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Chapter5 Framesandconstructions 5 1Framesandscripts contents Frameandperspective Theframenotion differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts Fromframestoscripts flyingonaplane Therestaurantscript Frameandperspective ThenotionofframewasintroducedintolinguisticsbyCharlesFillmoreinthemiddleofthe1970sbasedonhisbynowclassicexample the commercialevent frame Figure5 1The BUY frame afterFillmore1977a 104 buy Frameandperspective Examples 1 DavidboughtanoldshirtfromJohnfortenpounds 2 JohnsoldanoldshirttoDavidfortenpounds 3 JohnchargedDavidtenpoundsforanoldshirt 4 DavidpaidtenpoundstoJohnforanoldshirt Inthissentenceallfourcomponentsofthe BUY frameare Theassignmentofsyntacticrolesisgovernedbythechoiceoftheverbbuy whichisthesyntacticperspective Frameandperspective Thenotionofperspectivereliesontheprincipleofprominence thatisonfigure groundsegregation The BUY frameisnotjustausefultoolforthesyntacticdescriptionoftheverbbuy butitcanalsobeappliedtotheverbssell chargeandpay Thedifferencebetweenthefourverbsissimplyachangeofperspectivewithinthesameframe Frameandperspective Frameandperspective ThetwoverbsbuyandpaydescribethecomercialeventfromtheBUYER sperspective whilesellandchargeperspectivizethesituationfromtheSELLER spointofview Frameandperspective Thisisafirstsignthattheframeapproachgoesbeyondthefigureandgroundapproachinthatitpaysmoreattentiontothelessprominentpartsofsentenceslikeadverbials Theframenotion differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts thenotionofframe anysystemoflinguisticchoices collectionsofwords choicesofgrammaticalrulesorlinguisticcategries Startingoutfromthislinguisticposition theconceptionoftheframenotionhasshiftedtowardsacognitiveinterpretation Theframenotion differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts Everysentenceevokesacertaincognitiveperspectiveonasituationbythechoiceoftheverbandtheparticularsyntacticpatternthatitgoverns Thebasisforperspectiveismainlyprovidedbythecognitiveabilityofdirectingone sattention Thesimilaritiesbetweentwoapproaches thefigureandgroundapproach theframeandattentionapproach Theframenotion differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts theprofilingofparticipantsinaninteractivenetworkassyntacticfigureandground thenotionofperspectivizingtwoelementsofaframeassubjectandobject TheyrelyonFillmore searlyCaseGrammer andsharethebeliefthatclausepatternscannotbeseeninisolationbutagainsttheircognitivebackground Theframenotion differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts Thedifferencesbetweenthetwoapproaches 1 Researchesworkingintheframeparadigmareinterestedinproblemsrelatedtothemeaningoftheverbsthatbelongtoaframe 2 Theframeapproachpresentsaunifiedviewofsyntacticpatterns 3 thefigureandgroundapproachmainlyemphasizesthetwoprominententitiesonthelevelofclauseinthesyntacticfigureandthesyntacticground however theframehassomethingtosayaboutlinguisticitemsthatattractonlyasmallportionofourattentionpotential Theframenotion differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts EXamples 5 Davidspenttenpoundsonanoldshirt 6 TheoldshirtcostDavidtenpounds Theframenotion differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts Theframenotion differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts Framescanbeconceivedasawayofdescribingthecognitivecontextwhichprovidesthebackgroundforandisassociatedwithcognitivecategories Theframenotion differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts Framesarejustoneofvarietyofcognitivemodelswhichalsoincludethe scenarios domainsandinteractivenetworksandthe scrips Fromframestoscripts flyingonaplane Therelevenceofframesextendsovertheboundariesofsinglesentencestomuchlargerlinguisticandcongnitiveunits Thefollowinglittlestory SuecaughtaplanefromLondontoMadrid Aftershehadfoundherseatshecheckedwhetherthelifevestwasbeneathit butshecouldnotfindit Sosheaskedtheflightattendanttofindoneforher Attention thetwooccurrencesofthedefinitearticlethe Fromframestoscripts flyingonaplane Question Whysothetwousesofthedefinitearticlesoundcompletelynaural althoughtheycannotbeexplainedwiththerulesofgrammaralone Explaination Weneedtomakeinferencesthatarebasedonourworldknowledgetounderstandthedefinitereferences Cognitivecategoriesactbothasanchorsandastriggersforframes Fromframestoscripts flyingonaplane Frameisintheformatofcategoriesandtheirterrelationsthatframesaredesignedanditisbythesamecategoriesthattheyareactivated Categoriesistoprovide defaultassignments bysupplyingcontext dependentprototypes Alltheseexpectationsthatarebasedonourexperienceandstoredinourlong termmemoryarepartoftheframe systemandinfluenceourabilitytoproduceandunderstandthelanguagerelatedtoit Fromframestoscripts flyingonaplane Fromframestoscripts flyingonaplane The FLYINGONAPLANE framehassofarbeenpresentedasifitwereamotleycollectionofcategories Fromframestoscripts flyingonaplane Aflightexhibitsaverypredictabletemporalstructureinwhichonestageisoftenaprerequisiteforthenextstage Viewi
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