《虚拟语气章振邦》PPT课件.ppt

SubjunctiveMood EchoSept 2009 传统虚拟语气 参见英语语法网 传统虚拟语气各种表达方式 Hebehavesasifheownedtheplace I dratheryoulistenedtome IfonlyIhadlistenedtomyteacher IwishIhadn tswallowedthatglassofwhisky I dbeinclinedtotradethatcarinforanewone Wouldyouletmehaveamatch Sheclaimsthatshewouldlovetoliveabroad IfIcoulddriveacar Iwouldteachyou Ifyourfatherhadcaughtus hewouldhavebeenfurious Ifitsnowedtomorrow thematchwouldhavetobecancelled It stimeyouwereinbed Eventhoughheweremybrother Iwouldcasthimout IwishIwereyoungagain IfanAssociationmemberbefoundguilty hismembershipshallbesuspendedandappropriateduesrefunded Itisagoodthingthatherecognizehisfaults 所有这些表示假设意义及其他非事实意义的语法手段 在传统语法书中都归入 虚拟语气 之列 这样 虚拟语气 就显得特别复杂 给初学者带来很大困难 其所以弄得很复杂 是因为同一个动词形式往往必须纳入不同的语法范畴 例如 It stimeyouhadaholiday Ihadameetingyesterday 按照传统说法 前一个had是虚拟语气 后一个had是动词have的过去时态 又例如 Youshouldmindyourownbusiness It sapitythatheshouldbelate Thehorsewouldnotgoanyfurther WouldyoumindifIopenedthewindow 在上面两组句子中 按照传统语法 每组第一句的should would是情态 助 动词 每组第二句的should would却是构成虚拟语气的语气助动词 再加上should would表示 表示过去将来时间 的意义 传统语法称之为 过去将来时态 那么 同一个动词形式should would就应纳入三种不同的语法范畴 一曰情态 助 动词 二曰 语气 助动词 三曰 时态 助动词 一个字 晕 其实 虚拟语气本身没那么复杂 虚拟语气作为一种特殊动词形式 在现代英语中已经濒于消失 英语残留下来的虚拟语气 实际上只剩下两种 即were 型虚拟式和be 型虚拟式 如在前页数例中出现的hewere Iwere ifanAssociationmemberbefoundguilty 以及thatherecognizehisfaults等 即使这点虚拟式的残余也还在变化中 were 型虚拟式现在常为陈述句所取代 如Eventhoughhewas weremybrother Iwouldcasthimout Hetalksasifhewas weremyuncle IwishIwas wereyoungagain Be 型虚拟式现在仍常用语美国英语 而在英国英语中 除仍与用法律文书外 通常为should 不定式所取代 如 It sagoodthingthatherecognizehisfaults 在英国英语中已属古旧 比较罕见 较常见的说法是 It sagoodthingthatheshouldrecognizehisfaults 传统语法繁琐的根本原因 在处理方法上混淆了语法形式和意义 表示 假设意义 及其他 非事实意义 可以用一种特殊的叫做 虚拟语气 的动词形式来表示 但这并不等于说 所有能表示上述意义的便都是动词的 虚拟语气 特别说明 1 为了跟传统语法的 虚拟语气 有所区别 这里把我们所要讲到的SubjunctiveMood译作 虚拟式 而且只限于were 型和be 型 2 至于表示 假设意义 和 非事实意义 的其他手段 分别在动词的时 体形式和情态助动词的用法中处理 SubjunctiveMood Therearetwoformsofthesubjunctive be subjectiveandwere subjunctive Thepresentlecturewilldwellontheusesofthesetwosubjunctiveforms remnantsofOldEnglish expressinghypotheticalandnon factualmeanings be subjective1 Incertainthat clausesa aftersuchverbsasdecide decree demand insist move order prefer propose recommend request require suggest vote etcWeproposethatsomebodyneutraltakethechair Thegeneralcommandedthatthesoldiersadvanceimmediately Heorderedthatallthebooksbesentatonce Ivotewegohome Theyhavedecreedthatallthisfightingend Thecourtdecreedthatthecriminalbepunished b aftersuchadjectivesasadvisable appropriate desirable essential fitting imperative important impossible necessary obligatory proper etcItwasappropriatethatthistaxbeabolished It simportantthathebenominated It sabsolutelyessentialthatthesecretarybeappointedatonce Ithinkitadvisablethatasecretarybeappointedatonce c aftersuchnounsasdecision decree demand instruction order requirement resolution etcTheboardhasgiventhedemandthatthistaxbeabolished Theirdecisionthatshewaituntilnextweekisreasonable Thisuseofthethebe subjunctiveisquitecommoninformalstyle especiallyinAmericanEnglish Thissubjunctiveformcansometimesbereplacedby should infinitive orto infinitive eg Heorderedthatthebooksbesentatonce Heorderedthatthebookshouldbesentatonce Heorderedthebookstobesentatonce 2 Incertainadverbialclausesif though whatever solongas whether lest etc Thisuseofthebe subjectiveislimitedtoformalstyle whileininformalstylethesubjectivemoodor should may infinitive areusedinstead Ifhebefoundguilty Johnshallhavetherightofappeal Thougheveryonedesertyou Iwillnot Whateverbehisdefense wecannottoleratethisdisloyalty Solongasavolumeholdtogether Iamnotdisturbedastoitsouterappearance Whethersheberightorwrong shewillhavemyunswervingsupport Quietlywesatontheriverbanklestthefishswimaway Thisuseofbe subjunctiveislimitedtoformalstyle whileininformalstyletheindicativemoodor should may infinitive areusedinstead Compare Iftherumoristrue everythingispossible Hehidhimselfinthebushlestheshouldbeseen Whateverhisdefensemaybe wecan ttoleratehisdisloyalty 3 IncertainformulaicexpressionsThebe subjectiveisusedinsomeformulaicexpressionstoexpressawish prayer curse etc Theformulaicuseofthebe subjectivetendstobeformalandold fashionedinstyle eg LonglivethePeople sRepublicofChina Godblessyou Goddamnyou Heavenforbid Deviltakehim Sobeit Sufficeittosaythat Farbeitfrommetospoilthefun Hewillremainhereifitneedbe Homeishome beiteversohomely Exercises 1 Mayourgreatmotherlandlivelong Longliveourgreatmotherland 2 Letitbeunderstoodthatbothsidesarewillingtoreachanagreement Beitunderstoodthatbothsidesawillingtoreachanagreement 3 Itsufficestosaythattheopenpolicywillremainunchanged Sufficeittosaythattheopenpolicywillremainunchanged 4 Theambassadorwillstaythereifnecessary Theambassadorwillstaythereifneedbe were subjectiveThewere subjectivehasonlyoneformwere whichappliestosubjectsofallpersons butwhichformallycontrastswiththeindicativeformofwasonlywhenitisusedwithfirstandthirdpersonsingularsubjects Thewere subjectiveishypotheticalorunrealinmeaningandisused 1 IncertainadverbialclausesThewere subjectiveiscommonlyusedinadverbialclausesintroducedbyif ifonly asthough though etctodenoteanunrealconditionorconcession IfIwereyou I dsaygoodbyetothisguy IfonlyIwerenotsoembarrassed Hebehavesasifhewerenotnervousatall Thoughthewholeworldwereagainstme IwoulddowhatIconsiderasright 2 IncertainnominalclausesThewere subjectiveisalsousedinnormalclausesafterverbslikewish wouldrather suppose imagine etctodenoteahypotheticalsituation eg IwishIwereabird I dratherIwereasparrowthanasnail Supposetheuniversewerestill Itmustbenotedthatinpresent dayEnglish thewere subjectivewithfirstandthirdpersonsubjectsisoftenreplacedbytheindicativewasinlessformalstyle Compare IwishIwasabird I dratherIwasasparrowthanasnail Thewere subjectiveisobligatory however inthesetexpressions asitwere sotospeak and ifIwereyou aswellasinnon introducedconditionalclauseswithinvertedwordorder eg Heismybestfriend mysecondself asitwere Wereittoraintomorrow Iwouldstayathomeinsteadofgoingshopping SomefewnotesonwaysofexpressinghypotheticalmeaningsModernEnglishhasanumberofdevisesforexpressinghypotheticalmeanings Inadditiontothebe subjectiveandthewere subjective wecanusepasttenseformsofverbsandpasttensemodalsforthesamepurpose 1 UseofpasttenseformsofverbsThepasttenseformsofverbsareusuallyusedtoexpresshypothesisinthefollowingcontexts a Itistime that b Iwouldrather that you heI msureheiskeepingsomethingback I dratherhetoldmethetruth Theyofferedmethisexpensivewine butfranklyI drathertheyhadofferedmesomebeer c Ifonly IfonlyIgotthenews Iwouldn thavementionedtheunpleasanttopic Ifonlyshehadlistenedtomyadvice d asif asthough Hebehavesasifheweretheownerofthehouse Thewomantalkedeloquentlyabouttheaccidentasthoughshehadwitnessedthewholething e Iwish that IwishIcouldtakebackwhatIhadsaid Iwishthesunwasshiningatthismoment 2 UseofpasttensemodalsThepasttensemodalsarecommonlyusedtoexpresshypothesisinthefollowingcontexts a InconditionalsIfIwereyouIwouldnotmissthisopportunity Ifshehadbeeninvited shewouldhaveattendedthemeeting Ifyoushouldrefusetoappearincourt hemightbeheldguilty b InimpliedconditionalsButforhishelp Icouldn thaveachievedanything Indifferentcircumstances Imighthaveagreed Anyonewhoshoulddowhatthatwouldbelaughedat Thesamethinghappeninginwartimewouldamounttodisaster I mnotfeelingwelltoday otherwiseIwoulddoitmyself c InothercontextsThatsheshouldforgetmesoquicklywasratherashock OhthatIcouldseehimagain Wouldthatshecouldseehersonnow Tothinkthatshewouldmarrysuchanastyman Whowouldhavethoughtthatthemanlivingnextdoorshouldbeahiddenterrorist Thedoorwaspushedopen whoshouldcomeinbutthewomantheyweretalkingabout Hesteppedintoacaveandwhatshouldheseebutatigresswithherbabytigers KeytoEx 16D 1 Iwouldcertainlytakeyouthereifneedbe 2 IfIweretodothis Iwouldadoptadifferentmethod 3 Thepresidentorderedthatallthearmedforcesbemobilizedatonce 4 TheboarddecidedthatJohnsonbeappoint