英语语法句子结构知识

1 第一讲第一讲 简单句的构成简单句的构成 简单句的构成是英语句子结构知识的基础 不论多么长多么复杂的句子都是简单句演变来的 所以简单 句的相关知识是非常重要和基本的 一 词性 词类 part of speech 英语十种词性 名词 代词 数词 形容词 动词 副词 冠词 介词 连词 感叹词 我们需着重学习其中五类的用法 词性英语名称意义例词在句子中的作用 名词 代词 noun n 指代人 事物 或概念 smile success capability decoration 主要作 1 主语 2 宾 语 3 宾补 还可作 1 定语 2 主补 3 同位语 动词 verb v 表示动作或状 态 succeed make decide 1 限定形式 作谓语 2 非限定形 式作除谓语 以外的成分 形容词adjective a 表示人或事物 的特征 free ancient 1 放在名词 前 修饰名词 作定语 2 作表语 1 宾补 2 主补 副词adverb ad 表示动作特征 或形状特征 carefully hard probably 可修饰动词 形容词 副 词或整个句 子作状语 1 偶尔作 表语 2 偶尔作宾 补 介词preposition prep 永远不能单独 使用 后面必 须接名词构成 介词短语 说明 与别的词的关 系 in at on with from behind between beside 介词短语作 1 表语 2 定语 3 状语 1 作宾 补 二 句子成分 五种句型 一个句子有哪些成分 这与句子结构有关 或者说与它是哪种句型有关 1 五种基本句型 主要句子成分 句型一 主语 系动词 表语 表语可以是名词 形容词或介词短语 That girl was my fianc e 那个女孩是我未婚妻 The story is about my son 这个故事是关于我儿子的 The flower is red 除了 be 动词 还有一些表示状态 变化的词 如 feel look smell taste sound seem appear become get grow turn go come ran fall prove remain stay keep 等 也可作系动词用 如 She felt a bit dizzy 她感到有点头晕 You are not looking very well well 除了作 身体健康 解时作形容词 其他情况作副词 如 He performs well in school The dish smells good 这盘菜闻起来不错 The medicine tastes awful 这药吃起来糟透了 2 The report sounds true 这报道听起来是真实的 He seemed quite normal 他看起来很正常 She appeared calm 她显得很镇静 His advice proved sound 他的建议证明是合理的 She remained calm 她保持平静 They stayed awake to see the eclipse 他们熬夜看月蚀 He looked in splendid health 他看起来健康状况极好 句型二 主语 不及物动词 主语 谓语动词 The sun is rising 太阳正在升起 Tim is sleeping 蒂姆正在睡觉 The accident occurred suddenly 事故突然发生了 It is snowing 天在下雪 The train is arriving 火车要到站了 We waited and waited 我们等了又等 He danced for joy 她高兴地跳起舞来 She often dreams 她常常做梦 She trembled all over 她浑身发抖 句型三 主语 及物动词 宾语 主语 谓语动词 宾语 He loved poetry 他热爱诗歌 Have you ordered your meal 你点了菜了吗 Silence means consent 沉默意味着默许 He left school in 1998 他 1998 年离校 What did he say 他说的什么 句型四 主语 及物动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 主语 谓语 间宾 直宾 He showed me the way 他给我指了路 She gave me her telephone number 他给了我电话号码 He handed me the letter 他把信递给了我 Please throw me the key 请把钥匙扔给我 They awarded her a special scholarship 他们颁发她一项特别奖学金 They never denied us assistance 他们从不拒绝给我们帮助 He assigned the students a few books to read 他指定了几本书给学生读 Can you lend us your car 你能把车借给我吗 I owned him 50 我欠他五十美元 They appointed him commander 他们任命他总指挥 She sang us a folk song 她给我们唱了首民歌 She found you a position 她给你找了个职位 He bought himself a new suit 他给自己买了套新衣服 She cooked us a delicious meal 她给我们做了一顿美味的饭菜 Could you fetch me the evening paper 你能否给我把晚报拿来 That ll save us a lot of trouble 那会省去我们不少麻烦 They fined her 200 他们罚了她二百美元的款 Careless driving cost him his life 开车马虎使他陪了命 They forgave him his crimes 他们宽恕了他的罪行 句型五 主语 及物动词 宾语 宾语补足语 形容词 名词 介短可充当宾补 He found his new job rather boring 他发现他的新工作相当乏味 Sit down and make yourself comfortable 坐下来 坐舒服 He got his clothes wet 他把衣服弄湿了 3 Good food keeps you healthy 良好的饮食使人健康 I ll have my hair cut this evening 今晚我要把头发剪了 The noise was driving him mad 噪音快让我疯了 I like my tea very strong 我喜欢喝浓点的茶 Facts have proved these worries groundless 事实证实这些忧虑毫无根据 Finally they set him free 最后他们把他放了 They call their daughter Mary 他们叫女儿玛丽 They name the city Leningrad 他们把这座城市命名为列宁格勒 We elected Smith our chairman 我们选史密斯为主席 All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy 只工作不玩耍 聪明小孩也变傻 The appointed him chairman of the committee 他们任命他为主任委员 We all consider the book a master piece 我们都认为这本书是杰作 The doctor thought that a good sign 医生认为这是一个好迹象 They kept their marriage a secret 他们对结婚保密 Shelley counted this experience a part of his education 雪莱把这段经历看作是他经受的一段教育 I found her in better spirits when we met again 再次见面时我发现她精神好些了 This placed her in a very difficult position 这使她处境很困难 They soon got the fire under control 他们不久就控制了火势 This will bring us all into harmony 这会使我们和睦起来 注意 a 及物动词 双宾 与 及物动词 复合宾语 的区别 及物动词 双宾 句型中两个宾语都是名词 都是这个及物动词的宾语 而在 及物动词 复合宾语 句型中 宾补可以不是名词 宾语和宾补之间有逻辑上 的主谓关系 如 He teaches me English 就是 及物动词 双宾 结构 He called me Jean 就是 及物动词 复 合宾语 结构 b 除以上五种句型外 还有一种特殊的表示客观存在的 there be 句型 c 每一个陈述句都有否定和疑问形式 注意各种时态的形式变化 d 当表示命令或乞求时 不用陈述句形式 而用祁使句形式 即无主语 用动词原形开头 2 次要成分 以上这些成分都是必要成分必要成分 也就是说 某种句型的句子必须要具备其完整的句子成分 具体用哪个句 型与你表达的意义有关 与你选用的动词也有关 比如说 你要表达 他找到了一个新工作 就可用句型 3 主 语 及物动词 宾语 He found a new job 而要表达 他发现他的新工作相当乏味 则用句型 5 主语 及物动词 宾语 宾补 He found his new job rather boring 有的动词可以有多种用法 用于多个句型 有的动词用在不同句 型中时意义不同 如 He found a new job 和 He found his new job rather boring 中的 find 因为动词的用法和它的意 义是相应的 但是我们看到的英语句子为什么经常不象我们上面说的那样简单呢 原因之一就是除了以上必要 成分 还有两种次要成分次要成分 定语和状语定语和状语 之所以叫次要成分是因为一个句子没有定语状语也是成立的 如 The hospital is big Everyone works He loved poetry They awarded her a scholarship 但事实上很少有有这样简单的 句子 它们的信息量太少了 句意不明确 所以虽然叫次要成分其实是非常重要 非常常见的的成分 定语是定语是 修饰名词的 状语是修饰动词 形容词 副词或整个句子的 修饰名词的 状语是修饰动词 形容词 副词或整个句子的 一个名词可以有多个定语从不同角度修饰它 一 个动词也可以有多个状语 如 The hospital run by my father was big enough to hold 1000 patient during the anti Japanese war period 主要成分 句型一主语 n 系动词 表语 a n 介短 句型二主语 不及物动词 句型三主语 及物动词 宾语 n 句型四主语 及物动词 间接宾语 n 直接宾语 n 4 句型五主语 及物动词 宾语 n 宾语补足语 n a 介 短 次要成分 定语 a n 介短 状语 ad 介短 定语 句中修饰名词的成分 可以由形容词 名词 或介词短语充当 A beautiful flower comes out in the garden summer vacation The flower in the vase is expensive Childhood friend I have something important to do Greenhouse effect 状语 句中修饰动词 形容词或整个句子的成分 可以由副词 或介词短语充当 Listen attentively attentively 是状语 修饰动词 listen He said in contempt in contempt 是状语 修饰动词 said live a comparatively wealthy life comparatively 是状语 修饰形容词 wealthy Summer reading was not the innocent entertainment I had assumed it to be not a light hearted instantly forgettable escape in a hammock instantly 是状语 修饰形容词 forgettable 3 句子的种类 在英语中 一个句号标志着一个句子的结束 英语的句号和汉语的句号作用不一样 汉语的句号表示一个 意思表达完了 起意义辅助作用 英语表示一个句子结构完整了 起语法辅助作用 英语的句子种类有三种 简单句简单句 只有一套主谓结构 只能是我们前面讲的五种句型或 there be 句型中的一种 并列句并列句 由并列连词 and but or for 等将两个或多个结构完整的简单句连接在一起形成的更高级更复杂的句子 复合句复合句 当一个句子的某个成分由一个句子充当时 这个句子就是复合句 第二讲第二讲 复杂句子的理解与造句复杂句子的理解与造句 在实际生活中 由于表达的需要 我们不仅需要一个词的概念作一个句子成分 还可能需要一个动作的 概念甚至一个句子的概念来作句子成分 比如 我们可能会说 药能帮助你退烧 Medicine can help you relieve the fever 也可能会说 洗个凉水澡能帮助你退烧 having a cool shower can help you relieve the fever 我们可能会说 新鲜的鸡蛋非常有营养 fresh eggs can be very nutritious 也可能会说 煮的半生的鸡蛋非 常有营养 half done eggs can be very nutritious 也可能说 曾被科考队带到南极去的鸡蛋非常有营养 the eggs that had been taken to the south pole by the scientific expedition are very nutritious 还可以说 科学家们去年培育的 新品种的鸡产的蛋非常有营养 the eggs produced by the new breed of hens the scientists produced last year are very nutritious 可见除了词类可直接作句子成分 非谓语形式和从句也是构成句子成分的重要内容 但要正确理解全句 的关键是抓住句子的主干 即全句的主语和谓语 那么怎么抓全句的主谓成分呢 分清英语动词的谓语形式和 非谓语形式就显得至关重要 一 动词的谓语形式和非谓语形式 谓语形式又叫限定形式 什么意思呢 就是说 作谓语这个动词的形式受时态和主语人称限制 作相应的形式 变化 不能是原形 或非谓语形式 所以任何一个句子的谓语都有时态变化和人称变化 如 She bought chicken and turkey This is a strong wine I walk for two hours every day He walks for two hours every day 但是 句子不可能都这样简短 这样信息量太少 一个句子中动词常常不止一个 那么除了谓语动词 其 它动词只能用非谓语形式 作非谓语成分 如主语 宾语 宾补 定语 状语 非谓语形式又叫非限定形式 即不受句子时态人称限制 如 I want to buy a book I wanted to buy a book 5 非谓语动词有三种形式 不定式 to do 分词形式 doing done 动名词形式 doing 非谓语动词在句中可以充当除了谓语之外的任何成分 具体如下 不定式的用法 1 作主语 To compromise appears advisable To ignore this might have serious consequences To stop the work now seems impossible 但这种情况下往往用 it 作形式主语 而把不定式真正主语放到后面去 避免主语太长出现头重脚轻的现象 To say which is better is difficult It is difficult to say which is better To know all these facts is essential It is essential to know all these facts It s an honour to meet you It s a pity to waste so much money 2 作表语 His ambition was to be a film star His goal is to be a scientist This wall is to keep people out of the garden 3 作宾语 有些动词的承受者不一定是 have a good idea steal money 这样的名词概念 也可能是个动作 如 同意做某事 拒绝投降 停止抱怨 他承认犯了个错误 等 那么用英语怎么表达呢 在英语中这个动词后的动词就不可能 是谓语形式 而只能是非谓语形式了 至于用哪种非谓形式 就看前面那个主要动词的要求了 如 同意 agree to do sth 拒绝 refuse to surrender 停止 stop complaining 承认 he admitted making a mistake 哪些动词后面要 求不定式 哪些要求动名词 大家要记一记 但也不完全是死记 一般说来 不定式表示即将发出的动作 动 名词表示整个动作 要求不定式作宾语的动词有 afford v 供的起 出得起 买的起 I can t afford to buy you a car darling 其它用法 I can t afford your tuition agree v 同意 答应 一致 He agreed to pay 4 ooo for the car aim v 目标是 旨在 Harry aims to become a doctor attempt v 试图 企图 They were caught when they were attempting to flee begin 开始 开始 He began to prepare for the dinner bother 麻烦 take trouble Don t bother to answer the letter personally 我们把某些形容词后带的不定式也叫定语 如 She was eager to see her friends I am afraid to tell her I was sorry to hear that you were ill Helen was pleased to see him I m proud to be a Chinese She was surprised to see George walk in 4 作宾补 advise 建议 the doctor advised me to rest for a week allow 允许 please allow me to introduce myself ask 请求 做 叫 做 I asked Gorge to convey my best wishes to his mother beg 乞求 He begged her to forgive him cause 致使 导致 what has caused the plants to die challenge 挑战 he challenged me to fight command 命令 the officer commanded his man to fire 但在某些感观动词 see watch hear feel 使 动词 have make let 及 notice 后的不定式须省略 to 如 6 Did you see anyone enter the house I heard her lock the door She won t let me do it Did you notice a man came in I won t have him cheat me like that 5 作定语 We have a lot of things to do today This is not the right attitude to take He was the second man to hear the news He was the only one to survive the crash 6 作状语 不定式主要作目的状语 如 We slept together to keep warm To do good work one must have the proper tools 作结果状语主要用于 only to 结构中表一种出乎意料的情况 如 He hurried to the place only to find the house empty If you arrive so late at the airport to find the guest has gone already what s the use of your going there 不定式的逻辑主语 It won t be easy to find a new job It won t be easy for you to find a new job It isn t right to marry for money It isn t right for people to marry for money To run fast is dangerous for an old man to run fast is dangerous There s no reason to doubt his words There s no reason for us to doubt his words 动名词动名词 我们在前面说了 由于表达的需要 主语 宾语 表语不一定是个名词概念 可能是个动词或动词短语 如 现在找工作不容易 散步是我唯一的运动 这里的 找工作 和 散步 既是动词 动词短语 又要作主 语 就只能用动名词 finding a job walking 了 动名词实际上就是动词或动词短语加上 ing 后 句法作用变成了名词 所以名词在句中有什么功能 动 名词在句中就有什么功能 也就是说 名词在句中可作主语 宾语 介词宾语 表语 宾补 动名词也可作这 些成分 Her hobby is collecting stamps 表语 Growing rose is her hobby 主语 Gambling is forbidden in our country 主语 There pastime is going to movies 表语 Please stop talking 宾语 He was arrested for smuggling 介词宾语 不定式在句中大致也能作这些成分 那么他们的区别是什么呢 要抓住不定式和动名词的基本意义 不定式表 示一个动作即将发出 而动名词表示这个动作的概念 以上 四个例句中的动名词换成不定式显然就不合适了 再如 To compromise appears advisable To stop the work now seems impossible 不定式和动名词作宾语的区别也基于两者基本意义的差异 为了保险起见 大家最好记住接不定式作宾语和动 名词作宾语的动词 以便自动使用 I suggested bring the meeting to an end He admitted taking the money Do you enjoy teaching Avoid over eating I couldn t help laughing 7 He considered going to see Paul in person He loves playing the piano I hate lying and cheating He kept complaining I couldn t risk missing the train They re practicing singing the new song He denied making any statement to that effect So you prefer living abroad Would you mind moving your car He didn t recall saying it Your coat wants brushing 动名词的逻辑主语 Their coming up to help was a great encouragement to us Mary s grumbling annoyed him 动名词还有一个重要的功能 就是作定语 swimming pool swimming suit speaking contest sleeping pill drawing pin writing paper diving board filling station watering can drinking water waiting room walking stick parking lot sewing machine hearing aid operating table fishing line sleeping bag writing desk 分词分词 分词在句中的主要作用是作定语和状语 它的基本意义大家可以通过下面几个例句来理解 现在分词 The manager approached us smiling He rode away whistling Who is the woman talking to Jim There were 220 children studying in the art school The girl sitting next to me was my cousin 通过分析以上例句 可见现在分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语 为了避免再用一套主谓结构 英语采用了分词形 式 过去分词 What is the language spoken in that country In the end the program offered by Wilson was adopted The experience gained will be of great value to us Seen from the hill the city looks magnificent Judged by ordinary standards he was reliable They came in followed by their wives 可见 现在分词和过去分词的作用是一样的 只是现在分词和句子主语之间是一种主谓关系 而过去分词和句 现在分词和过去分词的作用是一样的 只是现在分词和句子主语之间是一种主谓关系 而过去分词和句 子主语之间是一种动宾关系 子主语之间是一种动宾关系 8 从句从句 从句共分三类 名词性从句 形容词性从句 状语性从句从句共分三类 名词性从句 形容词性从句 状语性从句 1 名词性从句 名词性从句 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 名词性从句有三种类型 1 That 引导的 That prices will go up is certain it is certain that prices will go up It s a shame that you re sick It s said that there has been an earthquake in India I ll call Betty and remind her that we are meeting at 8 She informed me that she was to send for it the next day He assured the passengers that there was no danger 2 由连接代 副 词引导的 When he ll be back depends much on the weather Whether the game will be held is uncertain it s uncertain whether we ll be able to come It was not clear to me why he behaved like that How the burglars got in was a mystery It was a mystery how the burglars got in It s a puzzle how life began 3 由关系代词 what 或 whatever 引导的 What follows is the narrative of his experiences What he saw made him tremble They are not affected by what he said Give it to whoever you like 2 定语从句定语从句 The man who robbed him has been arrested The friend with whom I was traveling spoke French The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him The car which I hired broke down At the time when I saw him he was quite strong This is the village where I was born 3 状语从句状语从句 有些副词 如 directly 和 immediately 亦可引导时间状语从句时间状语从句 其意义相当于 as soon as 如 1 I will come directly I have finished 2 Immediately he arrived he started telling me what to do 下句中 hardly scarcely when 与 no sooner than 的意义也相当于 as soon as 3 Hardly scarcely had he gone when she appeared 他一走 她就出现了 4 No sooner had I gone outside than the phone rang 我刚出屋电话铃就响了 有些表时间的短语亦可引导时间状语从句 如 the instance the minute the moment the day every time each time by the time next time the first second third time etc 5 Next time you come please bring you composition 6 the minute he saw her he fell in love 9 有些短语亦可引导原因状语从句原因状语从句 如 by reason that for fear that now that on the ground that seeing that in case etc 7 He took an umbrella with him for fear it might rain 8 I do remember now that you mentioned it 9 he resigned on the ground hta his health was failing 10 I ll take my raincoat in case it rains 原因状语从句也可由 because of by virtue of in the light of in view of on account of owing to due to etc the fact that 构成 从属连词 that 有时亦有的含义 尤其在与此同时连用的情况下 11 If you don t pay us we could take you to court not that we would do such a thing 12 Not that I dislike the work but that I have no time 目的状语从句目的状语从句中常用 may might shall should will would can could 等情态动词 13 Speak clearly so that they may understand you Lest in case 也可以引导目的状语从句 地但是是否定的意思 意为 以免 以防 lest 引导的常用 should would could 等虚拟式 常用于书面形式 in case 引导的则不用 14 take your umbrella in case it rains 15 Take your umbrella with you lest it s