalities State of S ao Paulo 2015 2017 In addition to sharing a similar urbanization profi le all these nine municipalities nowhave more than 500 000 inhabitants Among them is Sorocaba the state s ninth largest covering an area of 456 km2 with a population of 671 000 inhabitants and a Human Development Index HDI of 0 798 IBGE 2019 whose economy is based on industry Municipal or local governments in Brazil similarly to many other countries are responsible for providing and controlling MSW management services These actions are based on legislation management guidelines objectives and targets at the local regional and national levels which generally impose the challenge of rationalizing and improving the performance of activities Guerrero et al 2013 The set of services infrastructure and operational facilities assigned to the activities of collection trans port sorting treatment and disposal of solid waste in a munici pality is called the Municipal Solid Waste Management System MSWMS e g Brasil 2010 SNIS 2019 World Bank 2013 Therefore MSWMS are complex and their effectiveness is not always easy to measure analyze and monitor From the environ mental standpoint the Life Cycle Assessment LCA technique has proved to be a suitable tool to evaluate their performance including the effect of actions and scenarios designed for their improvement Lazarevic et al 2012 Paes et al 2014 2018 The scope of application of LCA and the quantitative nature of its di agnoses enable the introduction of comprehensive and accurate assessments in the daily routine of the management and decision making practices associated with these systems Laurent et al 2014 UNEP 2011 The economic performance of MSWMS has also been examined morerecentlybasedontheconceptofLifeCycleThinking Massarutto et al 2011 Petit Boix et al 2017 and Reich 2005 who used this approach arguethattheapplicationoftraditionaleconomicmethods to systematic scopes such as those practiced by LCA can offer useful fi ndings for decision making processes pertaining waste manage ment systems These authors also point out that the inclusion of the costsoftheuseofnaturalresourcesandpollution knownasnegative environmental externalities has proved to provide important addi tional information that should be considered in future studies on wastemanagement inadditiontotheoperatingandinvestmentcosts of these systems They also state that these environmental costs are rarely included and that to ensure more accurate analyses of MSW management systems these aspects should be studied developed improved valued and included The purpose of this study therefore is to make an integrated evaluation of environmental and economic performance indicators of municipal solid waste management systems by applying Envi ronmental Life Cycle Assessment LCA and Life Cycle Costing LCC approaches enabling to structure more complete evaluations of MSWMS so they can serve as guidelines to develop new public policies for municipal solid waste management Therefore this study aims to contribute to the advancement of knowledge beyond the case study by developing building applying and evaluating an innovative method of integration and analysis of environmental and economic performance indicators which considers the operating and investments costs of environ mental externalities in addition to total social costs thus fi lling gaps within LCA and management indicators of MSW 2 Methods The method involved the following steps i choice of the case and characterization of the MSWMS currently operating in the city of Sorocaba SP which represents a good case to apply the method as the municipality has a set of data that can be used in the analytical tools and the authors had access to the city s data ii collection of data and information to underpin the establishment of a representative model of the local management of MSW iii diagnosis and evaluation of impacts caused by the aforementioned MSWMS iv proposal and specifi cation of analysis scenarios v analysis of the environmental performance of these scenarios through the identifi cation of environmental impacts and defi nition of unique environmental indicators for each scenario vi exami nation of the economic performance of each scenario based on its operating and investment costs and costs of environmental exter nalities This stage also involved the development of indicators of total social cost vii integration of the environmental and eco nomic indicators pertaining to each scenario in order to make a simultaneous assessment of the infl uence of these dimensions on the performance of the MSWMS and viii proposal of guidelines aimed at improving the system and that help support the formu lation of public policies 2 1 Characterization of the MSWMS of Sorocaba SP Sorocaba a municipality in the interior of the state of S ao Paulo 23 3000700S 47 2702800O covers an area of 456 km2 has a population of approximately 670 000 an industrial economy and a Human Development Index HDI of 0 798 IBGE 2019 In addition to the region s economic relevance and the availability of data to conduct the study Sorocaba has solid waste management tech nologies that are commonly used in Brazil and its average recycling rate of approximately 3 0 is equivalent to that of the national standard PMS 2014 Paes et al 2018 These characteristics facil itate the replication of research fi ndings to regions with similar profi les Sorocaba s MSWMS was characterized based on a survey of its MSW i e volume of waste generation and gravimetric composi tion and the technologies and operational aspects of the system s operation Mantovani et al 2016 Lima and Mancini 2017 Paes 2018 To this end recent data were collected along with offi cial documents records of public hearings and meetings held with the drafting committee of the Municipal Integrated Waste Manage ment Plan The municipality generated an average of 184 508 tons year 1of MSW in 2014 These materials were collected in the form of ordi nary garbage collection and selective waste collection PMS 2014 Ordinary garbage collection in the municipality is carried out from door to door at different frequencies between the central region M X Paes et al Journal of Cleaner Production 254 2020 1198482 6 day week 1 and other neighbourhoods 3 day week 1 In this case MSW is collected from the generating sources and sent for fi nal disposal in a landfi ll without prior sorting The municipality has 25 collector compactor trucks with a maximum load capacity of 15 m3 or 7 0 t for ordinary garbage collection each of which covers an average daily distance of 160 km Paes et al 2018 Sorocaba s selective waste collection system covered only 15 of the houses in the municipality In this system the MSW was sent for recycling after being separated at sorting centres PMS 2014 This selective waste collection was carried out weekly by worker cooperatives using 12 trucks with 4 0 t load capacity Each of these trucks covered an averagedailydistance of 36 km Paes et al 2018 Sorting was also done bycooperatives that owned the necessary equipment weighing scales presses forklifts and waste sorting tables installed in fi ve sheds The sanitary landfi ll for Sorocaba s MSW covers a surface area of 617 000 m2 with a capacity to receive 1000 t d 1of material and an accumulation rate of 9 000 000 m3of industrial and domestic waste during its service life 20 years The landfi ll located 14 km from the city center was equipped with liner and had systems for collecting leachate and gases generated by the decomposition of organic matter The leachate was collected in basins and then transported to an effl uent treatment plant In 2014 the landfi ll gases were released intothe air withouttreatment PMS 2014 Table1 lists average daily data on the amount of non recyclable waste organic and recyclable wastes generated in the municipality in 2014 The data listed in Table 1 describe the three possible types of municipal solid wastes MSW generated in Sorocaba i Re cyclables plastic glass paper and metal waste as well as a variety of packaging clothing toys and electronic products sold for reuse and recycling ii Organics including food and garden waste that can potentially be reused through biological treatments such as composting and anaerobic digestion and iii Rejects a fraction whose characteristics prevented it from being sold and or recycled in Brazil in 2014 i e metallized fi lms certain types of glass rubber visibly contaminated waste paper thermosets diapers animal feces and contaminated toilet paper PMS 2014 The total waste generated reused recovered recycled and the waste sent to the landfi ll were determined based on the gravimetric characterization of the municipality s MSW Mantovani et al 2016 PMS 2014 and are described in the Supplementary Material e TableA This information served as the basis to develop of a model to adequately and coherently represent the system particularly in terms ofresourceconsumption materialand energy and emissions 2 2 Proposed scenarios Another bibliographical survey sought to identify management practices and technologies that were not only consolidated and economically accessible but also had not yet been applied in Brazil for MSW management The management and planning actions were translated into pre established goals in the preliminary version of the National Solid Waste Management Plan Brasil 2011 to reduce the amount of dry and wet solid waste destined for landfi lls Technological actions refer to the practices of composting me chanical biological treatment MBT and incineration These activ ities were characterized considering the experience accumulated by the municipality of Barcelona Spain whose environmental management structure e especially insofar as public solid waste management is concerned e is considered a model among the countries of the European Union EC 2019 Thus in addition to offi cial documents obtained from the Barcelona City Council AMB 2013 and the company Tractament i Selecci o de Residus S A TERSA 2014 and to scientifi c publications on the subject Blanco et al 2010 Col on et al 2012 fi eldwork was also carried out to collect data and information describing such operations The combination of technological management and strategic planning actions led to eight operating scenarios for Sorocaba s MSWMS Scenario S1 corresponded to the system operating in the municipality during 2014 The fact that S1 represents the system s actual operating condition means that it serves as the reference for comparison of the environmental and economic performance of the other seven scenarios Scenarios S2 to S8 were designed from the composition of the goals established in the National Solid Waste Management Plan and the treatment and fi nal disposal al ternatives that could be incorporated into Sorocaba s MSWMS Table 2 summarizes the scenarios as a function of the category of solid waste and the treatments employed The selective waste collection system was used in scenarios S1 to S5 to collect the MSW destined for the sorting and composting units The average fuel consumption of ordinary garbage collection was estimated at 2 43 L t MSW and that of selective waste collec tion at 7 06 L t MSW based on the study by Paes et al 2018 For scenarios S6 to S8 it was stipulated that all forms of collection and transportation would have the same consumption as that of the conventional garbage collection system 2 43 L t MSW Table B Supplementary Material shows the quantities of transported waste and the diesel fuel consumed by the solid waste collection system of each scenario In the specifi c case of S7 the targets remain the same but all plastic and paper waste was destined for incineration In the case of S8 decentralized composting of 10 of the wet wastes were included to be carried out at the sites of origin such as gated communities neighbourhoods schools and public spaces in the city Consequently it would forestall the transportation and use of waste treatment units considered in this study for this fraction of wastes Table C Supplementary Material presents the actual indices of fi nal disposal in annual quantities and reuse of material in each scenario 2 3 Life cycle modeling The environmental performance was determined based on an attributive LCA with a cradle to grave approach according to the Table 1 Characterization and t