湖北研究生入学考试英语+答案

2010 年湖北省博士研究生入学考试英语联考试题年湖北省博士研究生入学考试英语联考试题 Part I Reading Comprehension 40 Directions There are 5 reading passages in this part Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements For each of them there are four choices marked A B C and D You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage For most of us work is the central dominating factor of life We spend more than half our conscious hours at work preparing for work traveling to and from work What we do there largely determines our standard of living and to a considerable extent the status we are accorded by our fellow citizens as well It is sometimes said that because leisure has become more important the indignities and injustices of work can be pushed into a corner that because more work is pretty intolerable the people who do it should compensate for its boredom frustrations and humiliations by concentrating their hopes on the other parts of their lives I reject that as a counsel pf despair For the foreseeable future the material and psychological rewards which work can provide and the conditions in which work is done will continue to play a vital part in determining the satisfaction that life can offer Yet only a small minority ean control the pace at which they work or the conditions in which their work is done only for a small minority does work offer scope for creativity imagination or initiative Inequality at work and in work is still one of the cruelest and most glaring forms of inequality in our society We can not hope to solve the more obvious problems of industrial life many of which arise directly or indirectly from the inequality at work Still less can we hope to create a decent and humane society The most glaring inequality is that between managers and the rest For most managers work is an opportunity and a challenge Their jobs engage their interest and allow them to develop their abilities They are able to exercise responsibility they have a considerable degree of control over their own and the others working lives Most important of all they have the opportunity to initiate By contrast for most manual workers work is a boring monotonous even painful experience They spend all their working lives in conditions which would be regarded as intolerable for themselves by those who take the decisions which let such conditions continue The majority have little control over their work it provides them with no opportunity for personal development Often production is so designed that workers are simply part of the technology In offices many jobs are so routine that workers justifiably feel themselves to be mere cogs in the bureaucratic machine As a direct consequence of their work experience many workers feel alienated from their work and their firm whether it is in public or in private ownership 1 According to the author it s true about work that A one s happy life largely depends on whether his work is rewarding B concentrating on your work is a counsel when you are in despair C people should try to avoid the intolerable unfairness of work D dignity becomes more and more important than work 2 What advantage do managers have over the other workers A They can control other people s lives B They can make their own decisions C They can work at whatever interests them D They can get time off to attend courses 3 Working conditions generally remain bad because A the workers lose their interests to change them B few people can decide what to do about them C office workers want to protect their positions D managers do not want to change them 4 What frustrates the workers in a modern society A Their work interferes with their private lives B They are incapable of doing their work properly C They feel they are just a small and subordinate part of it D Their lives are complicated due to technological advances Questions 5 to 8 are based on the following passage The uniqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces the strength of traditions and the selective receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions As early 1860s there were counter movement to the traditional orientation One of the famous spokesmen of Japan s Enlightenment claimed the Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things possessed by Western civilization science in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spiritual sphere Another break of relative liberalism followed World War I when the democratic idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Japanese intellectuals and especially students but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution Again in the early 1930s nationalism and militarism became dominant Following the end of World War II substantial changes were undertaken in Japan to liberate the individual from authoritarian restrains The new democratic value system was accepted by many teachers students intellectuals and old liberals but it was not immediately embraced by the society as a whole Japanese traditions were dominated by group values and notions of personal freedom and individual rights were unfamiliar Today democratic processes are clearly evident in the widespread participation of the Japanese people in social and political life School textbooks emphasize equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition but in practice these values are often misinterpreted and distorted particularly by the youth who translate the individualistic and humanistic goals of democracy into egoistic and materialistic ones Most Japanese people have consciously rejected Confucianism but leftovers of the old order remain An important feature of relationships in many institutions including political parties and universities is the oyabun kobun or parent child relation The corresponding loyalty of the individual to his patron reinforces his allegiance to the group to which they both belong A willingness to cooperate with other members of the group and to support without qualification the interests of the group in all its external relations is still a widely respected virtue The oyabun kobun creates ladders of mobility which an individual can ascend rising as far as abilities permit so long as he maintains successful personal ties with a superior in the vertical channel the latter requirement usually taking precedence over a need for exceptional competence As a consequence there is little horizontal relationship between people with the same profession 5 The spokesman of Japan s Enlightenment thought that A the traditional culture should be replaced by western modernization B Japanese ought to forsake the Confucian civilization of the East C the Confucian civilization in Japan should be dominant D Japan should introduce western civilization 6 Which of the following statements about Japan s culture is true A Substantial change in democratic process have taken place during World War II B Nowadays the traditional Confucianism is a necessary part of the society in Japan C Today the Confucianism outweighs the democratic value system in universities of Japan D The democratic idea was not accepted by the society after World War II 7 The relationship of oyabun kobun can be one between A a shop owner and a customer B a CEO and an employee C a politician and an opponent D a judge and a lawyer 8 In the last paragraph the author implies that A respect for authority plays a more important role in promotion B western values have overwhelmed traditional Japanese attitudes C colleagues are more closely related to each other than before D most Japanese workers are members of a single party Questions 9 to 12 are based on the following passage Before a big exam a sound night s sleep will do you more good than poring over textbooks That at least is the folk wisdom And science in the form of behavioral psychology supports that wisdom But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for memory One says that sleep is when permanent memories form The other says that they are actually formed during the day but then edited at night to flush away what is superfluous To tell the difference it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person and that is hard But after a decade of painstaking work a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested is rapid eye movement REM sleep when brain and body are active heart rate and blood pressure increase the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness It is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams Dr Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day and as they slept during the following night The task required them to press a button as fast as possible in response to a light coming on in one of six positions As they learnt how to do this their response times got faster What they did not know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a pattern what is referred to as an artificial grammar Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was not What is more those with more to learn i e the grammar as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button have more active brains The editing theory would not predict that since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjects were learning as opposed to unlearning their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep The team therefore concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep particularly if the brain detects an inherent structure in the material being learnt So now on the eve of that crucial test maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door 9 The phrase poring over in the first sentence of the passage may be best interpreted as A looking interestingly at B learning without hesitation C studying with close attention D memorizing with a fast pace 10 The reason why sleep is good for the memory A is to be clarified by behavioral psychology B is rooted in its function of relaxing the brain C lies in its contribution to the formation of lasting memories D stems from its compiling memories and ridding things unwanted 11 The experimenters found that their subjects A learned quickly how to respond to the light stimuli B picked up the artificial grammar during their REM sleep C pushed the button faster in the absence of the light pattern D increased their response time as they learnt the artificial grammar 12 The Belgian group reached the conclusion that A the brain works more efficiently by knowing a set pattern of things B the second theory failed to caver all the brain responses during sleep C REM sleep reactivates connections between the nerves and the memory D it s beyond doubt that the subjects were learning in contrast to unlearning Questions 13 to 16 are based on the following passage The history of modem pollution problems shows that most have resulted from negligence and ignorance We have a shocking tendency to interfere with nature before all of the possible consequences of our actions have been studied in depth We produce and distribute radioactive substances synthetic chemicals and many of other powerful compounds before fully comprehending their effects on living organisms Our education is dangerously incomplete It will be argued that the purpose of science is to move into unknown territory to explore and to discover It can be said that similar risks have been taken before and those risks are necessary to technological progress These arguments overlook an important element In the past risks taken in the name of scientific progress were restricted to a small place and a brief period of time The effects of the processes we now strive to master are neither localized nor brief Air pollution covers vast urban areas Ocean pollutants have been discovered in nearly every part of the world Synthetic chemicals spread over huge stretches of forest and farmland may remain in the soil for decades Radioactive pollutants will be found in the biosphere for generations The size and persistence of these problems have grown with the expanding power of modern science One might also argue that the hazards of modern pollutants are small compared with the dangers associated with other human activity No estimate of the actual harm done by smog fallout or chemical residues can obscure the reality that the risks are being taken before being fully understood The importance of these issues lies in the failure of science to predict and control human intervention into natural processes The true measure of danger is represented by the hazards we will encounter if we enter the new age of technology without first evaluating our responsibility to the environment 13 According to the author the major cause of pollution is the result of A a strong desire to move into unknown territory B a lack of understanding the history of technology C designing synthetic chemicals to kill living organisms D changing our environment without fully considering risks 14 According to the passage the risks brought about by modem science are greater than those by earlier scientific efforts because A the effects may be felt by more people for a longer time B technology has produced more dangerous chemicals C science is progressing faster than ever before D the modern pollutants have been localized 15 In the author s opinion the key to the settlement of the modern pollution lies in A the expansion of modern science B the disposal of potential pollutants C the awareness of our responsibility D the human interference with nature 16 It can be inferred that the attitude of scientists towards pollution has been A naiveB concernedC worriedD nonchalant Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following passage Crimes by children have been rising at a faster rate than the juvenile population About half of such crimes involve the traditional offenses of the theft breaking and entering and vandalism but serious violent crimes are going up at a startling rate The rate of armed robbery rape and murder by juveniles had doubled in a decade If all the needs of the adolescent could be met adequately and without delay without violating laws there would be no point in violation and a minimum of internal indirect and direct control would suffice to secure conformity The objection may be made that many violations are committed for the excitement of the violation itself However other possibilities for excitement exist besides violating laws and regulations No complete and generally satisfactory list of needs either of children or adults has been compiled There does seem to be essential consensus on the needs for affection and security Although these categories do not exhaust the needs of children they are at least a beginning Only some of the child s needs particularly those of the adolescent can be satisfied within the family The family does however also greatly affect the chances the adolescent will have in satisfying his needs in the school in his peer group and later in his occupation If he is able to satisfy his needs reasonably well outside the home in socially approved ways there is less pressure to achieve them through delinquent behavior As there are limitations upon what can be achieved by indirect and direct control so also are there limitations as to need satisfactions Adolescents have wants that must be deferred at least such as for foreign spot cars sexual satisfactions and adult income and status Likewise not everyone can be the captain of the football team the campus queen or the winner of scholarship honors At present there is no way that adolescents can always be made to feel loved and secured and no assurance that there will always be something interesting to do On the other side of the ledger there is always some work to be done to obtain in a legitimate manner whatever recognition and privileges are possible Even though complete and immediate satisfaction of needs is not ordinarily possible families can go far toward the legitimate satisfaction of needs within the family and they can prepare and launch the adolescent in his interaction with school peer group and occupation otherwise they can fail almost totally in helping to meet needs in and outside the family through acceptable behavior 17 According to the author juveniles commit violations because A they want to derive pleasure from the violation itself B their needs are not satisfied completely and immediately C violating laws and regulations offers them greater excitement D not enough control is exercised to make them conform to laws 18 The fourth paragraph is written to illustrate that A the important thing is to give children something interesting to do B all that children need like adults are recognition and privileges C children can he made to feel loved and secure only at home D all the needs of an adolescent cannot be satisfied 19 Which of the following should the family do to reduce juvenile delinquency A Exert direct and indirect control over the child within the family B Don t interfere in children s behavior in or outside the family C Try to help the children meet legitimate needs in and outside the family D Try its best to satisfy all of the children s needs within the family 20 Which of the