文体学材料范文

文体学材料范文文体学材料范文 Part1Stylistics Definitions Stylistics isa branchof linguisticswhich appliesthe theoryand methodologyof modern linguistics to the study of Style Simply defined Stylistics isa disciplihat studies the waysin which language is used it isa disciplihat studies the styles of language in use The stylisticswe arediscussing hereis ModernStylistics a disciplihat appliesconcepts andtechniques ofmodernlinguisticsto thestudyofstylesof language use General stylisticsconcentrates solelyon thegeneral features of varioustypes of language use It studiesthe stylistic features of the mainvarieties of language covering thefunctional varietiesfrom thedimension offields of discourse different socialactivities formal vsinformal varietiesfrom thedimension oftenors ofdiscourse different addresser addressee relationships and the spoken vswritten varietiesfrom thedimension ofmodes ofdiscourse different mediums Meanwhile general stylisticscovers thevarious genresof literature fiction drama poetry in itsstudy But itfocuses on the interpretation of theoverall characteristics of respectivegenres with selectedextracts ofliterary textsas samples Literary stylistics concentrates solelyon uniqueand overall linguistic features of thevarious genresof literature 考点 Part2 Views onLanguage1 Language as a socialactivity Language isalso asocial phenomenon or institution whereby peoplemunicate andinteract witheach other 2 The philosophicalview ofLanguage orA language is related to theactual ourrenceof languagein society what arecalled languageactivities All utterances whether aword a sentence or severalsentences can bethought of as goal directed actions Austin 1962 Searle 1969 Such actionsas carriedout throughlanguage are Speech Acts Social activitiesin whichlanguage either spoken or written plays animportant rolesuch asconversation discussion lecture etc areSpeechEvents 3 Language is often paredto aCode a systemof signalsor symbolsused forsending aMessage a pieceof information In anyact ofverbal munication both spokenand written primarily spoken language has been regardedasasystem for translating meanings in theAddresser s the speaker s writer s mind intosounds letters i e Encoding meaning to sound letter or conversely fortranslatingsounds letters intomeaningsin the Addressee s the hear s reader s mind ie Decoding sound letter to meaning with lexisand grammaras the formal codemediating betweenmeaning andsound letter But wemust keepin mindthat unlike othersignaling codes language codedoes notoperate in a fixedway it isopen ended inthat itpermits generationof newmeanings andnew forms such asmetaphorical meanings and neologisms ie itis in a waycreatively extendible Text then is verbalmunication either spokenor written seen asa messagecoded in a linearpattern ofsound waves or in a linearsequence ofvisible markson paper Part3 Text A text is anypassage spokenor written of whateverlength that formsa unifiedwhole It may be theproduct of a singlespeaker writer e g a sign a letter a newsreport a statute a novel or thatof severalspeakers e g a pieceof conversation a debate A textis realizedby asequence of language units whether they are sentencesor not The connectionamong partsof a textisachieved byvarious cohesivedevices and bysemantic andpragmatic implication 材料Examine thefollowing conversation find outwhether linguisticunits init areovertly cohesiveor not A See whothat is B I m inpyjamas A OK Linguistic unitsin theconversation arenot overtlycohesive In thistext the relevanceof B s remarkto A s firstremark isconveyed bypragmatic implication I m inpyjamas implies anexcuse fornot plyingwith A s mand No I can t because I m inpyjamas A s secondremark impliesthat heaepts B s excuseand undertakesto dohimself whathe originallyasked Bto do OK I ll gomyself andsee Texts aretherefore recognizedas appropriatelycoherent in actual use A fullunderstanding of atextis oftenimpossible withoutreference to the contextin whichit ours Part4 Aspects of the SpeechEvent Language istransmitted patterned and embeddedin thehuman socialexperience So itis bothpossible anduseful todiscern threecrucial aspectsof a speech event the substantial the formal and thesituational Contextual factorsthat aresocially regionally orsitua tionally relevantto theproduction andinterpretation oftexts fallinto thetwo followingcategories 1 Characteristics of the Userof language a Age b Sex c Socio regional orethnic background d Education2 Characteristics of the Useof languagein situation a Medium ofmunication speech orwriting b Setting private orpublic c Role relationship betweenaddresser and addressee the degreeof intimacy the degreeof socialdistance d Purpose forwhichlanguage is used e g to inform to mand to expressfeelings to establishsocial relations etc e Subject matter of limitedstylistic significance Practice4 Analyze thefollowing conversation Jenny esto Alan s house She isconducting asurvey for the government Alan Won t youe in Miss er Jenny Cartwright Jenny Cartwright Alan I m AlanMarlow Alan showsJenny into the livingroom Alan Oh won t youmake yourselffortable Jenny After someminutes oftalk which isomitted here Jenny Mr Marlow Alan Call meAlan The Marlows Episode11 The contextshows clearlythat Alanand Jennyare totalstrangers The conven tional addressform between strangers isTitle Sur name Mr Miss So and so But Alanaddresses thegirl byher first name andlater asksher todo the same His adoptionof first naming isan exampleof themanipulation of language It isa movetowards afriendlier relationship indicating thatAlan does not wanttheir encounterto beformal anddistant as itis customarybetweenstrangers In contrast Jenny choosesto remainformal anddistant byaddressing Alanas Mr Marlow Part5 Language varietiesand function1 影响文体变化的因素多种多样 主要可以归为三个方面 第一方面是讲话内容 field ofdiscourse 第二是讲话方式 mode ofdiscourse 第三是讲话人和听话人的地位关系 tenor ofdiscourse 2 The Ideational Referential functionserves forexpressing the speaker s writer s experienceof thereal world including theinner worldof his her ownconsciousness The Interpersonalor Expressive Social functionserves toestablish andmaintain socialrelations for theexpression of social roles and alsofor gettingthings doneby meansof interactionbetween oneperson andanother The Textualfunction providesmeans formaking linkswithin the text itselfand withfeatures ofits immediatesituation Part6 Style Definition Style mayrefer toa person s distinctivelanguage habits ortheset ofindividual characteristicsoflanguage use Style mayrefer toa setof collectivecharacteristicsoflanguage use To beexact we shallregard Styleas the language habitsof aperson orgroup ofpersons ina givensituation Part8 The Concernof StylisticStudy Stylistics It isa disciplihat studiesthe sumof stylisticfeatures characteristicof thedifferent varietiesoflanguage Stylistic studyconcerns itselfwith thesituational featuresthat influencevariations inlanguageuse the criterionfor theclassification oflanguage variety and thedescription andinterpretationof the linguistic features andfunctions of the mainvarieties both literaryand non literary ofalanguage here of theModern Englishlanguage The Needfor StylisticStudy1 Style isan integralpart ofmeaning Practice5 Analyze thefollowing text Policeman What s yourname boy Black psychiatrist Dr Poussiant I m a physician Policeman What s yourfirstname boy Black psychiatrist Alvin The word boy may beused to address amale inferior In aboveconversation the formis usedtoaddressaphysician who is usually aordedhigh respectin theUS andis addressedas Dr So and so Title Surname Insistently usingtheform boy the whitepoliceman showshis racistcontempt ofand prejudiceagainst theblack people 2 Stylistics mayhelp usto acquirea sense ofstyle 3 Stylistics preparesthe wayto theintrinsic studyof literature Session5Varieties ofLanguage 5 1Two kindsof varieties Dialectal varieties Diatypic varieties 语言变体或语域 DIALECTAL VARIETIES monly calledDIALECTs are languagevarieties thatare associated with different users of the language As usersinasociety can be definedin termsof theirindividual temporal regional and socialaffiliations and theirrange of intelligibility there areindividual temporal regional social andstandard varietiesrespectively These arerelatively permanentfeaturesof the language user inaspeechevent DIATYPIC VARIETIES monly calledREGISTERs are languagevariations thatare associatedwith thedifferentuseto which they areput Such varietiesdo notdepend onthe peoplewho usethe language but onthe oasionwhen itisused Different types oflanguageare selectedas appropriate to different typesofoasion The choiceis determinedby theconvention thata certainkind oflanguageisappropriatetoa certainuse The oasionscan beclassified alongthree dimensions each presentingan aspectof thesituation and the partplayed bythe languagein them In thisway registers may be distinguishedaording tofield ofdiscourse mode ofdiscourse andtenor ofdiscourse Temporal Dialect A varietywhich correlateswith thevarious periodsof thedevelopment oflanguage Social Dialect A varietyassociatedwithcertain socialgroup 1 Socioeconomic statusvarieties2 Ethnic varieties3 Gender varieties4 Age varieties5 Standard Dialect 5 3Registers语域1 Field ofDiscourse语场is thelinguistic reflectionofthepurposive roleofthe language user the typeofsocialactivity the languageuser is engaged in doingin thesituation in which thetext hasourred a Some rolesare non specialist innature andrelate tonon specialist fieldssuch as establishing personalcontact or phatic munion They arelikely tohave related topics weather health news etc b Field ofdiscourse can be moreor lessrestricted inlanguage c The language of legal documents and the languageof religiousobservance arealso highlysituation tied d Technical fieldshave theirown specialvocabulary andfavorite grammaticalpatterns e More radicalgrammatical differencesare found in the languageoflegal documents 2 Mode ofDiscourse语式is thelinguistic reflectionoftherelationship that thelanguageuser hastothe medium ofmunication 3 Tenor ofDiscourse语旨is thelinguistic reflectionofthe personal relationshipsbetween speaker writer andhearer reader called personal tenor and of what the useristrying todo withlanguage for to hisor heraddressee s called functional tenor Personal tenoris concernedwith thedegrees of formality ofthelanguage used Functional tenoris concernedwith the intention ofthe userin usingthelanguage 4 The Notionof RegisterThe concurrenceof instancesof contextualcategories field mode tenors ofdiscourse produces textvarieties calledregisters which can be definedin termsof phonological lexical and grammaticalfeatures Registers aredistinctive varietiesoflanguageused indifferenttypesof situation 5 5The SocialMeaning ofLanguage Varietiesl the periodof developmentofthelanguageinwhichthespeaker writer spokeor wroteit temporal dialect 2 the geographicalarea he or she is from regional dialect 3 the socialgroup he or shebelongs to social dialect 4 the rangeofintelligibilityof hisor herlanguage standard or non standard dialect 5 the activityhe orshe isengagedin field 6 themediumheorshe isusing mode 7 the socialrelationship existingbetween himor herand hisor heraddressee s personaltenor 8 theintentionin hisor hermind inconveying themessage functionaltenor 9 the distinctivelanguage habitsheorshe hasshown idiolect Session6Linguistic Description The levelof lexisand grammar1 Morphology and syntax Grammarstudiesthesentence structuresinalanguage and the way theyfunction insequences Traditionally grammar consists of twoparts morphology the internalstructure of words andword formation rules andsyntax external relationshipsof wordsinasentence 2 Lexicology studiesthe choiceof specificlexical itemsinatext their distributionin relation to oneanother and theirmeanings The levelsof semanticsSemantics here studiestheoverall meaningofatext the meaningderived notfrom theformal propertiesofwordsand structuresbut from the waysentences utterances areused and the waythey arerelated tothe contextinwhichtheyareused uttered 6 4Procedure oflinguistic description1 Work systematicallythrough thetext andnote downpoints wefeel ofsome stylisticsignificance respectivelyunder thevarious headings 2 Quantify thefrequency ofa linguisticfeature 3 Assess theimportance ofstylisticfeatures 4 Make statementsabout theoveralllinguisticpicture ofthetextin question bringing togetherdiverse featuresto showhow theyform acoherent integrated pattern and makingjudgments aboutor interpretingthe significanceof suchpatterns inrelationtothe contextofthetext asa whole Session9Formal vsInformal Language9 3Functional tenorand degrees of formality1 Functional tenortells usthe addresser s intentionof usingthelanguage 2 Certain functionaltenors canhit anypoint onthepersonaltenor formalitycontinuum an expositoryspeech formal with manypassive constructionsandatechnical vocabulary or informal in anad lib manner with personalanecdotes reference tothe audience an insult formal formal structure and vocabulary calm ordeliberate delivery or informal 9 4Martin Joos classification Martin Joos 1967 The rangeofformality frozen formal consultative casual and intimate The frozenlevel In Joos analysis the frozenlevel isused forwritten legaldocuments orhighly solemnspeech whichconsistsofmemorized sentencesthat mustbe repeatedverbatim These mightinclude quotationsfrom proverbsor ritualexpressions whichare partofaformal ceremony The formallevel isused forpublic addressessuch aslectures orspeeches wherethe audienceis notknown tothespeakerpersonally orwhere personalacquaintance is not acknowledged This levelrequires muchattention to form with well planned thematicstructureandphonological lexical andsyntactical coherence and allowslittle orno interaction It istypically markedwith the use ofmay placeof might can in May Ipresent MrSmith The speakerisusuallyconsidered to be anauthority and therefore has higherstatus thanthe hearersfor thatparticular event The consultativelevel isused atless formalgatherings such as mitteemeetings wherestatus isstill fairlyclearly designated but whereparticipants interact There isstill considerableattention toform with ratherclear pronunciation aurate wordingand pletesentences and participantsmay notknow each other well It may be necessaryfor speakersto elaborateand givea significantamount ofbackground material In contrast the casuallevel isused among friends or peerswho knoweach otherwell enoughthat littleelaboration isnecessary Participants payvery littleattention toform shown bytheuseof slang and ellipsisas in Been agood thingif and concentratetotally oncontent andrelationship One ofthe markersof thislevel is theuseof Come on with theimplication Consider yourselfamongfriends The finallevel identifiedby Joosis intimate languageusedbetween peoplewho seeeachotherdaily family membersfor instance and sharethe majorityof theirdaily lifeexperiences As aresult languageisunelaborated andconversation maybe meaninglessto outsidersbecause ofits telegraphicquality No attentionis paidtoform e g 1 My belovedparent has just passedto hisheavenly reward 2 My dearfather hasjust expired 3 My fatherhasjustpassed away 4 My dadhas died 5 My oldman justkicked thebucket by MartinJoos Joos categories presentan efficientway oflooking atdegreesofformality It isfairly easy to distinguishthe frozenstyle of written legaldocumentswith theirLatinate dictionand impersonalsyntax from theintimate styleof spoken interchanges betweenclose friends with theirslangandelliptical syntax But itis noteasytocategorize theintervening degrees or relatethem tolinguisticfeatures So mostlinguists agreethatthesituation ismore plexthan Joosimagined andsee therange asa continuumfromthemost formaltothemost Situationand Formalityinformal intimate with aninfinite numberof stoppingplaces inbetween Session10Spoken vsWritten Language10 1Striking differences1 Hearer Reader involvement Generally mostspeeches assumethe presenceofthehearer Non verbal signalslike facialexpressions ofinprehension orboredom feedback intheway of laughter applause andeven booing feedback fromaudience atteninga lectureandthelike A writtentext normallypresumes theabsence ofthe reader and directfeedback fromthe readerisnotpossible 2 Linguistic explicitness In speech the participantsrely heavilyon theirmon backgroundknowledge andthe immediatecontext formuch oftheir information The immediatecontext caneliminate theambiguity ordark informationcarried byimplicit linguisticstructures bring somewords withconcrete referents and recrysta lize thedenotations ofsome otherwiseabstract words Writing generally doesnotrely onthe immediatecontext forunderstanding Nor canthe writernormally hopethat his her readersshare withhim her muchofthepersonal backgroundknowledge neededfor theunderstanding ofthe writtentext On thecontrary he she mustgive greatexplicitness towhatever he sheistrying tosay onpaper 3 Preparedness Writing isonthewhole more careful than speaking Permanent record a clearidea aboutthe subjectmatter andlogical arrangementof thought pact and self contained Speech esp conversation isoftenspontaneous Rando m shiftof topic a generallack ofconscious planning featuresofhesitation slips ofthe tongue overlapping orsimultaneous speech 10 2Stylistic differencesSpoken textscontrast withwritten textsin termsof grammatical lexical andphonological graphological features Gregory 19107 1 Distinctions amongstspeech Speechcanbespontaneous such ascasual conversation ornon spontaneous as whatactors andteachers aredoing Within spontaneous speech there isconversing with theparticipation ofothers versus monologuing with nointerruption fromothers The latterkind ofsustained spontaneous speech isfoundinclassroom teaching TV interviewing radio menting andthetalking betweenscholars Non spontaneousspeechcanbesub categorized asreciting such asstory telling poem recitationand singing and as the speaking ofwhatis w