托福阅读十大题型.ppt

TOEFLREADINGFinal十大题型解题方法 认识托福阅读 考什么 托福阅读考试简介 四项中的第一项 一般考3篇文章 如果加试 则是4篇 文章一般为议论文或说明文 每篇700词左右 之后有13 14道题目 除特殊说明 如最后一大题 之外 所有题目小分值为1分 三篇总体小分值45分 最终成绩按照30分标准分换算 换算标准如下图所示 认识托福阅读 怎么考 词汇句子理解句间关系文章结构 托福阅读是以句子为核心的考试 单词 句法 词汇题指代题事实信息题 细节题 否定事实信息题 选非题 句子简化题推断题修辞目的题 作者意图题 句子插入题文章小结题 图表题 考查重点 十大题型 词汇题 出题方式Theword X inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto 考查关键理解单词在语境中的含义词汇量要求8000 背单词 词汇题做法 背单词 不会背背了忘 忘了背 循环往复在文章里 它认得我 我不认得它 词根词缀各种联想 谐音 图像 多个单词编段子 一次大量 多次重复词以类记美剧 电影情景记忆 Paleontologist Paleontology SkeletonSkullFossil fossilizeStrata DinosaurTrilobiteArthropodJurassicCretaceousCambrian SedimentSpineInvertebrateCold bloodedWarm blooded PotteryPorcelainCeramicsPotWareVesselSculptureSurfaceGlazePigmentOreKiln 词汇题解题技巧 认识直接选 带回文章确认选不出 通过词义褒贬色彩判断 带回文章确认不认识词根词缀回文章找同 反义对应 认识 褒义色彩 TPO1 2 1 Theword championed inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto changed debated created supported 认识 褒义色彩 TPO1 2 1 Theword championed inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto changed debated created supported 认识 贬义色彩 TPO3 3 10 Theword pales inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto increasesproportionally differs losessignificance iscommon 认识 贬义色彩 TPO3 3 10 Theword pales inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto increasesproportionally differs losessignificance iscommon 词根词缀 TPO1 1 7 Theword overlie inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto cover change separate surround 词根词缀 TPO1 1 7 Theword overlie inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto cover change separate surroundover在上面lie躺着 覆盖 同义概念 TPO3 3 1 Theword particular inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto natural final specific complexandtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea 同义概念 TPO3 3 1 Theword particular inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto natural final specific complexandtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea 反义概念 TPO6 3 2 Theword plausible inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto flexible believable debatable predictableAnotherseeminglyplausibleexplanation thatinfantsdonotformenduringmemoriesatthispointindevelopment alsoisincorrect 反义概念 TPO6 3 2 Theword plausible inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto flexible believable debatable predictableAnotherseeminglyplausibleexplanation thatinfantsdonotformenduringmemoriesatthispointindevelopment alsoisincorrect 指代题 出题方式Theword X inthepassagerefersto 考查关键单词间的指代关系 尤其是代词与其指代本体间的关系 对长难句主干的把握 应对技巧往前找 两个一致数量 单 复数性质 动作发出者的特性 非代词 TPO1 1 5 Thephrase glacialoutwash inthepassagerefersto fastrivers glaciers thehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmelting theparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciersThewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles gravel andsand knownasglacialoutwash thatdeposited particles sandgrainsandtinypebbles 非代词 TPO1 1 5 Thephrase glacialoutwash inthepassagerefersto fastrivers glaciers thehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmelting theparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles gravel andsand knownasglacialoutwash particles sandgrainsandtinypebbles 代词 TPO1 2 5 Theword this inthepassagerefersto theactingoutofrites thedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsociety theseparationofmythsfromrites thecelebrationofsupernaturalforcesButthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroup soraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites Whenthisoccurs 代词 TPO1 2 5 Theword this inthepassagerefersto theactingoutofrites thedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsociety theseparationofmythsfromrites thecelebrationofsupernaturalforcesButthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroup soraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites Whenthisoccurs 细节题 出题方式Accordingtotheparagraph whichofthefollowingistrueofX Theauthor sdescriptionofXmentionswhichofthefollowing Accordingtotheparagraph Xoccursbecause Accordingtotheparagraph XdidYbecause Accordingtotheparagraph whydidXdoY 变数最多的题型 只要题干没有其他题型的明显标志就可以归为细节题True 原因 关系 细节题 考查关键迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息准确判断选项对信息的转化常见错误选项特征无中生有信息杂糅直接相反答非所问 做题技巧准确理解题干根据题干中的关键词定位原文读取原文相关信息 通常1 2句话 判断选项正误题干 原文 选项 Example1 TPO3 3 6 Accordingtoparagraph4 whichofthefollowingistrueofclimaxcommunities Theyaremoreresilientthanpioneercommunities Theycanbeconsideredboththemostandtheleaststablecommunities Theyarestablebecausetheyrecoverquicklyaftermajordisturbances Theyarethemostresilientcommunitiesbecausetheychangetheleastovertime Paragraph4 Thequestionofecosystemstabilityiscomplicated however Thefirstproblemisthatecologistsdonotallagreewhat stability means Stabilitycanbedefinedassimplylackofchange Inthatcase theclimaxcommunitywouldbeconsideredthemoststable since bydefinition itchangestheleastovertime Alternatively stabilitycanbedefinedasthespeedwithwhichanecosystemreturnstoaparticularformfollowingamajordisturbance suchasafire Thiskindofstabilityisalsocalledresilience Inthatcase climaxcommunitieswouldbethemostfragileandtheleaststable sincetheycanrequirehundredsofyearstoreturntotheclimaxstate Example1 定位CC Example1 读懂原文 Inthatcase theclimaxcommunitywouldbeconsideredthemoststableInthatcase climaxcommunitieswouldbethemostfragileandtheleaststable Example1 选出答案 Theyaremoreresilientthanpioneercommunities 信息杂糅 Theycanbeconsideredboththemostandtheleaststablecommunities Theyarestablebecausetheyrecoverquicklyaftermajordisturbances 直接相反 Theyarethemostresilientcommunitiesbecausetheychangetheleastovertime 直接相反 Example2 TPO8 2 1 Accordingtoparagraph1 whichofthefollowingistrueoftheLateCretaceousclimate Summerswereverywarmandwinterswereverycold Shallowseasonthecontinentscausedfrequenttemperaturechanges Theclimatewasverysimilartotoday sclimate Theclimatedidnotchangedramaticallyfromseasontoseason Example2 定位LCclimate Paragraph1 Paleontologistshavearguedforalongtimethatthedemiseofthedinosaurswascausedbyclimaticalterationsassociatedwithslowchangesinthepositionsofcontinentsandseasresultingfromplatetectonics OffandonthroughouttheCretaceous thelastperiodoftheMesozoicera duringwhichdinosaursflourished largeshallowseascoveredextensiveareasofthecontinents Datafromdiversesources includinggeochemicalevidencepreservedinseafloorsediments indicatethattheLateCretaceousclimatewasmilderthantoday s Thedayswerenottoohot northenightstoocold Thesummerswerenottoowarm northewinterstoofrigid Theshallowseasonthecontinentsprobablybufferedthetemperatureofthenearbyair keepingitrelativelyconstant Example2 读懂原文 theLateCretaceousclimatewasmilderthantoday smilder更温和 Example2 选出答案 Summerswereverywarmandwinterswereverycold 直接相反 Shallowseasonthecontinentscausedfrequenttemperaturechanges 答非所问 Theclimatewasverysimilartotoday sclimate 信息杂糅 Theclimatedidnotchangedramaticallyfromseasontoseason didnotchangedramatically milder 定位 转化 定位好找原则手比眼快题干中的X有特点的词 转化同意转化侧面转化概括转化 Example3 TPO9 1 11 Accordingtoparagraph5 themostrecentgeologicresearchprovidessupportforafirstcolonizationofAmericadatingasfarbackas16 000yearsago14 000yearsago12 500yearsago10 000yearsago Example3 通过选项特征定位 Paragraph5 Thecoastalhypothesishasgainedincreasingsupportinrecentyearsbecausetheremainsoflargelandanimals suchascaribouandbrownbears havebeenfoundinsoutheasternAlaskadatingbetween10 000and12 500yearsago Thisisthetimeperiodinwhichmostscientistsformerlybelievedtheareatobeinhospitableforhumans Ithasbeensuggestedthatiftheenvironmentwerecapableofsupportingbreedingpopulationsofbears therewouldhavebeenenoughfoodresourcestosupporthumans FladmarkandotherbelievethatthefirsthumancolonizationofAmericaoccurredbyboatalongtheNorthwestCoastduringtheverylateIceAge possiblyasearlyas14 000yearsago Themostrecentgeologicevidenceindicatesthatitmayhavebeenpossibleforpeopletocolonizeice freeregionsalongthecontinentalshelfthatwerestillexposedbythelowersealevelbetween13 000and14 000yearsago Example3 TPO9 1 11 Accordingtoparagraph5 themostrecentgeologicresearchprovidessupportforafirstcolonizationofAmericadatingasfarbackas16 000yearsago14 000yearsago12 500yearsago10 000yearsago 定位原则补充通过选项一致性定位 选非题 与细节题直接相反考查关键迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息准确判断选项对信息的转化表述正确的三个选项对原文的转化选项特征无中生有信息杂糅直接相反答非所问 选非题 出题方式以NOT和EXCEPT为标志NOTtrue一般直接相反all EXCEPT答非所问 信息杂糅 直接相反NOTmentioned无中生有 信息杂糅 Example4 NOTtrue TPO3 3 2 Accordingtoparagraph1 whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofclimaxcommunities Theyoccurattheendofasuccession Theylastlongerthananyothertypeofcommunity Thenumbersofplantsinthemandthemixofspeciesdonotchange Theyremainstableforatleast500yearsatatime Example4 根据题干找CC Paragraph1 Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesflexibly andtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea Ecologistsusetheterm succession torefertothechangesthathappeninplantcommunitiesandecosystemsovertime Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity whilethelong livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclimaxcommunity Pioneerandsuccessionalplantcommunitiesaresaidtochangeoverperiodsfrom1to500years Thesechanges inplantnumbersandthemixofspecies arecumulative Climaxcommunitiesthemselveschangebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500years Example4 NOTtrue TPO3 3 2 Accordingtoparagraph1 whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofclimaxcommunities Theyoccurattheendofasuccession Theylastlongerthananyothertypeofcommunity Thenumbersofplantsinthemandthemixofspeciesdonotchange 直接相反 Theyremainstableforatleast500yearsatatime Example4 根据选项定位原文 Paragraph1 Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesflexibly andtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea Ecologistsusetheterm succession torefertothechangesthathappeninplantcommunitiesandecosystemsovertime Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity whilethelong livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclimaxcommunity Pioneerandsuccessionalplantcommunitiesaresaidtochangeoverperiodsfrom1to500years Thesechanges inplantnumbersandthemixofspecies arecumulative Climaxcommunitiesthemselveschangebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500years Example5 EXCEPT TPO10 1 5 Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinChinaEXCEPT Theearliesthigh firedceramicswereofpoorquality CeramicsproducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultiplecolors EarthenwareceramicswereproducedinChinabeforestonewarewere TheSongdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainceramics Paragraph3 Theearliestceramicswerefiredtoearthenwaretemperatures butasearlyasthefifteenthcenturyB C high temperaturestonewarewerebeingmadewithglazedsurfaces DuringtheSixDynastiesperiod AD265 589 kilnsinnorthChinawereproducinghigh firedceramicsofgoodquality WhitewareproducedinHebeiandHenanprovincesfromtheseventhtothetenthcenturiesevolvedintothehighlyprizedporcelainsoftheSongdynasty AD 960 1279 longregardedasoneofthehighpointsinthehistoryofChina sceramicindustry Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermosthistoricalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewareorporcelains foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament Ceramicproductsalsoincludelead glazedtombmodelsoftheHandynasty three colorlead glazedvesselsandfiguresoftheTangdynasty andMingthree colortempleornaments inwhichthemotifswereoutlinedinaraisedtrailofslip aswellasthemanyburialceramicsproducedinimitationofvesselsmadeinmaterialsofhigherintrinsicvalue Example5 EXCEPT TPO10 1 5 Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinChinaEXCEPT Theearliesthigh firedceramicswereofpoorquality CeramicsproducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultiplecolors EarthenwareceramicswereproducedinChinabeforestonewarewere TheSongdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainceramics Example5 根据选项定位原文 Paragraph3 Theearliestceramicswerefiredtoearthenwaretemperatures butasearlyasthefifteenthcenturyB C high temperaturestonewarewerebeingmadewithglazedsurfaces DuringtheSixDynastiesperiod AD265 589 kilnsinnorthChinawereproducinghigh firedceramicsofgoodquality WhitewareproducedinHebeiandHenanprovincesfromtheseventhtothetenthcenturiesevolvedintothehighlyprizedporcelainsoftheSongdynasty AD 960 1279 longregardedasoneofthehighpointsinthehistoryofChina sceramicindustry Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermosthistoricalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewareorporcelains foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament Ceramicproductsalsoincludelead glazedtombmodelsoftheHandynasty three colorlead glazedvesselsandfiguresoftheTangdynasty andMingthree colortempleornaments inwhichthemotifswereoutlinedinaraisedtrailofslip aswellasthemanyburialceramicsproducedinimitationofvesselsmadeinmaterialsofhigherintrinsicvalue Example5 EXCEPT TPO10 1 5 Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinChinaEXCEPT Theearliesthigh firedceramicswereofpoorquality CeramicsproducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultiplecolors EarthenwareceramicswereproducedinChinabeforestonewarewere TheSongdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainceramics Example6 NOTmentioned TPO4 1 12 WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph5asafactorthathasincreaseddeerpopulations AreductioninthenumberofpredatorsRestrictionsonhuntingTheeffectsofloggingandfireLawsthatprotectedfeedinggroundsofdeer Example6 根据题干定位 Paragraph5 Thecausesofthispopulationreboundareconsequencesofotherhumanactions First themajorpredatorsofdeer wolves cougar andlynx havebeengreatlyreducedinnumbers Second conservationhasbeeninsuredbylimitingtimesforandtypesofhunting Butthemostprofoundreasonfortherestorationofhighpopulationnumbershasbeenthefateoftheforests Greattractsoflowlandcountrydeforestedbylogging fire orbothhavebecomeidealfeedinggroundsofdeer Inadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse likehuckleberryandvinemaple ArthurEinarsen longtimegamebiologistinthePacificNorthwest foundqualityofbrowseintheopenareastobesubstantiallymorenutritive Theproteincontentofshade grownvegetation forexample wasmuchlowerthanthatforplantsgrowninclearings Example6 NOTmentioned TPO4 1 12 WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph5asafactorthathasincreaseddeerpopulations AreductioninthenumberofpredatorsRestrictionsonhuntingTheeffectsofloggingandfireLawsthatprotectedfeedinggroundsofdeer 无中生有 信息杂糅 选非题TIPs 选项较短 针对原文某一句话中的列举出题 通过题干定位 当题干关键词太宽泛 例如是文章主题或者段落主旨 同时选项是完整的长句或很有特点 通过选项定位 当题干问及某事原因或结果 factors consequences results 时 注意观察原文的逻辑词 cause also and moreover further 及分号 定位方法小结 好找原则手比眼快题干中的X有特点的词 例如时间 大写字母开头的词选项有特点 通过该特点定位题干关键词太宽泛 通过选项定位当一句话中存在多个定位词 选取限制性最强的词 或采取两点定位方法是固定的 题目是多变的 头脑是灵活的 句子简化题 出题方式Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation 句子简化题 出题方式Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation 句子简化题 考查关键长难句理解应对技巧观察原句 通过逻辑词 连接词 标点符号划分句子层次 抓主干修饰成分先不看抓选项主干 四个选项都必须看 只有一项相符 直接选 两项以上相符 先分析选项不同部分 就该部分 通常为原因或目的 回原句分析 找出答案 句子简化题 错误特征信息杂糅 即错误表达了原句信息 经常可能是逻辑关系错误遗漏原句主要信息本末倒置 原句修饰成分变成选项主要意思 做题时 能判断出主要意思的句子 一定先只看主要意思 因为修饰成分往往也是错误选项混淆视听的手段 Example1 Fladmark shypothesisreceivedadditionalsupportfromthefactthatthegreatestdiversityinnativeAmericanlanguagesoccursalongthewestcoastoftheAmericas suggestingthatthisregionhasbeensettledthelongest Becausethisregionhasbeensettledthelongest italsodisplaysthegreatestdiversityinNativeAmericanlanguages Fladmark shypothesisstatesthatthewestcoastoftheAmericashasbeensettledlongerthananyotherregion ThefactthatthegreatestdiversityofNativeAmericanlanguagesoccursalongthewestcoastoftheAmericanslendsstrengthtoFradmark shypothesis AccordingtoFladmark NativeAmericanlanguageshavesurvivedthelongestalongthewestcoastoftheAmericas Example1 原句分析 Fladmark shypothesisreceivedadditionalsupportfromthefactthatthegreatestdiversityinnativeAmericanlanguagesoccursalongthewestcoastoftheAmericas suggestingthatthisregionhasbeensettledthelongest 主干 Fladmark shypothesisreceivedsupportformthefact Becausethisregionhasbeensettledthelongest italsodisplaysthegreatestdiversityinNativeAmericanlanguages Fladmark shypothesisstatesthatthewestcoastoftheAmericashasbeensettledlongerthananyotherregion ThefactthatthegreatestdiversityofNativeAmericanlanguagesoccursalongthewestcoastoftheAmericanslendsstrengthtoFradmark shypothesis AccordingtoFladmark NativeAmericanlanguageshavesurvivedthelongestalongthewestcoastoftheAmericas Becausethisregionhasbeensettledthelongest italsodisplaysthegreatestdiversityinNativeAmericanlanguages Fladmark shypothesisstatesthatthewestcoastoftheAmericashasbeensettledlongerthananyotherregion ThefactthatthegreatestdiversityofNativeAmericanlanguagesoccursalongthewestcoastoftheAmericanslendsstrengthtoFradmark shypothesis AccordingtoFladmark NativeAmericanlanguageshavesurvivedthelongestalongthewestcoastoftheAmericas Example2 UnlikeintheAmericas wheremetallurgywasaverylateandlimiteddevelopment Africanshadironfromarelativelyearlydate developingingeniousfurnacestoproducethehighheatneededforproductionandtocontroltheamountofairthatreachedthecarbonandironorenecessaryformakingiron WhileAmericanironmakersdevelopedthelatestfurnaces Africanironmakerscontinuedusingearliertechniques AfricansproducedironmuchearlierthanAmericans inventingtechnologicallysophisticatedheatingsystems IronmakingdevelopedearlierinAfricathanintheAmericasbecauseofthereadyavailabilityofcarbonandironore BothAfricaandtheAmericasdevelopedthecapacityformakingironearly butAfricanmetallurgydevelopedataslowerrate Example2 原句分析 UnlikeintheAmericas wheremetallurgywasaverylateandlimiteddevelopment Africanshadironfromarelativelyearlydate developingingeniousfurnacestoproducethehighheatneededforproductionandtocontroltheamountofairthatreachedthecarbonandironorenecessaryformakingiron 主干 Africanshadironearlier thanAmericas Example2 选项分析 WhileAmericanironmakersdevelopedthelatestfurnaces Africanironmakerscontinuedusingearliertechniques AfricansproducedironmuchearlierthanAmericans inventingtechnologicallysophisticatedheatingsystems IronmakingdevelopedearlierinAfricathanintheAmericasbecauseofthereadyavailabilityofcarbonandironore BothAfricaandtheAmericasdevelopedthecapacityformakingironearly butAfricanmetallurgydevelopedataslowerrate Example2 分析原句修饰成分 UnlikeintheAmericas wheremetallurgywasaverylateandlimit