高级英语上册课件.ppt

TheTrialThatRockedtheWorldByJohnScopes Unit10 TheTrialThatRockedTheWorld TheMonkeyTrial TheScopesTrial TheStateofTennesseeVSScopes JohnScopesEvolutionTrial QuestionsforStudentstoStudyinUnit10 1 Whatdoyouknowaboutthetrial 2 Whatroledoesreligionplayduringthetrial 3 Whoisthemanwhostarteditall 4 Whatdoyouknowaboutfundamentalism 5 Whatisthenatureofthetrial 6 ThemanbehindtheScopesTrial 7 Theresultandthesignificanceofthetrial 1 TogetacquaintedwiththeauthorandtheAmericansocialbackgroundofthemonkeytrialandeventsrelatedtothisworldwidetrial 2 TolearnAmericanlegalsystemsandgetfamiliarwithsomelegalterms 3 Todevelopinterestinthestudyofaptlyemployedrhetoricaldevicesbytheauthor 4 Tocultivatetheabilitytoappreciateandanalyzetheoriginalwritingsandthetechniquesadoptedinthistext I LearningObjectives II TeachingTasks 1 Pre readingquestions2 Backgroundknowledge3 Typeofliterature4 Macro structureofthetext5 DetailedStudyofthetext6 Rhetoricdevices7 Follow updiscussion8 ExerciseandHomework 1 Pre readingquestions 1 Howdoyouunderstandthetitle 2 DoyouknowwhytheScopesTrialwasalsocalledtheMonkeyTrial theEvolutionTrial 3 Whatresultdoyouexpecttoreadaboutthetrial TheScopes MonkeyTrial TheScopestrial alsoknownasthe MonkeyTrial isoneofthemostfamouscourtroomdramasinUnitedStateshistory Thepress H LMencken dubbedittheMonkeyTrialbecause accordingtopopularbelief evolutionmeantthathumansweredescendedfrommonkeys 2 BackgroundKnowledge 1 TheAuthor JohnScopesandSomeRelevantInformationAssociatedwiththeTrial2 SocialBackground3 Americanlegalsystem4 WilliamJenningsBryan ClarenceDarrow5 CharlesDarwin6 Fundamentalism BriefIntroductionoftheTrial In1925 abiologyteachernamedJohnScopeswasarrestedforteachingevolutionindefianceof 无视 不顾 Tennesseestatelaw Histrialbecameanepiceventofthetwentiethcentury adebateoverfreespeechthatspiraled使螺旋形上升intoanall outduelbetweenscienceandreligion Featuring togivespecialattentionto twoofthecentury sgreatestorators attorneysClarenceDarrowandWilliamJenningsBryan theScopestrialwasAmerica sfirstmajormediaevent withhundredsofreportersandlivenationwideradiocoveragedispersingthesensationalnews Outsidethecourthouse acircusatmosphereprevailedasachimpanzeeinasuitandhatviedwithfire and brimstonepreachersforthecrowd sattention MonkeyTrialexploresthedramaticmomentwhenanewfaultlineopenedinsocietyasscientificdiscoveriesbegantochallengetheliteraltruthoftheBible 1 JohnScopesandSomeRelevantInformationAssociatedwiththeTrial JohnScopes ahighschoolbiologyteacherchargedwithillegallyteachingthetheoryofevolutioninthe MonkeyTrial thetrialofthecentury andtheauthorofCentreoftheStorm 1967 Aman sfate shapedbyheredityandenvironmentandanoccasionalaccident isoftenstrangerthananythingtheimaginationmayproduce JohnScopes 1 JohnScopes 1900 1970 JohnScopeswastheRheaCountyscienceteacherandathleticcoachwhowillinglybecameadefendantinthetrial ScopeshadacceptedhisfirstteachingpositioninDaytonaftergraduatingin1924fromtheUniversityofKentucky wherehewastaughtevolution Hewasaccusedofbreakingthelaw andwasthedefendantinthecase Scopeswasonlytwenty fouratthetimeofthetrial Hehadboyishlooks reddishhair andworehorn rimmedglasses Hewasdescribedasmodest friendly helpfulandshy Asthelastprincipalinthistrial hedecidedtowriteastorydescribingthehighlightsofthetrial 2 TheSocialBackground Theearly1920 sfoundsocialpatternsinchaos Traditionalists theolderVictorians worriedthateverythingvaluablewasending Youngermodernistsnolongeraskedwhethersocietywouldapproveoftheirbehavior onlywhethertheirbehaviormettheapprovaloftheirintellect Intellectualexperimentationflourished TheAmericansdancedtothesoundoftheJazzAge showedtheircontemptforalcoholicprohibition anddebatedabstractartandFreudiantheories Inresponsetothenewsocialpatternssetinmotionbymodernism awaveofrevivalismdeveloped becomingespeciallystrongintheAmericanSouth Inthesummerof1925 historywasmadeinthesmalltownofDayton Tennessee Theissueathandwasthe ButlerLaw whichforbidtheteachingofevolutioninpublicschools PUBLICACTSOFTHESTATEOFTENNESSEEPASSEDBYTHESIXTY FOURTHGENERALASSEMBLY1925CHAPTERNO 27HouseBillNo 185 ByMr Butler 3 Americanlegalsystem ThelegalsystemintheU S originatedfromtheEnglishsystemofcommonlaw unwrittenlawinwhichprecedent判例playsanimportantrole However astheU S developed itsownsystemofwrittenstatutesandcodesevolved Americanlawisnowbasedonablend混和ofwrittenlegaldecisionsandoflegislation TherearetwotypesofAmericanlaw civillawandcriminallaw Civillawcoverssuit诉讼betweenindividuals companiesaswellaspeopleare individuals insuranceclaims divorcesareexamplesofmattershandledundercivillaw Criminallawcoverscasesbroughtbythestateagainstindividuals criminaloffencesrangefromtrafficticketstomajorcrimeslikehijackingandmurder Executive theLegislativeandtheJudicial Apyramidstructure SupremeCourtAppellateCourts受理上诉的法院 高等法院TrialCourtsFederalCourt SuperiorCourtsorCommonwealthCourts StateCourt trialcourtsorcourtsofcommonplea TheLegalSystemoftheU S A Courts population 5 689 283area 109 153km2capital Nashville TheTennesseeState aHistoryofConflictingIdeas BeforetheWarofIndependence thecolonyofSpanish French andEnglishexplorersandpartofCarolinaandLouisiana the16thstatein1796DuringtheCivilWar 1861 recedingfromtheUnion beingoneoftheconfederatestates 1866 firsttobereadmittedtotheUnion AftertheCivilWar raciallysegregatedtoestablish whitesupremacy In1900 ratifyingthe21stAmendmentoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates givingwomenthevote In1925 theScopestrial aninfamyofignoranceandbigotryitbearsuntothisday Itsfurtherinfluencewasreflectedinthepassingofa1973billprohibitingtheteachingofevolutionasafactratherthanatheory DuringtheCivilRightsMovement in1952 theUniversityofTennesseeadmittedfourAfricanAmericanstoitsgraduateschool MemphisStateUniversitybegandesegregationin1955 1959 nonviolentprotestsinNashvillewasheldonthepartofAfricanAmericans ItdidnotadmitagovernoroftheRepublicanPartyuntil1971 in1974 theState sfirstAfricanAmericancongressmancametothepoliticalarena 4 WilliamJenningsBryan Bryan WilliamJennings 1860 1925 wasbornfromamiddle classfamilyinSalem Ill andgraduatedfromIllinoisCollegeinJacksonvilleandtheUnionCollegeofLawinChicago HewasanotedAmericanleader oratorandstatesman ADemocrat heranunsuccessfullyforPresidentoftheUnitedStatesthreetimes 3timesanomineeforthepresidency SecretaryofState 1901 1925 Justbeforehisdeath 1925 Bryanfiguredasoneoftheprosecutingattorneysandastate switnessagainsttheteachingofDarwinianevolutioninthethefamedScopestrialheldatDayton Tennessee 5 ClarenceDarrow Darrow ClarenceSeward 1857 1938 wasthemostfamousAmericanlawyeroftheearly1900 s Hewascleverandeloquent andearnedaworldwidereputationasabrilliantcriminaldefenseattorney Heactedprofessionallyinmanycasesagainstmonopoliesoronthesideoflabor hepleadedfortheNegrodefendantsintheScottsborotrial 1932 HewasalsothepresidentoftheAmericanLeaguetoabolishCapitalPunishment JohnScopeswastheonlyclientthatDarrowevervolunteeredtorepresent doingsoatnocharge WilliamJenningsBryan ClarenceDarrow 6 CharlesDarwin CharlesDarwin 1809 82 Englishnaturalistandbiologistwhobecamefamousforhistheoriesonevolution Darwinbelievedthatthroughmillionsofyears allspeciesofplantsandanimalshadevolvedfromafewcommonancestors DarwinsetforthhistheoriesinhisbookOntheOriginofSpeciesbyMeansofNaturalSelection orthePresentationofFavoredRacesintheStruggleforLife Hegatheredfactsthatsupportedtheideaofevolution andheproposedthatevolutionoccurredthroughaprocesscallednaturalselection Darwin stheoriesshockedmostpeopleofhisday whobelievedthateachspecieshadbeencreatedbyaseparatedivineact Hisbook whichisusuallycalledsimplyTheOriginofSpecies presentedfactsthatdisputedthisbelief Itcausedarevolutioninbiologicalscienceandgreatlyaffectedreligiousthought Anecdote OnceDarwincameacrossaverybeautifulyoungladyonaball TheladychallengedDarwin DoyouthinkI malsodescendedfrommonkeys Darwinglancedatherandreplied Definitely Butthedifferenceisthatyouaredescendedfromaverycharmingmonkey 7 Fundamentalism ItisalsofundamentalistChristianity atermtodescribestrictadherencetoChristiandoctrinesbasedonaliteralinterpretationoftheBibleinAmerica ItemergedasareactiontoliberalizingtrendsinAmericanProtestantismduringthefirsttwodecadesofthe20thcentury Fromthe1890stotheScopes MonkeyTrial of1925 Fundamentalismfounditsfirststageofdevelopment Initssecondphase itpassedfrompublicview butneveractuallydisappearedorevenlostground Ithasenjoyedconsiderablegrowthsince1970s Date July10 25 1925Setting RheaCountycourthouseinDayton Tennessee siteofthetrial Event MonkeyTrialbetweenDarwinism fundamentalismBackgroundoftheTrial a CharlesDarwin sOriginofSpecies publishedinNov 1859 thetheoryofnaturalselectionb theButlerlaw theanti evolutionlaw outlawingtheteachingofevolutionc theACLU fledglingorganizationdevotedtoindividualrights offeringtopaycourtcostsforanyTennesseeteacherwillingtotesttheanti evolutionlawinthecourts 8 TheScopes MonkeyTrial BiographiesofKeyFiguresintheScopesTrial JohnScopes thedefendantrepresentingscientificDarwinism TennesseeState theprosecutingsiderepresentingfundamentalism JohnWashingtonButler AuthoroftheAnti EvolutionActGeorgeRappalyea TheManBehindtheScopesTrialWilliamJenningsBryan TheVisitingProsecutingAttorneyClarenceDarrow TheMostFamousoftheDefenseAttorneysH L Mencken TheReporterfromBaltimoreMaynardMetcalf AScientificExpertBriefNotesonOtherTrialParticipantsBenG McKenzie ProsecutorA ThomasStewart ProsecutorArthurGarfieldHays DefenseAttorneyDudleyFieldMalone DefenseAttorneyJohnRandolphNeal DefenseAttorneyJudgeJohnT Raulston JohnScopes ClarenceDarrow WilliamJ Bryan Scopes NealandRappalyeabeneath ReadYourBible banner Anti evolutionleaguestandinDayton JudgeRaulstonstandingwiththeScopesjury Theyexchangecourtroomgreetings Bryan speechduringtrial Darrowaddressingthejuryandspectators JudgeRaulstondeliversaruling Openingstatementspicturedthetrialasatitanicstrugglebetweengoodandevilortruthandignorance Bryanclaimedthat Ifevolutionwins Christianitygoes Darrowargued Scopesisn tontrial civilizationisontrial DarrowexaminesBryan JohnScopesintheCourthouse DaytonSceneDuringtheTrial Whatwerethebasicarguments Darrow sargument a Creationismconflictswithmodernscience soitmustbeincorrect b TheBiblecontainsillogicalities contradictions andimpossibilities soitcannotbetakenliterally c SinceevolutionandtheBiblecanbereconciled thereisnoconflictbetweenscienceandreligion Bryan sargument a Godcanoverride ignore thelawsofnaturewithmiracles b God srevealedtruthsupersedes replace scientificevidence c WhenmancannotexplainorunderstandtheBible itshowsthatman swisdomisinferiortoGod s notthattheBibleisuntrue d Thescienceofthedaywasnotconclusiveaboutevolution forexample differentscientistsgaveestimatesoftheearth sagerangingfrom24millionto300millionyears Asacase itisnotasmuchalegallandmarkasasociallandmark Itwasaclashbetweentraditionalismanditsvaluesandmodernismanditsvalues Itremainsanissue Darwinismandevolutionchallengethenotionthatwearespecialasaspecies DouglasLinderoftheUniversityofMissouri KansasCitylawschool whoteachesaseminaronfamoustrials Today thetrialisnoteworthyforthelegal scientific religious philosophicalandpoliticalquestionsitraised questionsthatwillremainforalongtimetocome Thenatureofthetrial conflictsofvariousideas a Fundamentalismvs liberalism personalfreedom b Creationism thebeliefinagodwhoistheabsolutecreatorofheavenandearth outofnothing byanactoffreewill vs evolutionism theideaofmanevolvingfromotherspecies c Traditionalism Aphilosophicalsystemwhichmakestraditionthesupremecriterionandruleofcertitude vs modernism lossoffaithinanybelief d Rationalism theideathatthehumanreasonisthesolesourceandfinaltestofalltruth vs irrationalism asystememphasizingintuition instinct feeling orfaithratherthanreason TheSiteoftheTrial Dayton TennesseeIt sspringtimeinDayton Tennessee populationaround6 000 Theannualstrawberryfestival withitsparadesandstreetvendors givesthetownafestiveair Today thebattlebetweenDarwinismandcreationismcontinuesinanationbuiltaroundtheseparationofchurchandstate 3 TypeofLiterature Itisnarrationinterspersedwithflashbacks 4 TheMacro structureoftheText PartI Para 1 Agenerallayoutofthetrial when where who what why PartII Para 2 9 DirectandindirectcausesbringingaboutthetrialandtheintroductionofthekeyfiguresattendingthetrialPartIII Para 10 34 ProcessandresultofthetrialPartIV Para 35 38 Influenceofthetrial 5 Detailedstudyofthetext Para1 1 Whatcanyouinferfromthefirstsentence 2 WhatdidWilliamJenningsBryandobeforeheservedastheleadingcounselfortheprosecution 3 Accordingtotheauthor whathadbroughtabouthistrial Para2 1 Whowerepresentatthetrial 2 Didthetrialattractalotofpublicattention Howdoyouknow 3 Paraphrase we llshowthemafewtricks 4 Identifyandexplainthefigureofspeechembeddedin Darrowhadwhisperedthrowingareassuringarmaroundmyshoulder Para3 1 Paraphrase Thecasehaderuptedroundmyhead Whatarethefiguresofspeechthissentencecontains 2 Whatdidthefundamentalistsadhereto orbelievein Howaboutthemodernists 3 WhatdoyouknowabouttheBibleandtheGenesis 5 DetailedStudyofthetext Para 11 Whatdoesthefirstsentencetellusaboutthetrial 2 What sthedifferencebetween counsel and lawyer 3 Whatdidtheauthorthinkofthecounselforhisdefenseandtheleadingcounselfortheprosecution 4 Accordingtotheauthor whathadbroughtabouthistrial Para 21 Whohadcometothelittletowntotestifyonhisbehalf 2 Didthetrialattractalotofpublicattention Howdoyouknow 3 Paraphrase we llshowthemafewtricks 4 Identifyandexplainthefigureofspeechembeddedin Darrowhadwhisperedthrowingareassuringarmaroundmyshoulder Para 31 Paraphrase Thecasehaderuptedroundmyhead 2 Whatdidthefundamentalistsadhereto orbelievein 3 Howaboutthemodernists 4 WhatdoyouknowabouttheBibleandtheGenesis Para 4 5 61 Whatdoesthestatelegislaturereferto 2 WhatlawhadbeenpassedinTennessee 3 Generalizethedirectreasonforthetrial Para 71 Whatdoestheword indict mean 2 Identifythefigureusedinthefirstsentenceandexplainitinnon figurativelanguage 3 WhatwasACLU sannouncement Whatisimpliedintheannouncement 4 Whatdotheword ironically meanhere 5 WhatdidtheauthorthinkofBryan Para 81 Onthedayofthetrial whatkindofatmospheredidthetownhave 2 Howdidthetownspeoplemakeuseofthetrial 3 Howdoyouunderstandthephrase sproutout 4 Whydidthefundamentalistscometothetown 5 Whatdoes infideloutsiders referto 6 WhatdoyouknowaboutJohnButler 7 WhatdoesthelastsentenceimplyaboutButler Para 91 Whatcanyoutellaboutthepresidingjudgejudgingbyhispronunciation 2 Howdoestheauthordescribethecounselforprosecutionandhiscounsel 3 Whatisthereligiousbackgroundofthedefensecounsel Whatdoesthediversityofthedefensecounselsuggest 4 Whatisanagnostic Para 101 Howdidthetrialstart Andwhatcouldbeanticipatedaboutthetrialfromtheverybeginning 2 Howwasthejurymadeup 3 Whydidtheauthor sfathergrowl That sonehellofajury Para 111 Whatdoestheword spar mean 2 HowdidDarrowopenhisstatement Whatwashisvoicelike 3 Paraphrase Heisherebecauseignoranceandbigotryarerampant anditisamightystrongcombination Para 121 Whatisabakingcourt 2 ExplainDarrow sstatement 3 Identifythefiguresin wearemarchingbackwardtothegloriousageofsixteenthcenturywhenbigotslightedfaggotstoburnthemen 4 Giveanexamplethatscientistswerepersecutedduringthedarkageof16thcentury Para 13 141 HowdidawomanrespondtoDarrow sstatement Why 2 Howdidhispupilstestifyinthecourt 3 Whatdoestheword contaminated meanhere 4 Whatisimpliedin Thereissomedoubtaboutthat Andwhatfigureisused 5 HowdidDarrowfeelwhenhesaidthis Para 151 HowdidBryanaddressthejury 2 Identifythefigureembeddedin TheChristianbelievesthatmancamefromabove Therevolutionistbelieveshemusthavecomefrombelow 3 Explain Bryanwarmedtohiswork Para 161 WhatwasBryansvoicelike 2 What accordingtoBryan didtheexpertscomehundredsofmilestotestify 3 Whatdoesthephrase reconcile with mean 4 HowdidBryanthinkofhumanbeing sorigin Para 171 HowdidBryanthinkofhisownspeech 2 Whatwastheaudience sreaction 3 Doyouknowthemeaningof Amen 4 Identifythefigurein GonewasthefiercefervorofthedayswhenBryanhadsweptthepoliticalarenalikeaprairiefire andexplainitinnon figurativelanguage 5 Identifythefigurein Thecrowdseemedtofeelthattheirchampionhadnotscorchedtheinfidelswiththehotbreathofhisoratoryasheshouldhave andexplainitinplainlanguage Para 181 DidMaloneconsiderBryanadevotedservertoGodoradevotedpolitician 2 WhatdidMaloneappealfororrequest 3 WhatdidMaloneaccuseBryanof 4 Paraphrase Bryancallingforadueltothedeathbetweenscienceandreligion 5 Whatdoes grewinvolume mean Para 191 WhatdidMalonethinkoftruth 2 GeneralizeMalone sattitudetowardsreligionandscience Para 201 HowwasMalone sspeechreceived 2 Whatdoesthe oratoricalduel referto 3 HowdidthejudgerespondtoMalone sspeechandwhythescientistswerenotallowedtotestify Para 211 Whatdoestheword adjourned mean 2 Whatdoesthephrase swarmingwith mean 3 Whatisahawker 4 Identifyandexplainthefigurein Darwinisinside 5 Whatisanentrepreneur 6 Explainthelastsentence Para 22 231 Explainthereporter swords Thepoorbrutecoweredinacornerwithhishandsoverhiseyes afraidofitmightbetrue 2 Whatdoes sulphurousdispatches mean 3 WhywasMenckentobedrivenoutoftown 4 Whywasthetrialresumedoutsidethecourtroom Para 241 Identifythefigurein NowDarrowspranghistrumpcardbycallingBryanasawitnessforthedefense andexplainitinplainlanguage 2 Identifythefigureinthelastsentenceandparaphrasethesentence Para 251 DidBryanunderstandDarrow stricksbychallenginghimasawitness 2 HowdidBryanmeetthechallenge 3 Identifythefigureinthelastsentenceandexplainitinplainlanguage Para 261 HowdidDarrowquestionBryan 2 HowdoyouthinkBryanwouldreplyhisquestions 3 HowdidthecrowdreacttoBryan sreplies Para 27 28 29 1 WhydidBryanmophisbalddomeinsilence 2 Retelltheclimaxofthetrial Para 301 HowdidBryanaddressthejudgewhenspeakingtohiminthecourt 2 Explain usingaTennesseecourttocastslursonHim Para 31 321 WhatcanweinferaboutDarrow sattitudetowardsreligionfromhiswords Iamexaminingyouonyourfoolideas 2 Whatisagavel 3 Paraphrase Thejudgeusedagaveltoquellthehubbubandadjournedcourtuntilnextday Para 33 341 Paraphrase Bryanstoodforlornlyalone 2 HowdidtheauthorfeelwhenspectatorspushedbyhimtoshakeDarrow shands 3 Whatdoesthe oldwarrior referto 4 Whatwastheverdictandtheconviction Para 351 HowdidMalonecalltheauthor sconviction 2 Whatfigureisusedin victo