英语语法-非谓语及动词时态.ppt

非谓语动词 在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词 非谓语动词分为三种形式 不定式 动名词 和分词 分词包括现在分词和过去分词 1 不定式时态 语态主动被动一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone2 动名词时态 语态主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone3 分词时态 语态主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone否定形式 not 不定式 not no 动名词 not 现在分词 动词不定式 1 作主语 Tofinishtheworkintenminutesisveryhard Toloseyourheartmeansfailure 动词不定式短语作主语时 常用it作形式主语 真正的主语不定式置于句后 例如上面两句可用如下形式 Itisveryhardtofinishtheworkintenminutes Itmeansfailuretoloseyourheart 动词不定式 2 作表语 Herjobistocleanthehall Heappearstohavecaughtacold 5 作定语 动词不定式作定语 放在所修饰的名词或代词后 与所修饰名词有如下关系 动宾关系 Ihaveameetingtoattend 注意 不定式为不及物动词时 所修饰的名词如果是地点 工具等 应有必要的介词 如 Hefoundagoodhousetolivein Thechildhasnothingtoworryabout 如果不定式修饰time place way 可以省略介词 Hehasnoplacetolive Thisisthebestwaytoworkoutthisproblem 说明所修饰名词的内容 Wehavemadeaplantofinishthework 序数词和最高级后用不定式做定语 Heisthefirsttogethere 动词不定式 做状语 表目的 Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney Shesoldherhairtobuythewatchchain 表结果 Hearrivedlatetofindthetraingone 常用only放在不定式前表示强调 Ivisitedhimonlytofindhimout 表原因 Theywereverysadtohearthenews 表程度 It stoodarkforustoseeanything Thequestionissimpleforhimtoanswer 非谓语动词做题四步分析 一 分析句子结构 1 manytimes buthestillcouldn tunderstandit 2 manytimes hestillcouldn tunderstandit A HavingbeentoldB ToldC HewastoldD Thoughhehadbeentold C A 4 Ifyou totheleft you llfindthepostoffice 5 totheleft andyou llfindthepostoffice A TurningB ToturnC TurnD Turned 3 totheleft you llfindthepostoffice A C C 二 分析逻辑主语 非谓语动词虽不能作谓语 但仍具有动词特点 其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语 非谓语动词作状语时 其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致 若不一致 则须加上自己的逻辑主语 1 nobuses wehavetowalkhome 2 Sunday Ishallhaveaquietdayathome TherebeingB ItwereC TherewereD Itbeing A D 三 分析语态 分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后 分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系 1 fromspace theearthlooksblue 2 fromspace wecanseetheearthisblue SeenB SeeingC ToseeD See A B 3 Thedirtyclothes thegirlhungthemupoutside 4 thedirtyclothes thegirlhungthemupoutside waswashedB washedC werewashedD havingwashed B D 四 分析时态 1 Thebuilding nowwillbearestaurant 2 Thebuilding nextyearwillbearestaurant 3 Thebuilding lastyearisarestaurant A havingbeenbuiltB tobebuiltC beingbuiltD built C B D 1 Hestoodthere forhismother 2 fortwohours hewentaway waitingB towaitC waitedD Havingwaited A D 巩固练习 1 won tbeofmuchhelp A Tom sgoingB TomgoingC TomtogoD Tomgoes A 2 Theymanaged themeetingroombeforetheguestsarrived A finishingtocleanB finishingcleaningC tofinishcleaningD tofinishtoclean C 3 Wemustfindaroombigenough forallofustoliveB forallofustoliveinC toliveinallofusD ofallofustolive B 4 ateacher Ishouldsetagoodexampletostudents BeingB HavingbeenC TobeD AsIbeing A 5 ateacher onemustfirstbetheirpupil A BeingB HavingbeenC TobeD Tohavebeen A 6 Itwasstupid youradvice formenottotakeB formenottakingC ofmenottotakeD ofmenottaking C It snouse good doingsth 不用todosth 辨别 It snousetotellhimaboutthat wrong It snousetellinghimaboutthat right 动词不定式作宾语补足语 2 使役动词let have make及感官动词see watch notice hear feel等要以不带to的不定式作宾补 Let shavearest 我们休息一会吧 Isawhimcomein 我看见他进来了 感官动词后既可跟不带to的不定式作宾补 也可跟v ing作宾补 前者表示动作的全部过程已结束 后者表示动作正在进行 Isawhimcomedownstairs 我看见他下了楼 说明他下楼了这件事 Isawhimcomingdownstairs 我看见他在下楼 说明他下楼时的情景 注意 动词不定式作宾语的注意事项 2点 1 有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语 也可跟动名词作宾语 但含义不同 remembertodo记住要做某事 rememberdoing记得曾经做过某事forgettodo忘记要做某事forgetdoing忘记曾经做过某事stoptodo停下来去做某事stopdoing停止做某事goontodo继续做另一件事goondoing继续做原来在做的事Irememberseeingyousomewherebefore 我记得以前在哪儿见过你 Pleaseremembertoturnoffthelightwhenyouleave 离开时请记得关好灯 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11组 1stoptodostopdoing2forgettodoforgetdoing3remembertodorememberdoing4regrettodo 要做 regretdoing 已做 5ceasetodoceasedoing6trytodotrydoing7goontodogoondoing8afraidtodo不敢afraidofdoing生怕9meantodomeandoing 4regretdoing todoregrettodo对要做的事遗憾 未做 regretdoing对做过的事遗憾 后悔 已做 Iregrettohavetodothis butIhavenochoice 我很遗憾必须这样去做 我实在没有办法 Idon tregrettellingherwhatIthought 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔 典型例题 Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting Well nowIregret that A todoB tobedoingC tohavedoneD havingdone答案 D regrethavingdonesth 对已发生的事感到遗憾 regrettodosth 对将要做的事感到遗憾 本题为对已说的 7 beafraiddoing todobeafraidtodo不敢 胆怯去做某事 是主观上的原因不去做 意为 怕 beafraidofdoing担心出现doing的状况 结果 doing是客观上造成的 意为 生怕 恐怕 Shewasafraidtostepfurtheringrassbecauseshewasafraidofbeingbittenbyasnake 她生怕被蛇咬着 而不敢在草丛中再走一步 Shewasafraidtowakeherhusband 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫 Shewasafraidofwakingherhusband 她生怕吵醒她丈夫 9 meantodoing todomeantodo打算 想meandoing意味着Imeantogo butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto 我想去 但是我父亲不肯让我去 Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower 赠加工资意味着增加购买力 英语中有些及物动词后只能跟不定式作宾语 want hope wish expect plan demand dare need offer prepare afford manage know learn agree decide determine 只能跟不定式作宾语 promise refuse fail attempt beg care choose claim consent decline long learn seek tend threaten undertake volunteer apply fear swear 只能用动名词的动词 admit承认 excuse原谅 postpone拖延 anticipate期望 fancy想象practise练习 appreciate欣赏 finish完成 prevent防止 avoid避免 forbid禁止 propose建议 consider考虑 forgive宽恕 recollect回忆 understand理解 escape逃避 permit允许 只能用动名词的动词 delay耽搁 imagine想象 resent厌恶 deny否认 involve涉及 resist抵制 detest厌恶 keep保留 risk冒险 dislike讨厌 mind在意 save挽救 dread害怕 miss错过 suggest建议 enjoy喜欢 pardon原谅 非谓语动词综合练习 1 Sayingalwayshaslessdifficultythan A doneB doingC todoD havingdone2 Althoughswimmingishisfavoritesport yethedoesn tlike today A toswimB swimmingC swimD tohaveswim3 Shesaidshewassorry thetrain soshehadtostayhereforanotherday A missingB havingmissedC tomissD tohavemissed4 thesamemistakeagainmadehisparentsveryangry A HisbeingmadeB HehasmadeC HehadmakingD Hismaking5 You dbetternothavethelights alldaylong A burningB burnedC toburnD beingburnt 6 Itis thinkingaboutitnow A ofnouseB notuseC nouseD notofanyuses7 Wouldyouliketosingasongforus A IprefernotB IprefernottoC IprefertonotD Iwouldn tprefer8 Duringthenexttenyears shehadtoworkhard forthenecklace A payingB topayC forpayingD inordertopaying9 Janetwasangryat A mynotwaitingforherB Ididn twaitforherC menotwaitforherD metonotwaitforher10 Pleasegetsomeone thewashingmachine Iwanttogetit assoonaspossible A torepair toberepairedB repair repairedC torepair repairingD torepair repaired 11 moretime hecouldhavedonetheworkmuchbetter A TobegivenB TogiveC GivenD Giving12 Jessiewassick suchnoise A ofhearingB tohearC ofbeingheardD heard13 helefttheroom A FinishingtheworkB HadfinishedtheworkC AfterfinishedtheworkD Havingfinishedthework14 Themachinerequires sotheworkersarerequired ready A repair togetB repairing togetC repairing gettingD toberepaired getting15 WouldyoulikeHelen yousinceyouhavesomedifficulty A helpingB tohelpC hashelpedD help 16 Heisbeginning hismistakes A correctB tocorrectC correctingD corrected17 Mywishis thepeoplewellinthefuture A toserveforB toserveC servingD servingfor18 Thepoorboy withextraordinarystrength fromtheground A filled roseB filling roseC full raisedD filled risen19 Headvised ameeting theproblem A holding todiscussB holding fordiscussingC tohold todiscussD hold discussing20 theteacher andhewilltellyoutheanswer A AskingB AskC IfaskD Ifyouask 21 Hewasmade workingbecauseofhispoorhealth A stoppingB tostopC stoppedD stop22 Doyouconsideritanygood again A totryB tryC tryingD foryoutotry23 Iregret youthatweareunabletoofferyouajob A informingB havinginformedC toinformD toinforming24 Sheadmitted thekey A beingtakingB totakeC havingtakenD tohavetaken25 Besides sheiskindandtender A beautifulB beingbeautifulC shebeautifulD isbeautiful 26 Iwonderedwhetherthemoviewas worth A very seeingB well beingseenC very beingseenD well seeing27 Thelecturerbeganby uswheretheislandwas andwenton aboutitshistory A telling talkingB totell totalkC telling totalkD hetold talking28 Havingfinishedthework A itwasalmostsixo clockB apostmancameanddeliveredtheeveningpaperandsomelettersC supperhadalreadybeenpreparedD wehadarestandthenhadsupper29 Ona morningthelittlematchgirlwasfound atthecornerofthestreet A freezing freezingB freezing frozenC frozen frozenD frozen freezing30 Theyfounda oldman onthegroundwhenthedoorwasbrokenopen A dying lyingB dying liedC dead liedD dead lain 31 Whocouldhaveimaginedsuchasweet temperedgirlasJane suchathing A doingB todoC willdoD does32 Didyouhearthesoundlikethatofadoor A burstB toburstinC burstinD tobeburstin33 Iwasdeepinthought soIdidn tnotice A himtocomeinB himcomeinC hecomeinD himcomingin34 Thewalletwasreturnedtohimwithoutanything A missedB tobemissedC missingD tomiss35 hermotherhadcome herfacelitup A HearingB HavingheardC WhenheardD Whensheheard 36 inwhite shelooksmuchmorebeautiful A WearingB DressingC DressedD Havingdressed37 theboycouldn tenterhishouse A SincethekeyhadlostB ThekeybeinglostC LostthekeyD Havinglostthekey38 TheArcticisconsidered thenorthernpartoftheAtlantic A havingbeenB tohavebeenC tobeD being39 Iamtooglad you A toseeB seeingC sawD atseeing40 Thereis whattheweatherwillbelike A notknowingB noknowingC notknowD noknown 动词时态专项复习 所谓动词时态 是指谓语动词所表示的动作发生的时间和状态 注意 学习时态关键关注时间状语动作发生的时间有过去 现在和将来 动作发生的状态有一般性 进行性和完成性 由此构成英语中16种不同时态 如上表所示 基本时态5种 红色所示 掌握时态的用法 应从以下几点入手 谓语构成 时间状语 一般用法 特殊用法 相关时态的区别 一般现在时 基本用法 一般现在时表示现在经常反复发生的动作 存在的状态或习惯性的动作 时间状语 usually often sometimes everymorning always regularly nowandthen occasionally seldom onSundays atpresent nowadays thesedays atthemoment一般用法 1 经常性或习惯性的动作Igotoworkonfooteveryday Wealwayshelpeachother 2 现在的特征 状态及能力Helovessports Thecoatfitsyouwell 3 普遍真理 格言警句Lighttravelsfasterthansound Practicemakesperfect 特殊用法1 某些表示动作起止的动词 可用一般现在时表示一个按计划 规定 安排要发生的事 如begin be come go leave sail start arrive return end stop open takeoff close fall meet stay takeplace happen等Eg TomorrowisMonday Whendoestheplanetakeoff 2 在时间状语从句 条件状语从句或让步状语从句中 用一般现在时代替一般将来时Ifitrainstomorrow we llputoffthesportsmeeting Ineedonemorestampbeforemycollectioniscompleted Evenifhedoesn tcomethisSunday I llgofishingbymyself 3 特殊句型Here Therecomesourteacher 一般现在时表正在发生的动作 Itis 时间段 since Itis hasbeenfiveyearssinceImovedhere 现在进行时 表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作 时间状语 now atthemoment thesedays nowadays atpresent 一般用法 1 说话时正发生或正进行的动作I mgivingalecture 2 现阶段正在进行而此刻不一定正在进行的动作I mreadinganovelthesedays butIamnotreadingitnow 特殊用法 1 表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作 限于表示来去 开始 结束 离开 到达等瞬间意义的动词 特殊用法1 We releavingonFriday I vewonaholidayfortwotoFlorida Iamtakingmymom2 在时间状语从句 条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来正在进行的动作Don tmentionthiswhenyouaretalkingwithhim Ifsheissleeping don twakeherup 3 现在进行时与always continually constantly allthetime等副词连用表示反复或习惯性的动作 含有某种感情色彩 如赞扬 遗憾 讨厌 不满等 Heisalwayscominglate 不满 You realwaysthinkingofothers 赞扬 Howareyoufeelingtoday 比Howdoyoufeeltoday 更为亲切 一般将来时 基本用法 表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态 或将来某段时间内经常的动作与状态 时间状语 tomorrow nextweek fromnowon inthefuture in 时间段 一般用法 1 将来的动作或状态Ishallgoshoppingthisafternoon Hewillbebackinaweek 2 将来经常发生的动作Inafewyears time mostpeoplewillgotoworkbycar 特殊用法 一般将来时可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作 eg Oilwillfloatonwater Cropswilldiewithoutwater Wheneverhehastime hewillcomeandseeme 其否定式表示 不能 没法 Themachinewon twork 机器没法开动 Thisplaywon tact 戏剧没法上演 begoingtodo betodo will shalldo的区别前两者都可表示按计划 安排做某事 betodo还可表命令 意愿或征求对方意见 Will shalldo则侧重临时的打算 Arewetogoonwiththework Shallwe Ifyouaretobethereontime 意愿 youhaveleftthelighton Oh sorry I llgoandturnitoff 被告知前无打算 一般过去时 一般用法 表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态 包括习惯性动作 时间状语 yesterday lastweek ago later in1980 Ihadsupperat6 30 Iwasn tathomelastnight Myfatheroftentookmetovisitmygrandpawhenhewasalive 特殊用法 1 在时间状语从句 条件状语从句或让步状语从句中过去将来的动作Hesaidhewouldcomeifhewasnotbusy 2 有些情况发生的时间不很清楚 无明确时间状语 但实际是过去发生的 Iwasgladtogetyourletter Whatdidyousay Whatwasthefinalscore 现在完成时 表示动作在过去已经完成 但对现在仍有影响 时间状语 already yet before just ever lately recently often sometimes never once twice for since 基本用法1 不带时间状语的现在完成时表示说话之前动作已经完成 而后果和影响至今存在 Ihaveseenthefilmmanytimes Thecityhastakenonanewlook 2 到现在为止这一时期中发生的情况 可能是多次动作的总和 也可表示状态和习惯性的动作 Howmanypageshavecoveredtoday Shehasdonealotofworkforus Hehasbeenillforaweek 3 表示一直持续到现在的状态Theconferencehaslastedfivedays 4 在时间状语从句 条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来某时已经完成的动作WhenyouhavelearnedEnglish youwillfinditabridgetosomuchknowledge We llstartatsixifithasstoppedrainingbythen 5 特殊句型 It sthefirsttimethat have hasdone Ithasbeen is 时间段 since ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen 6 短暂性动词的完成时不与时间段连用 如需连用可转化成相应的延续性动词 如die bedead leave beaway comeback beback fallinlovewith beinlovewith marry bemarriedto join beamemberof bein Hehasdied 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别 一般过去时表示在过去某个时间内发生的动作 而现在完成时讲的是迄今为止的这一段时间的情况 一个影响现状的动作 无论从时间上 后果上和现在联系起来了 现在是否在这里 刚才在吗 可能找到了 还没找着 过去进行时 表示过去某个时刻或时段正在进行的动作时间状语 一般用法 1 过去某个时刻或时段正在进行的动作Theteachercameinwhentheyweretalking HewasreadingwhileshewaswatchingTV 2 与always continually constantly allthetime等副词连用表示反复或习惯性的动作 含有某种感情色彩 如赞扬 遗憾 讨厌 不满等 同现在进行时 过去完成时 用法 过去某时之前业已发生的动作或情况 过去的过去 时间状语 before after once until bythenendof 过去时间Bytheendoflastyear theyhadtreated30 000patients Theyhadfinishedalltheworkbeforedusk Wecongratulatedthemonthesuccesstheyhadachieved 2 表希望 打算的词如hope expect intend plan mean want think suppose 可用过去完成时表示本打算 希望做而没做到的事 IhadhopedtovisitMountTailastsummer butIwastoobusy 也可表达为hopedtohavevisited washopingtovisit 3特殊句型 刚一 就Nosoonerhad 主语 donethan 主语 did Hardly Scarcelyhad 主语 donewhen 主语 did 及某些虚拟语气句式 Eg NosoonerhaditrainedthanIwenthome Hardly Scarcelyhad Mr WhitearrivedChinawhen he begantowork 注意 此句型中先发生的用完成时 后发生的用一般过去时 用过去完成时有一个重要前提 既两个动作发生在不同时间 先发生的用完成时 但如果两个动作紧接着发生 则可都用一般过去时 Afterwesaidgoodbyetoourfriends weleftthevillage JustbeforeIleftAmerica Isentthematelegram 将来完成时 表将来某时业已发生的动作 常见状语by 将来时间 Ishallhavefinisheditbeforelunch Whenwegetthere theywillhaveleft ThenewbuildingwillhavebeencompletedbytheendofAugust 有时也用来表揣测 Theywillhavearrivedbynow Weworkedtogetherforayear Hewon thaveforgottenme 现在完成进行时 表示现在以前这段时间内一直在进行或反复的动作 可能仍在进行 也可能停了一会儿 Howlonghasitbeenraining I vebeensittinghereallafternoon Shehasbeencyclingtoworkforthelast3weeks 一般过去时仅表示在过去某个时间已经发生的动作 现在完成时的动作发生在过去 但对现在有影响 现在完成进行时则是涉及了3个时间 开始在过去 持续到现在 并可能持续到将来 时态一致 一般主句和从句时态要基本一致 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实 则永远用现在时 Atthattime peopledidnotknowthattheearthmoves Hetoldmelastweekthatheiseighteen 3 宾语从句中如主语是现在时 则从句可根据需要使用任何时态 ehassaidhewillcometoyouanytime 4 时间和条件状语从句中 在陈述语气中一般将来时和过去将来时要用一般现在时和一般过去时代替Ifyouhavetimetomorrow youhadbetterhaveatalkwithyourbossaboutyourpay Exercises 1 Oh dear Iforgottheairtickets You something A haveleftB arealwaysleavingC areleavingD alwaysleft2 I sobusilyrecentlythatI notimetohelpyouwithyourmath That sOK Icanmanageitbymyself A havebeenworking haveB haveworked hadC amworking willhaveD hadbeenworking hadhad 3 Remembertosendmeaphotoofusnexttimeyou tome A arewritingB willwriteC haswrittenD write4 He atthemeeting buthisheartattackpreventedhim A willspeakB isgoingtospeakC hadtospeakD wasgoingtospeak5 Ibegyourpardon butIdidn tquitecatchyou Oh I myself A amtalkingtoB talkedaboutC havetalkedtoD wastalkingto 6 I ping pongquitewell butIhaven thadtimetoplaysincetheNewYear A willplayB haveplayedC playedD play7 What whenIphonedyou I mywork andIwantedtogoout A haveyoudone finishedB wereyoudoing havefinishedC didyoudo hadjustfinishedD wereyoudoing hadjustfinished 8 Haveyoufinishedthereport No I itallthisweek A willdoB haddoneC havedoneD havebeendoing9 We thatyouwouldfixtheTVsetthisweek I msorry I tofixitthisweek butI vebeentoobusy A hadexpected hadintendedB areexpecting hadintendedC expect intendD expected intend 10 Theywon tbuynewclothesbecausethey moneytobuyanewhouse A saveB aresavingC havesavedD weresaving11 Iwillcometoattendyourlectureat10 00tomorrow I msorry bythenmylecturewillhaveendedandI myguestsinmyoffice A isbeingmetB willmeetC willbemeetingD willhavemet 12 IknowMr Brown we toeachotherataninternationalconference A areintroducedB arebeenintroducedC wereintroducedD hadbeenintroduced13 Don tbothertolookformydictionary it someday A turnsupB hasturnedupC willturnupD isgoingtoturnup14 Theplane at7 00pm soIhavetobeattheairportby6 40atthelatest A hasleftB wouldleaveC willhaveleftD leaves 15 Thetrain atthepresentspeeduntilitr