英语专业大三写作复习资料.ppt

SomeImportantFeaturesofEnglishWritingCulture Timeorlifevalue savetime makefulluseoftimeTherefore incommunication gotothepointimmediately tobestraightforwardtosaveyourowntimeandtheaudience stimeSoitiswithwriting Toexpressorconveythewriter sideasassoonaspossibleandsavethetimeoftheaudienceorreader 1 Tellideasdirectlyorstraight forwardlywithProperlinguisticdictionandformsCorrect appropriateexpressions words phrases Precise TrytorecallthecomplexformsofN V Adj andAdv inEnglishgrammarfornumber time voice aspectandmood Whysuch Noambiguityorvagueness Concise noredundancy Proper precise appropriateandconcisesentencestructure relativeconjunctions joints periodicsentences Properdevelopmentpatterns Linearthoughtpattern top downpattern p270 Alwayspresentthemainideaatthebeginningofapaper chapter sectionandparagraph also ofaconversation Trytorecall whereisthemainideaofaparagraphorpassageoftenlocated Preciseideapresentation 2 Beobjectiveorfact driven Providefactsorevidencesinsteadofsubjectiveassumptionforconvincingness Lessdescriptionoffeelingsinnarratives Thirdpersoninargumentations Donotleavetheaudienceorreaderwastingtheirtimeinpuzzles3 Makethewritingtopicmeaningfulorusefulandthematerialsrelevant typical sufficient4 holdthereader sattentionorinteresttothemainideaofeachparagraph partandthewholepassagebythemeaningfultopic theunity cohesionandcoherenceofthewriting cohesivedevices Chpt 9introduction conclusion andtheoriginality creativityofideasorevidencesConsideratenessfortheaudienceisthatforyourself Thepurposeofyourwritingistosellyouideastothereaders assoonaspossible Iftheycannotunderstandyourideasordonothavethepatiencetoreadon yourworkismeaningless Waysforvariety 1 synonym nearsynonymorantonym superordinatesorhyponyms generalwords p140 2 changeinpartofspeech3 non predicatephrases participle gerund infinitive Ch10 22ofGrmr Danglingmodifiers p256ofGrmr 4 clause Ch33 35ofGrmr 5 nominative nominalabsolutestructure p375 378ofGrmr 6 verblessstructure p373 374ofGrmr 7 changeinsentencepattern voice periodicalsentence formalsubject object 3 48 ellipsis p128 3 p438 446ofGrmr 9 substitution selectionofpronouns p127 1 2 p427 437and91 92ofGrmr selectionoffiguresofspeech simile metaphor synecdoche euphemism hyperbole 10 changeindevelopmentpattern LooseSentenceThissentenceisabasicstatementwithastringofdetailsaddedtoitafterthebasicstatement Basicstatement Bellsrang Loosesentence Bellsrang fillingtheairwiththeirclangor startlingpigeonsintoflightfromeverybelfry bringingpeopleintothestreetstohearthenews Basicstatement Theteacherconsideredhimagoodstudent Loosesentence Theteacherconsideredhimagoodstudent steadyifnotinspired willingifnoteager responsivetoinstructionandresponsibleforhiswork2 PeriodicSentence Inthissentence additionaldetailsareplacedbeforeorinsidethebasicstatement Delay ofcourse isthesecretweaponoftheperiodicsentence Basicstatement Johngavehismotherflowers Periodicsentence John thetoughone thesullenkidwhoscoffedatanyshowofsentiment gavehismotherflowers Basicstatement ThecatscratchedSally Periodicsentence Suddenly fornoapparentreason theloveablecatscratchedSally Basicstatement Loveisblind Periodicsentence Love aseveryoneknowsexceptthosewhohappenedtohavebeenafflictedwithit isblind 论文提纲 OutlineChecklist 1 各级标题语言要简洁 准确 具体 concise preciseandspecific 2 各级标题语法结构要一致 identical thesame 或全部用句子 或全部用名词 名词性短语 不定式短语 一般是名词短语 3 各级标题观点要正确 具体 properandspecific 4 下级标题与上级标题要有很高的关联度 highrelevance 5 上下级标题观点之间的从属关系要层次分明 hierarchical superordinated subordinate 同级并列关系的标题观点之间不应有包含或重叠关系 nooverlapbetweenthetitlesatthesamelevel 同级标题观点之间的范畴要基本一致 similarscopebetweenthetitlesatthesamelevel 6 一个标题一般只能有一个主题 uniquefocusinonetitle 7 要尽量体现同级标题之间可能的逻辑关系 possiblelogicbetweensubtitlesandparagraphsatthesamelevel 8 所有标题开头单词 结尾单词和其余全部实词的第一个字母大写 capitalization 9 用阿拉伯数字体系表现论文提纲各部分 各级标题的关系 Arabic 见毕业论文格式 UnitFiveWritingtechniques p 62 NotonlysensitivetothedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishwritingandtolerantofthesedifferences butalsoflexibleinadjustingourownwritingtechniques beingmore fact driven than opinion driven moreinformativethanentertaining inordertoachievehispurposeofwritingneedstodevelopinterculturalcompetenceatthreelevels thewordlevel thesentencelevelandthediscourselevel Needtopaymoretothedifferencesatdiscourselevel usingmorecohesivedevices especiallythelexicaldevices toachievecoherence Englishnativewriting more fact driven than opinion driven moreinformativethanentertainingTypicalwesternpeopleseemtobemorestraightforwardintheirthinkingandbehaviorthanChinesepeople Weneedtobemorestraightforwardbothinlanguageandincontent particularly bemorecohesiveinlanguage andbemorerelevantbyprovidingmorefactsthanopinions Unit18 P262ProperandAppropriatedictionGeographical formalorinformal cultural religion age sexCommoncoreissafebutnotalwaysappropriate P270Linearthoughtpatternandcircularthoughtpattern top downpattern descendingorderofimportance andbottom uppattern ascendingorprogressiveorder incommunicationorwriting Unit9 Howtostudythisunitfromtheperspectiveofwritingskills p423 424 Grmr Logicalconnectors p124 p423 424 Grmr AdditionReinforcementoremphasisTimespatialorderIdentityConcessionSummaryTurntotheoppositeGrammaticalcohesion p127 Reference choiceofpronoun 91 92ofGrmr Substitution p427 437ofGrmr Ellipsis p438 446ofGrmr Unit10Reiteration p140 repetitionCollocation p141 usedinthesamefield Thepossibleuseormeaningcollocationandtheuseinthesamefieldarehelpfultoworkoutthemeaningofnewwordsincontext parallelism p142 akindofrepetitionoflargerstructuresofsamegrammaticalform s Deadlineforthefirstdraft nextMondayeveningTakeelectronicdrafttothenextclass Unit11Argumentation2 Proceduresofconstructinganargumentation p155 choosingasubject ameaningfulone Factualsubject no wintopics interestingtothereadersrestrictingitnottoobroadortoonarrowSpecificandclearthemestructureofanargumentativeessay introduction p127 body relevancewhichisalwaysthefirstdecisivefactor typical sufficient objectiveconclusion 1 N appeal significance benefits possiblefuturedevelopment problemsforfurtherstudy aschemeoroutline Unit12Argumentation 2 Logicalappeal p165 1 Deductivereasoning fromthegeneraltothespecific top downpattern2 Inductivereasoning fromthegeneraltothespecific bottom uppattern3 Causalreasoning p96 184 4 Analogy p185 5 Combinationofall thepreferenceofdeductivereasoningtoinductivereasoningisanotherprooffortop downpattern Unit13Argumentation 3 Howtostudytheintroductiononp181 transitionfromthepreviouschaptertothisoneandintroductionofthefocusofthischapter Addthemainpointsofthefollowingthreesectionsafterthefirsttransitionalsentenceanddeletethesecondemptysentence 1 Effectiveargumentationisbestaccomplishedthrougheffectiveuseoflanguage p181 2 Avoidambiguouslanguage p181 Wemusttakecarethateachwordhasexactlythemeaningweintend Noexpressionofmulti interpretationormulti functioncanbeusedincertaincontext 3 Avoidvaguelanguage p182 4 Avoidlogicalfallacies p182 183 5 Developfocusingskills p183 186 5 1usetheparagraphstofocustheargument 184 construct astrongrelevanceintheideasbetweenthesuper ordinateandsubordinatetitles thepapertitle chaptertitles sectiontitles subsectiontitlesandtopicsentences astrongrelevancebetweeneachtopicsentenceanditssupportingmaterialsineachparagraph andasoundrelationship parallelism cause effect condition result progressiveness transitionorturning contrast successiveorchronologicalsequence top down bottom up etc betweensections subsectionsorparagraphsatthesamelevel a Introduction bearsstrongrelevancetothefocusorthekeyconceptofthepapertitle hooksthereadersbysomebackgroundinformationand themostimportant themainpointsofthispaperunderthetitlewhichare infact thekeyconceptsinthesubtitlesofapaper chapterorsection b Conclusion bearsstrongrelevancetothefocusorthemeofthepaper thekeyconceptineachchaptertitletogetherwithbriefargumentsbysummarizingtheargument restatingthetheme makinganappealforthetheme andpointingoutthesignificance possibledevelopment problemsforfurtherstudyifpossible toconfirmthestrongrelevanceoftheselectedmaterial s tothepointofeachparagraphorsectionorchapter thateachoftheselectedmaterialsstronglysupportsthepointofeachparagraphorsectionorchapter itisessentialto1 clearlyclassifyorsortthematerialsaccordingtothemainideaofeachcollectedmaterialbycarefullystudyingthematerialsforthemainidea2 deserttheirrelevantmaterials3 ordertheimportanceofallselectedmaterials4 Checktherelevancebetweenthehierarchicaltitlesintheoutline5 2Uselogicaltransitions p186 p124 126 In ClassTeamwork 1 Checktheformatofinformationsources2 Studyinteamthecollectedmaterialsfor DifferencesbetweenAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglish toconfirmtherelevanceofthematerialstothethemeofthispaper a Tellaloudtothepartnersinturnyourmaterialsathandb Classifyinteamallthematerialsinyourgroup c Deserttheirrelevantonesd Ordertheimportanceoftheselectedmaterialse Writetheteamoutlinef Checktherelevancebetweenthehierarchicaltitlesintheoutline6 Writeawholeargumentativeessay p186 187 Unit6Expositionbyexamples 70 1 Howtostudyandimprovethefirstparagraph Functionofexamples 70 Factsspeaklouderthanwords 2 Organizationofexamples ofteninaprogressiveoneforclimax3 SourcesPersonalobservationsorinvestigations specificOutsidesources oftenborrowed accurateinformationandthesourcesHypotheticalones logicalsupposals4 Coherencetop downpatternBottom uppatternQuestion answer4 Transitions p124 127 acaseinpointisthat atypicalexampleis asinthefollowing Exemplifye g sayInsum examplesshouldberelevant typical adequate sufficientandinaprogressivesequence Expositionbydefinition p80 1 Howtostudytheintroduction 2 Bydescribingthecharacteristics functions origin etc 3 BygivingasimilarorsimplerexpressionAppositiveorparaphraseOr namely i e Idest thatis as is called named termed inotherwords p126 Topicsforamini writingWhatis NewHistoricismDeconstructionPsychoanalyticcriticismFeministLiteraryCriticismStructuralismandPost StructuralismTheNewCriticismMarxistCriticismTheRomanticCriticalTraditionNeo ClassicalCriticismBiblicalHermeneuticsCulturalStudyHowtowritealiteraryview 王先霈 胡亚敏 文学批评原理 M 武汉 华中师范大学出版社 1999 Unit7ExpositionbyProcess p88 Howtostudythefirstparagraph AtypicalEnglishintroduction definition thechiefpointsofthefollowingsection 2 Twokindsofprocessanalysisessaysaccordingtothepurposeandstyle1 Theinstructionalessay directiona Secondpersonorimperativesentencesbeginningwithactiveverbs Conciseandclear sufficientandaccuratespecificdetailstodistinguisheachstepsomepossiblewarnings2 Informationalessay explanationThefirstorthirdpersonSomethingofanarration butalittledifferent narrationoccursonlyonce whiletheprocessdescriptionmustbeaprocedureofrepetitionorrecycle3 Organization logicaland orchronologicalorder thereasons4 Transitions p124 126 ExpositionbyCauseandEffect p96 p166 184 1 Howtostudythefirstparagraph AtypicalEnglishintroduction transition definitionofthekeyconceptofthissection averyexampleofcontrast 2 Purposes informative persuasiveor andperspectivesharing p28 accordingtodifferentaudience3 TypeofcausesMainandcontributory secondary causesThecausa