给水处理-外文文献原文+翻译.docx

膜技术和环境保护中的水处理MembranetechnologyandwatertreatmentinenvironmentalprotectionRENJianxin1,ZHANGBaocheng2(1. ChinaNationalBlueStarChemicalCleaningCo.,No.9WestRoad,BeituchengChaoyangDistrict,Beijing100029,China2.DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,PolytechnicofTurin,CorsoDucadegliAbruzzi24,Torino10129,Italy)Abstract:ThepaperpresentsageneralsummaryonthestateofthewaterresourceandmembraneindustryofChina.Nowthewaterpollutionisbecomingmoregrave,andthewaterresourceisshorterandshorterintheearth.Chinahas660cities,360citiesofthemareshortofwater.Thesituationin110citiesisserious,andthesituationin40citiesisdangerous.Itwaspredictedthatthewatercouldbeamaincauseoflocalconflictsandinternationalwars.ThewaterpollutioninChinaisalsoveryastonished.77%untreatedwastewaterisdischarged,and46.6%riverispolluted.Membraneisacleanproductiontechnology,whichcouldbeusedtoimprovethequalityofdrinkwater,treatthewastetoreducethepollutionandsavethewaterresource.Chinahasalotofresearchersandresearchinstituteonmembrane.ThepaperpresentssomedataofChinesemembraneresearchandmanufacture.Keywords:membranewatertreatmentenvironmentprotectionCLCnumber:TQ028.8Documentcode:A1IntroductionWaterisamainresourceforourhumanbeing,buttheproblemofwaterismoreseriousthanbefore.Chinaisadevelopingcountrywhileitseconomygoesforwardrapidly.However,alongwiththedevelopmentofeconomy,theeco- environmentalproblemis becomingworseandworse,suchasshortageofresources,ecologicaldamage,environmentalpollutionandetc.alltheseareboundtohavefatalimpactsontheimprovementofourlivingstandardandonthesubstantialdevelopmentofeconomy.NowthecentralgovernmentisfocusingonthedevelopmentoverthewesternpartofChina,inwhichtheeconomicdevelopmentandtheenvironmentalprotectionbearkeyimportance.Membraneseparationtechnologyisanadvancedtechnologythathasbeendevelopingveryquicklyduringthepastseveraldecades.In1952,ReidintroducedtheideatodesalinatetheseawaterwithROforthefirsttime.In1960,LoebandSourirajinproducedthefirstROmembranewiththepotentialpracticalapplication,whichwasasymbolofthebirthofmembranescienceandtechnology.Chinahasa40yearhistoryofresearchanddevelopmentofmembrane.Inthisperiod,RO,NF,UF,MF,electricdialysis,pervaporationmembrane,liquidmembrane,membranereactorweredeveloped,andhavebeenputintoapplicationinthefieldsofenergy,electronics,petroleum,petrochemical,pharmacy,heavyindustry,lightindustry,foodandbreweryindustry,peoplesdailylifeandtheenvironmentalprotection.Especiallyinthewatertreatment,theapplicationofmembranetechnologyturnswiderandwider,andplaysanincreasinglyimportantrole.2ThestateofwaterresourceandwaterpollutioninChinaInrangeofenvironmentalproblems,waterproblemisextremelysevere.Thereareonethirdofpeopleontheearthfacingwithhowtosolvetheshortageofwaterandhowtotreatthewastewater.Thisnumberwillbedoubledinthenext30years.Itisforecastbysomeexpertsthatwater,ratherthanoil,isgoingtobethemaincauseofconflictsregionallyevenglobally.Thereare660citiesinChina.Amongthem,morethan360areshortofwaterand110areinurgentsituation.Furthermore,40citiesareinthelistofthecitiesthatareextremelyshortofwater.Itisestimatedthatthewatershortagewillbe40billiontonsannually,andthatChinawilllack60billiontonswaterin2030.Duetothewatershortage,theproductoutputdecreasesby240billionRMByuanannually.ThewaterqualityinChinawasdeterioratedoverthepastfewyears.Thepollutedriverlengthincreasedeveryyear.Accordingtothestatisticaldatain1999,46.5%ofriverswerepollutedin100000kmmonitoredrivers,butthewastewatertreatedratiowasonly23%.1Waterpollutionhasbecometheobstacleofeconomicdevelopmentandsocialprogress.InSanxiareservoirofYangziRiver,thereare21countiesdischargingwastesintoYangziRiver.Theheightofthefloatabovewaterreaches24m,sometimes6.5m.IthasdirectlyaffectedtheworkofGeZhouBawaterpowerstation.ItcausesfrequentbreakdownofErjiangpowerstation.Theworstcasehappenedwasthatonceatimethefloatcausedseverepowerplantsbreakdownwithanelectricitylossof14000kW,equaltothecapacityofasmallpowerstation.Waterpollutionnotonlybecomesanimpedimentoftheeconomicdevelopment,butalsoendangerstheexistenceofthepeople.ThewaterqualityinYangtengLakedropstograde3fromgrade2,whichcausesthewaterundrinkable.3StateofmembraneindustryChinahasalotofresearchunitsandresearchersonmembrane.Theresearchonelectricdialysisandionexchangemembranebeganin19582.ROmembranebeganin1965andUFmembranein1970s.TheearliestpreparedUFmembrane,celluloseacetateUFmembrane,wasusedinelectriccoatsystemin1980s,afterpolysulfonehollowfiberUFmembranewasmanufactured.TheresearchesandthedevelopmentalsowentaheadrapidlyonNFmembrane,gasmembrane,inorganicmembrane,pervaporationmembraneandliquidmembrane.AlthoughthemembraneindustryofChinaisnotbig,itgrowsupveryquickly.Accordingtothestatisticaldatain1997,therewere13bigcompaniesofmembranewiththeoutputover1.2millioninChina(Tab.1).Theoutputofsolomembranewas45million,withinwhichtheimportedvaluewas27million.Theindustrialoutputrelevanttomembranewasestimated0.17billionanditwillbe0.3billionthisyear.Theimportedmembraneisabout70%salesinChina.Theoutputoflocallymanufacturedmembraneincreasedby30%annually.In1997,theglobaloutputvalueofmembraneanditsrelevantequipmentwasabout10billion.Itisestimatedthattheoutputvaluewillbeincreasedto14billionin2000.TheoutputofmembraneindustryofUSAwas1.1billionin1997andwillreach1.6billionin2001withtheannualgrowthrateof8.0%.In1997,thesalesofmembraneproductsforwatertreatmentwas0.97billioninEurope.Itisreckonedtobe1.65billionin2004withtheannualgrowthrateof7.9%.Accordingtothesegrowthrates,ChinawillcatchupwithUSAandEuropeinthecomingyearsasshowninFig.1.Tab.1Chinesemembranecompanieswiththeoutputofover1.2millionFig.1TheoutputincreasesofmembraneproductsinUSA,EuropeandChinaTherearetensofresearchinstitutesinChina,ofwhichmorethan20areonUFandMFmembrane.Meanwhile,therearetworesearchbasesonmembrane.OneistheaqueousmembraneresearchinstituteTheDevelopmentCenterofWaterTreatmentTechnology,SOAHangzhouChina,andtheotheristhegasmembraneresearchbaseNationalEngineeringResearchCenterofMembraneTechnology,Dalian,China.4ApplicationofmembraneinwatertreatmentTheapplicationofmembraneinwatertreatmentdependsonitseffectivenessofseparationandcostofprocess.Asanadvancedseparationtechnology,itisendowedwithmanyadvantages:highselectivity,applicabilityunderambienttemperaturewithoutphasechange,lowcostofenergy,highlevelofautomation,lowpollutionandetc.4.1DesalinationofseawaterandblackwaterROisthemosteconomicalwayforthedesalinationofseawaterandblackwater.Theenergyconsumptionislessthan5kWh/tforseawateror0.53kWh/tforblackwater.ThebiggestplantofROforseawaterdesalinationcanproducewater2.1105m3/d,forblackwateris1.3105m3/d.ItseemsthatRO isthebestmethodtosolvetheproblemofdrinkingwaterandindustrialwaterinthedraughtareas.ItcanbeverifiedbythefactthatmostofthelargestdesalinationplantsarelocatedinMiddleEastasshownintab.23.4.2PurificationofdrinkingwaterMembraneisthebesttoolforthepurificationofdrinkingwaterbecauseitcanremovethesuspendedsubstance,bacteria,toxicmetalliccomponentsandorganiccomponentstoimprovethewaterquality.90%ofthecitywaterisproductivewater,only9%suppliedwateristhedomesticwaterandonly1%isdrinkingwater.Tosupplywaterseparatelyfortheresidentzonesisaneffectivewaytoimprovethequalityofdrinkingwater.Supplyingwaterseparatelyistotreatthe1%suppliedwaterwithmembraneforspecialpurpose.SeparatesupplysystemhasbeenbuiltinsomeresidentzonesofBeijingandShenyang,whichmainlyuseROmembrane.Tab.2ThelargestfivedesalinationplantsintheworldTheworldtotalcapacityofdesalinationin1998is22735000m3/d.4.3ReuseofmunicipaldomesticsewageCitysewageisanimportantpotentialwaterresource.Recycledwaterfordifferentpurposescanbeproducedfromthedomesticsewagewithmembrane.Itisaneffective waytosolvetheshortageofwaterresource.Thereare3domesticsewagetreatmentfactoriesinBeijing,andanother4areunderconstruction.Inaddition,15morearetobebuilt.Thesewagetreatratiowillmountto80%in2006.Twomilliontonsofthetreatedwaterwillflowoutfromthesewastewatertreatmentfactories.Aftertreatedwithmembrane,thewatercanbereusedforindustrialpurpose,greenareaandotherfields.Inthisway,themunicipalsuppliedwatercanbereduced,andthewaterresourcecanbefullyutilized.Ifthemembranetechnologyisappliedinthedeeptreatmentofthecitysewage,morethanonemilliontonsofdischargedwastewaterwillbereducedeverydayonlyinBeijing.Atthesametime,morethanonemilliontonsofthewaterresourcecanbesaved.Soitwouldretrench0.36billiontonsofwaterperyear.Thismethodcanreducethewaterpollution,aswellpreservethewaterresource.4.4TreatmentofindustrialwastewaterIndustrialwastewaterhasmanytypesinlargequantityanditisveryharmful.Ifthewastewatercanbetreated,itwouldnotonlypreservetheresource,butalsoprotecttheenvironmentbecausethewastewatercontainssomedeleterioussubstancessuchasoil,metallicions,phenolandetc.Themembranetechnologybearssplendidsignificanceintheindustrialwastewatertreatment.Inearly1970s,ROmembranebegantomaketheelectricplatingwastewaterrecycledChargedUFmembraneturnedtheelectrocoatingsysteminautomaticcompanyintocleanproducingline.ThewastewatertreatmentwithmembranerecycledthewastewaterindyeingprocessUFmembraneisakeytechnologyforthereuseofoilwastewater.5Futureofmembraneapplicationinwatertreatment Theessenceofmembranetechnologyisahighlyeffectivematerial.Thematerialshouldprovidehighflux,highselectivityandsoon.Inthewastewatertreatment,weoftenencounterhazardouscondition.Undersuchkindofcircumstances,organicmembranesometimescannotmeettherequirement.Consequently,moreattentionispaidtotheinorganicmembranenowthathasfulfilledaconsiderableprogressintheseyearswitharateof30%.CurrentlyChinacanproducetubeceramicmembraneonindustrialscale.Withthedecreaseofwaterresourceandtheincreaseofwaterpollution,itisdefinitelythatthemembranetechnology,theseparationtechnologyofthelowestenergycost,willrealizeabrilliantfuture.RO,NF,UF,MF,ion-exchange,dialysisetcwhicharemainlyusedinwatertreatmentwillbethecenterofmembranetechnology.Chinaisacountrywithalargepopulationofnearly1.3billionpeople,whichcoversonefifthoftheworldpopulation,butthewaterresourceisonly1/20ofworld.Thereforethewaterresourcepercapitaisonly1/4ofthatoftheworld.Membraneisaneffectivemeanstosolvewaterproblem.Theadvantageofmembraneinwatertreatmentismoreandmoreobviouswhileitisapplicationiswiderandwider.ThemembraneindustryofChinamarchesrapidlyatarateof30%annually.However,thedifferencefromthedevelopedcountryisstillbig.Themembraneoutputpercapitaismerely1/32ofthatofUSAand1/12ofthatoftheworld.ThemembranemarketinChinaishugewithabrightoutlook.Toenhancetheapplicationofmembraneinwatertreatment,weshould:Promotetheapplicationofmembranetechnology.Developnew-fashionmembrane.膜技术和环境保护中的水处理 任建新1张保成2(1.中国蓝星化学清洗总公司,中国北京朝阳区北土城西路号,1000292.意大利都灵理工大学化工系,CorsoDucadegliAbruzzi24,Torino10129,意大利)摘要：这篇文章简单介绍了目前中国水资源和膜工业的现状。目前，世界水污染日益严重，水资源日益短缺。中国有660个城市，360个城市缺水，110个城市严重缺水，40个城市极度缺水。有些专家预测，水资源将会成为许多地区冲突和国际战争的根源。中国的水污染十分严重，有46.5%的河流受到了污染，77%的污水未经处理被直接排放。膜技术在水处理方面有着独特的优势。膜技术是一种可以用来提高人们饮用水质量、处理污水节约水资源的清洁技术。中国也有众多的膜研究人员和膜公司。这篇文章介绍了中国膜技术的研究和膜制造的一些数据。关键字:膜技术/水处理/环境保护1简介水是对人类最为重要的资源，水资源的各种问题也比以往严重的多。中国是经济飞速发展的发展中国家。但是随着经济的发展生态环境问题也日益严峻，例如资源短缺、生态破坏、环境污染等等，这一切对我们的生存水平的提高和经济的快速发展都有极大的束缚。现在政府致力的西部大开发，经济发展和环境保护同为重中之重。膜分离技术是一项新型技术，在被开发至今的几十年中发展非常快。1952年，Reid第一次介绍了用反渗透技术淡化海水想的设想。1960年，Loeb和Sourirajin生产了第一个有实际应用可能的反渗透膜，这标志着膜科学与技术的诞生。中国对膜技术的研究和发展有40年的历史。其中反渗透、纳滤、超滤、微滤、电渗析、渗透汽化膜、液态膜、膜反应器等都有一定发展，并且在能源、电子、石油、石化、制药、重工业、轻工业、食品、酿酒业以及人们的日常生活、环境保护等领域都投入了使用。特别是在水处理方面，膜技术的应用面越来越广，发挥的作用越来越重要。2中国水资源和水污染的现状在众多的环境问题中，水的问题是最为严峻的。全球三分之一的人们都面临着水资源短缺或者废水处理的问题，而这个数字在未来30年内将会翻倍。有专家预测，水将代替石油成为区域冲突乃至全球冲突的主要原因。中国有660个城市，其中360多个城市缺水，110个处于紧缺状态，更有40个城市位列极度缺水的城市名单之中。据估算，中国每年的缺水量为400.00亿吨，到2030年，这个数字将会上升到600.00亿吨，而由于水资源的短缺，产品产值每年将会减少2400亿元人民币。在过去数年中，中国水资源的水质不断恶化，被污染的河长逐年提高。据1999年统计数据，在监测的100万公里的河流中，46.5受到污染，但废水处理率只有23。水污染已成为经济发展和社会进步的障碍。在长江三峡库区，21个县区的废水排入长江，导致水面上升24米，有时甚至可以达到6.5米，这直接影响了葛洲坝水电站的工作，也导致了二江水电站的频繁故障。这种浮动造成的损失最为严重的一次是约为14000kW的电力损失，约等于一座小型发电站的发电量。水污染不仅是经济发展的障碍，也已经危机人们的生存。由于被污染，yangteng湖的水质从2级降至3级，不不能用作饮用水水源。3我国膜工业的发展中国有许多关于膜技术研究机构和研究人员。关于电渗析和离子选择交换膜的研究始于1958年2，反渗透膜1965年，超滤膜的研究则始于20世纪70年代。20世纪80年代，在制造出双中空纤维超滤膜后，最早完成的超滤膜醋酸纤维超滤膜被用于电气系统。关于纳滤膜、汽化膜，无机膜、渗透汽化膜和液态膜等的研究也有很大发展虽然中国膜技术行业并不十分壮大，但其发展速度却非常之快。根据1997年的统计数据，中国有13家大型膜生产公司的总产值超过1200万美元（表1）。膜单项出口量是四千五百万美元，其中进口价值两千七百万美元。膜相关工业出口量估计为1.7亿美元，而且今年将达到3亿美元。百分之七十的进口膜在中国内陆销售。国产膜出口量以每年百分之三十的速度增长。1997年，全球关于膜技术及其相关设备的总产值约为100亿美元，据估计，到2000年将上升至140亿美元。1997美国膜工业的产值为11亿美元，到2001年，这一数字将会以8.0%的年增长率上升至16亿美元。1997年，欧洲有关于水处理的膜产品的销售值为9.7亿美元，据估计到2004年将会增长至16.5亿美元，年增长率为7.9%。如图1所示，根据以上增长速度，中国将在未来几年中赶上美国和欧洲。表1产值超过120万的中国膜、公司 图1美国、欧洲及中国膜产品的产值增长中国有数十家关于膜技术的研究机构，其中有20多家致力于超滤膜和微滤膜的研究。同时，我们还有两个膜技术研究基地，一个是水膜研究学院中国杭州SOA水处理技术开发中心，另一个是气膜研究基地中国大连膜技术国家工程研究中心。4膜技术在水处理中的应用膜技术在水处理中的应用决定于其分离效率和过程成本。作为一种先进的分离技术，拥有许多的优点：高选择性，适用环境温度下无相变，能耗低，自动化程度高，低污染等。4.1海水淡化和处理含细菌腐蚀产物的水反渗透膜是淡化海水和处理含细菌腐蚀产物的水最为经济的方法，淡化海水的能源