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gre直播讲义终稿XX1018 第一部分短文章Passage1Since the1980s,experts have been claimingthat theskill demands of todays jobshave outstrippedthe skillsworkers possess.Moss andTilly counterthat worker deficiencies lieless injob-specific skillsthan insuch attributesas motivation,interpersonal skills,and appropriatework demeanor.However,Handel suggests that theseperceived deficienciesare merelyan age effect,arguing thatworkers passthrough aphase ofearly adulthoodcharacterized byweak attachmentto theirjobs.As theymature,workers growout ofcasual workattitudes and adjust to the workplacenorms ofjobs that they are more interestedin retaining.Significantly,plaints regardingyounger workershave persistedfor overtwo decades,but similarplaints regardingolder workershave notgrown asthe earliercohorts aged.1.The passagesuggest thatMoss andTilly aremost likely to disagree with the“experts”about which of the following?A.Whether theskills demandedby jobsin the labor markethave changedsince the1980s.B.Whether employersthink thatjob-specific skillsare asimportant assuch attributesas motivationand appropriatework demeanor.C.Whether workers in todays labor market generallylive upto thestandards andexpectations ofemployers.D.Whether adequatenumbers ofworkersin thelabormarket possessthe particularskills demandedby variousdifferent jobs.E.Whether mostworkers aremotivated to acquire newskills that are demandedby thelabormarket.AnswerD2.The lastsentence serves primarily toA.suggest thatworkerdeficienciesare likelyto beemore pronouncedin the future B.introduce factsthat Handelmay havefailed totake intoaount C.cite evidencesupporting Handels argumentabout workersD.show that the workerdeficiencies citedby Handelaremorethan anageeffectE.distinguish certainskills moremonly possessedby youngworkers fromskills moremonly foundamong matureworkers AnswerC1Passage2Ragwort was aidentally introducedto NewZealand in the latenieenth centuryand,like somany invadingforeign species,quickly becamea pest.By the1920s,the weedwas rampant.What madematters worsewas thatits proliferationcoincided withsweeping changesin agricultureandamassive shiftfrom sheepfarming to dairying.Ragwort containsa batteryof toxicand resilientalkaloids:even honeymade fromits flowerscontains thepoison indilute form.Livestock generallyavoid grazingwhere ragwortis growing,but theywill do so onceit displacesgrass andclover in their pasture.Though sheepcan eat it formonths beforeshowing anysigns ofillness,if cattleeatitthey sickenquickly,and fatalitycan evenresult.1.The passagesuggests that the proliferationof ragwortwas particularlyill-timed because it A.coincided with and exacerbateda declinein agricultureB.took placein conditionsthat enabledthe ragwortto spreadfaster than it otherwise would havedone C.led toan increase in theamount oftoxic poundscontained in the plantsD.prevented peoplefrom producinghoney thatcould beeaten safelyE.had consequencesfor livestockthat weremore dramaticthan theyotherwisewould have beenAnswer:E2.The passageimplies which of the following about the problemsragwort posestodairyfarmers?A.Milk produced by cowsthat eatragwort causesillness inhumans whodrink it.B.Ragwort cansupplant theplants normallyeaten bycattle.C.Cattle,unlike sheep,are unable to differentiatebetween ragwortand healthygrazing.Answer:B2Passage3Immediately relevantto gametheory arethe sex ratios incertain parasiticwasp speciesthat havea largeexcess offemales.In thesespecies,fertilized eggsdevelop intofemales andunfertilized eggs into males.A femalestores spermand candetermine the sex ofeach eggshe laysby fertilizingit orleaving itunfertilized.By Fishers geicargument that thesexratio willbe favoredwhich maximizesthe number of descendantsan individualwill haveand hencethe number of genecopies transmitted,it shouldpay afemale to produce equalnumbers ofsons anddaughters.Hamilton,noting thatthe eggsdevelop within their hostthe larvaof another insectand thatthe newlyemerged adultwasps mateimmediately anddisperse,offered aremarkably cogentanalysis.Since onlyone femaleusually layseggs in a givenlarva,it wouldpay hertoproduceone maleonly,because this one malecould fertilizeall hissisters onemergence.Like Fisher,Hamilton lookedfor anevolutionarily stablestrategy,but hewent astep furtherin recognizingthat he was lookingfor astrategy.1.The authorsuggests thatthe workof Fisherand Hamiltonwas similarin thatboth scientistsA.conducted theirresearch atapproximately thesame timeB.sought tomanipulate thesex ratiosof someof theanimals theystudied C.sought anexplanation ofwhy certainsexratiosexist and remain stableD.studied gametheory,thereby providingimportant groundworkfor thelater development of strategytheory E.studied reproduction in thesame animalspecies AnswerC3Passage4Biologists havelong debatedabout whetheregg productionin birds is biologically highly costly,some theorizingthat egg production isenergetically ornutritionally demanding.Lack,however,suggested that clutch sizethe number of eggsa birdlays perbreeding cycleis farbelow the potential limit of egg production.He suggested thatclutch size hadinstead evolvedin relationto the numberof young thatthe parentscould suessfullyrear.Subsequently,most studiesfocused onlimitations operating during chick rearing,particularly amongaltricial species(species in which theparents feedtheir youngin thenest).Lack laterrecognized thatin precocialspecies(species in which youngfeed themselves),clutch sizemight beexplained bydifferent factorsthe availabilityof foodfor egg-laying females,for example.1.The passagesuggests thatbiologists whosay eggproductionin birdsisbiologicallyhighlycostly wouldagree thatclutch sizeis determinedprimarily byA.The nutritionaland energydemandsofeggproduction.B.The numberofyoungthattheparents canrear suessfully.C.Reproductive limitationsoperatingduringchickrearing.D.The availabilityof foodfor newlyhatched chicks.E.The differencesbetween altricialand precocialspecies.Answer:A2.Consider eachof thechoices separatelyand selectall thatapply.The passagesuggests thatLack wouldagreewith which of the following statements aboutfactors affectingclutch sizeinbirds?A.In altricialspecies,clutch sizeis determinedprimarily byfactors operatingafter eggsare laid.B.In precocialspecies,clutch sizeis determinedprimarily byfactors operatingafter eggsare laid.C.In manybird species,clutchsizegenerally remainswell belowthe potentiallimitofeggproduction.Answer:AC4第二部分长文章Passage1In the early twentiethcentury,the idea that pianists should bemusician-scholars whoseplaying reflectedthe wayposers wantedtheir musicto soundreplaced thenotion thatpianistsshouldbe virtuososwhose performancesthrilled audienceswith emotionaldaring andshowy displaysof technique.One importantfigure toemerge in the period,though aharpsichordist rather than apianist,was WandaLandowska(18791959).She demonstratedhow the keyboard worksof Baroqueposers such as Bach,Handel,Scarlatti,and Couperinprobably soundedin theirown times.It would be amistake toconsider Landowskaa classicist,however.She hadbeen bornin anage ofRomantic playingdominated byLiszt,Leschetizky,and theirpupils.Thus shegrew upwithandwas influencedby certainRomantic traditionsof performance,whatever thestringency ofher musicalscholarship;Landowska knewhow to hold audiencesbreathless,and whenshe gaverecitals,they respondedwith deathlikesilence andrapt attention.Her playingwas Romantic,but itwas atleast asclose inspirit to the styleof playingintended byposers of the Baroque(16001750)and Classical(17501830)eras,as have been themore exactingbut lessemotionally resonantinterpretations of most harpsichordistssince Landowska.She hada miraculousquality oftouch,a seeminglyautonomous lefthand;no artistin hergeneration couldclarify withsuch deftnessthe polyphonicwriting of the Baroquemasters.And nonecould maketheir musicso springto life.Her achievementswere theresult of a lifetimeof scholarship,truly remarkablephysical gifts,and resilientrhythm,all binedwith excellentjudgment aboutwhen not to holdthe printednote sacrosanct.Of course,developing suchjudgment demandedconsiderable experienceand imagination.She was a geniusat underliningthe dramaticand emotionalcontent of a piece,and todoso,she tookliberties,all kindsof liberties,while neverthelesspreserving the integrity ofa posers score.In short,her entiremusical approachwas Romantic:intensely personal,full oflight andshade,never pedantic.Thanks toLandowska,Bachs music(originally posed for theharpsichord)now soundedinappropriately thickwhen playedon the piano.One byone,pianists stoppedplaying Bachs musicas adaptedfor thepiano byLiszt orby Tausig.Then theygradually stoppedperforming anykind ofBaroque musicon thepiano,even Scarlattis.The pianorepertoire,it beganto befelt,was extensiveenough withoutreverting totranscriptions ofBaroque musicoriginally writtenfor theharpsichordand pianoperformances ofBach andScarlatti were,despite theobvious similaritiesbetween theharpsichord and thepiano,transcriptions,no matterhow faithfullythe originalnotes wereplayed.In aordancewith thiskind ofpurism camean emphasison studyingposersmanuscript notations,a relativelynew fieldof musicologythat isflourishing eventoday.51.The passagesuggeststhat Landowskas playingembodied arejection ofwhich of the following?A.Emotionally resonantinterpretations of musical works.B.An audiences pletesilence duringa performance.C.Performances ofpreviously obscureBaroque works.D.The ideathataperformer cancorrectly judgewhen nottoholdthe printednote sacrosanct.E.Performances emphasizingshowy displaysof techniquethat promisetheintegrityofaposers originalscore.AnswerE2.Which of the followingcan be inferred from the passageabout thepositions ofScarlatti?A.They wereadapted byLiszt andTausig.B.They havenot beentranscribed faithfully.C.They were not posedduring theBaroque period.D.They wereposedforinstruments otherthan piano.E.They fellout offavor withmost musiciansin theearly twentiethcentury.AnswerD3.The authors assertionthatLandowskashould notbe considereda classicistservesprimarilyto emphasizewhich of the following?A.Landowska specializedin playingthe worksof posersof theBaroque era.B.Landowskas repertoireincluded orchestralmusic only.C.Landowskas musicalperformances werenot devoidof emotion.D.Landowskas repertoireemphasized worksof long-lasting interestand value.E.Landowska advocated the study of Classicalstyle orform.AnswerC6Passage2Frederick Douglass was unquestionablythe mostfamous AfricanAmerican of the nieenthcentury;indeed,when hedied in1895he was among the most distinguishedpublic figuresin theUnited States.In hisstudyof Douglasscareer as a majorfigure in the movementto abolishslavery andasaspokesman forBlack rights,Waldo Martinhas provokedcontroversy bycontending that Douglass alsodeserves aprominent placeintheintellectual history of theUnited Statesbecause heexemplified somany strandsof nieenth-century thought:romanticism,idealism,individualism,liberal humanism,and anunshakable beliefin progress.But this very argumentprovides ammunitionfor those who claimthat mostof Douglassideas,being sorepresentative of their time,are nowobsolete.Douglassvision of thefutureasamelting potinwhichall racialand ethnicdifferences woulddissolve into“a posite American nationality”appears from the pluralist perspective ofmany present-day intellectualsto benot onlyutopian buteven wrongheaded.Yet thereis acentral aspectof Douglassthought thatseems notintheleast bitdated orirrelevant to current concerns.He hasno rivalinthe historyof the nieenth-century UnitedStates asan insistentand effectivecritic of the doctrine of innate racial inequality.He notonly attackedracist ideasin hisspeeches andwritings,but heoffered hisentire careerand allhis achievementsas livingproof thatracists werewrong intheir beliefthat onerace could be inherentlysuperior toanother.While Martinstresses Douglassantiracist egalitarianism,he does not adequatelyexplain howthis aspectofDouglassthought fitsin withhis espousalof the liberal Victorian attitudes thatmany present-day intellectualsconsider to be naiveand outdated.The factis thatDouglasswasattracted to these democratic-capitalist ideals of his time becausethey could be used to attackslavery andthe doctrineof Whitesupremacy.His favoriterhetorical strategywas toexpose thehypocrisy ofthose who,while professingadherence to the idealsof democracyand equalityof opportunity,condoned slavery and racialdiscrimination.It wouldhavebeenstrange indeedif hehad notembraced liberalidealism,becauseitproved itsworth for the causeof racialequality during the nationalcrisis thateventually resultedin emancipationand citizenshipfor African Americans.These pointsmay seemobvious,but hadMartin giventhem moreattention,his analysismight haveconstituted amore convincingrebuttal tothose criticswho dismissDouglassideology asa relicof thepast.If oneaepts theproposition thatDouglassdeepest mitmentwas toBlack equalityand that he usedthe liberalidealsof histimeas weaponsinthefight forthat cause,then it is hardto faulthim forseizing thebest weaponsat hand.71.The passageasawhole canbest bedescribed asdoing which of the following?A.Explaining Douglassemergence asa majorfigure inthe movementto abolishslavery B.Tracing theorigins ofDouglassthought innieenth-century romanticism,idealism,and liberalhumanism C.Analyzing Douglassspeeches andwritings from a modern,pluralistperspectiveD.Criticizing Martinfor failingto stressthe contradictionbetween Douglassprinciples andtheliberal Victorianattitudesof hisday E.Formulating aresponse tothosewhoconsider Douglasspolitical philosophyto bearchaic andirrelevant AnswerE2.It canbe inferredthatthe“present-day intellectuals”believe that A.although Douglass used democratic-capitalist ideasto attackslaveryandracial inequality,he didnot sincerelybelieve inthose ideasB.the viewthatDouglasswas representativeof theintellectual trendsof histime isobsolete C.Douglassopposition to the doctrineof innateracial inequalityis irrelevanttocurrentconcerns D.Douglassmitment toBlack equalitydoes not adequately aountfor hisna?ve attachmentto quaintliberalVictorianpolitical viewsE.Douglassgoal ofultimately doingaway withall racialand ethnicdifferences isneither achievablenor desirableAnswerE3.Aording to the passage,Douglassusedwhichofthe followingas evidenceagainst thedoctrineofinnateracialinequality?A.His ownlife storyB.His visionofapositeAmericannationality C.The hypocrisyof self-professed liberalidealists D.The inevitabilityoftheemancipation ofAfricanAmericansE.The fact that mostprominent intellectualsadvocatedtheabolition ofslavery AnswerA8Passage3Extraordinary creative activity hasbeen characterizedas revolutionary,flying inthe faceof whatis establishedand producingnot whatis aeptablebut whatwill beeaepted.Aording tothis formulation,highly creativeactivity transcendsthe limitsof anexisting formand establishesa new principle of organization.However,the ideathat extraordinarycreativity transcends established limitsis misleadingwhen itis appliedtothearts,even thoughit may be validfor thesciences.Difference betweenhighly creative art andhighly creativescience arisein partfromadifference intheir goals.For thesciences,a newtheory isthe goaland endresult ofthe creativeact.Innovative scienceproduces newpropositions interms ofwhich diversephenomena canbe relatedto one anotherinmore coherentways.Such phenomenaasabrilliant diamondor anesting birdare relegatedtotherole ofdata,serving asthe meansfor formulatingor testinga newtheory.The goalof highlycreativeartisverydifferent:the phenomenonitself beesthe directproduct ofthe creativeact.Shakespeares Hamletis nota tractaboutthebehavior ofindecisive princes or theuses ofpolitical power;nor isPicassos paintingGuernica primarilya propositionalstatement aboutthe SpanishCivil Warortheevils offascism.What highlycreative artisticactivity producesis nota newgeneralization thattranscendsestablishedlimits,but ratheran aestheticparticular.Aesthetic particularsproducedbythe highlycreative artistextend orexploit,in an innovative way,the limitsof anexisting form,ratherthantranscend thatform.This isnottodeny thata highlycreative artistsometimes establishesa newprinciple of organization inthe historyof anartistic field;the poserMonteverdi,who createdmusic ofthe highestaesthetic value,es tomind.More generally,however,whether ornotaposition establishesa newprinciple inthehistoryof musichas littlebearing onits aestheticworth.Because theyembody a newprincipleoforganization,some musicalworks,suchasthe operasoftheFlorentine Camerata,are ofsignal historicalimportance,but fewlisteners ormusicologists wouldinclude theseamong thegreat worksof music.On theother hand,Mozarts TheMarriage ofFigaro issurely amongthe masterpiecesofmusiceven thoughits modestinnovations areconfined toextending existingmeans.It hasbeen saidof Beethoventhat hetoppled the rules andfreed musicfromthestifling confinesof convention.But aclose studyofhispositions revealsthat Beethovenoverturned nofundamental rules.Rather,hewasan inparablestrategist whoexploited limitstherules,forms,and conventionsthatheinherited frompredecessors suchas Haydnand Mozart,Handel andBach instrikingly originalways.91.The authorregards theideathat all highlycreative artisticactivity transcendslimits withA.deep skepticismB.strong indignationC.marked indifferenceD.moderate amusementE.sharp derisionAnswer:A2.The authorimplies thataninnovativescientific contributionisohatA.is citedwith highfrequency inthe publicationsof otherscientists B.is aeptedimmediately bythe scientifiommunity C.doesnotrelegate particularstotherole ofdata D.presents thediscovery ofanewscientific factE.introduces anew validgeneralization Answer:E3.The passagesupplies informationfor answeringwhichofthe followingquestions?A.Has unusualcreativeactivitybeen characterizedas revolutionary?B.Did Beethovenwork withina musicaltradition thatalso includedHandel andBach?C.Who besidesMonteverdi wrotemusic thatthe authorwould considerto embodynew principlesoforga