英语商务报告写作.ppt

IhavemadethisletterlongerthanusualonlybecauseIhavenothadtimetomakeitshorter BlaisePascal FrenchMathematician Whatismakesagoodbusinessreport BeingConcise Don taddinextrawordstoshowyouhaveanextensivevocabularyiftheyarenotneeded StyleandTone Itshouldbepersuasivebutwiththerightlevelofformality Beobjective Don tuse I or you Consideringtheinformation Ithinkthat Theinformationsuggeststhat Youshouldtry Itwouldbebeneficialtotry Beclearandconcise Don tusemetaphors idiomsorsayings Theycanbeinterpretedindifferentways eg Itissaidthat Thereisno I inteam DONOTUSEeg Everycoinhastwosides Therearetwosidestoeverycoin DONOTUSEButtherearelimitsonbeingconcise eg Inaword DONOTUSE Structure IntroductionMainBody OrganisedinParagraphs ConclusionRecommendations ReadthereportonPage72andnotedownthegoodandbadpoints GoodPointsClearlyOrganisedAddressesthepointsrequestedBadDoesn tmakeclearrecommendationsTooinformalNolinkingphrases LinkingPhrasesPractice pg73 Linkingphrasesareveryimportanttocreateaflowinyourwriting Howevertheycanbeoverused Rememberyouareusingthemtolinkideastogether somakesureyouchoosetherightonetodefinetherelationship Rewritesentence1 4givingthemthesamemeaning LinkingPhrases Answers 1a Inspiteof Despitebeingrich he sunhappy ORInspiteof Despitehiswealth He sunhappy b He srich Nevertheless he sunhappy 2a Inadditiontobeingcomplex it s also expensive ORInadditiontothefactthatit scomplex 2b Aswellasbeingcomplex it s also expensive 2c It scomplex Furthermore it sexpensive LinkingPhrases Answers 3a Aftergatheringalltheevidence theywillproduceareport 3b First theywillgatheralltheevidence Subsequentlytheywillproduceareport 4a Thecompanywentbankruptonaccountofpoormanagement beingpoorlymanaged 4b Thecompanywaspoorlymanaged Consequently itwentbankrupt CommonGrammaticalMistakes Articles The A Anmakesureyouknowwhichonetouseanduseit Mostnounsneedanarticle butnotalldo Rememberitis TheU K and ThePeople sRepublicOfChina but Britain and China Useadictionarytocheck CommonGrammaticalMistakes 3rdPersonSingularadd s Ifyouareusingaverbtodescribeaperson theoryoranorganisationyouusuallyaddan s eg TheoryXacknowledges TheoryXandYacknowledge Theauthorindicatesthat Theauthorsindicatethat CitingandReferencing Whydowedoit Todistinguishyourownviewsfromotherpeoples Toindicatethereliabilityofyourstatements Toshowthedepthofyourresearch CitingandReferencing Whydowedoit Youhavelimitedbusinessexperience ifany Ifyoudonotshowme IwillassumethatyouropinionsareNOTbasedonrealworldexperiencesorevidence Byreferencingpeoplewhohaveresearch reallifeexperience youareshowingmethatyouhaveknowledgeofwhathasworkedornotworkedintherealworldandthenusedthesetoinformyourownopinion Criticalthinking Whatiscriticalthinking Donotjustpassivelyacceptwhatyoureadbutactivelyquestionandassesit TheExposureofReinhartandRogoff AnExampleOfCriticalThinking In2013ReinhartandRogoff twoHarvardProfessorswereexposedforerrorswithintheir2010paper GrowthInATimeOfDebt Theirpaperindicatedthataslowingofgrowthby1 forthenext23yearswouldcausetheU S economytoshrinkby25 ThiswasusedtoinformseveralpolicydecisionsbytheU S Government AGraduatestudentalongwithhisprofessorsanalysedthepaperandfoundmistakeswithinboththeoriginalfiguresofGDPincertaincountriesandintheexcelformulasusedtoanalysethedataandproducetheirresults Itwasshownthattheirresultswereagreatexaggerationandmanypeoplehadtore evaluatethefutureoftheirbusinessandthecountry WhatCanWeLearnFromThis IfresearchresultsprovidedbyHarvardprofessorsareerroneous weneedtoconsiderthetruthbehindallsourcesweread Thesemistakeswerecausedbyhumanerrorbutothermistakescouldbecausedbytheauthorsownagenda biases Theymaylettheirownfeelingsgetinthewayofthetruthortheymaybebeingpaidbyacompanytoreportresultsthatmakethatcompanylookgood Theonlywaytoknowistoresearchdeeper lookatthewaytheygottheirresultsandtheresultsotherpeoplehaveproduced Dotheyallsaythesamething Ifnot why Criticalthinking Checklist Whatarethekeyideas Doestheauthorhaveabias Doestheevidenceseemreliable IstheargumentsimilartoanythingelseIhaveread DoIagreewiththewritersview ShouldYouUseWikipediaWhenWritingAReport AnanonymousWikipediacontributorwhoeditedthousandsofentriesandclaimedtobeaprofessorofreligionturnedouttobea24 year oldcollegedropout Bythetimehewasexposedasafraud HewassorespectedintheWikipediacommunitythathehadevenbeenmadeanarbitrator apersonwhojudgesotherarticlesforvalidity byWikipediaandhadbeenhiredbyWikiaInc ShouldYouUseWikipediaWhenWritingAReport YesandNo Yes itcanofferausefuloverview HOWEVERtherearemanymistakes Scrolldownthewikipediapagetothelinksatthebottom Readtheseandjudgeiftheyarereliable Plagiarism Whatisplagiarism Discussthisingroups writedownadefinition Plagiarism Anythingthatisnotcommonknowledgeoryourownideasandresearch publishedornot mustbecitedandreferenced Ifyoudonotdothis youareplagiarising Ifyoureferencebutchangethemeaningormis quotestatistics youareplagiarising Itisanacademicoffenceandwillresultinfailure Ifindoubt citethesource Way 2015 ReportWriting CommonMistakesofPhrasing Generalisations Itisobviousthat Itiscertainthat Certainly Everyoneknowsthat Beforeyouwriteoneofthesestatements stopandthink Ifitiscertain youdonotneedtotellsomeoneeg Itisobviousthattheworldisround Theworldisround Ifitisnotcertain youneedtocitewhereyougottheinformationfrom WhatisCommonKnowledge ToCiteorNotToCite HelsinkiisthecapitalofFinland JerusalemistheCapitalofIsrael AbrahamLincolnwasthe16thPresidentoftheUnitedStates ThepopulationofFinlandhasbeenabout5millionforthepastseveraldecades ThepopulationofFinlandinJuly1999was4 992 311 HowtoUseOtherPeoplesIdeasandResearch Onceyouknowthatyoushouldcitetheinformation youthenneedtoputitintoanappropriateform Thisinvolvesquoting paraphrasingorsummarising ShortQuotes Shouldbeintegratedintothesentenceusingreportingwords Youshouldsitetheauthor theyearandthepage lineorparagraph dependingonthesource Shouldusedoublequotationmarks Eg AccordingtoPrincetonWritingCentre 2009 para 7 directquotingshouldonlybeusedtoprovidesupportforacademicargumentfora compelling reasonandthechoicetoquotemaybebecause youwantyourreadertobeabletosee infull whatsomeoneelsehassaid beforeyougoontoanalysethestatement LongQuotes LeaveNOSPACEaboveandbelowthelongquoteMakethetextsizethesameastheessaytextsizeIndentapproximatelyonecentimetretotherightDONOTusequotationmarksStudentsoftenmisunderstandtheroleofquotationsinwritingandoverdothestrategy Studentsincludefourquotationswhereonewoulddo Thiscangivetheimpressionthatyoudon thaveenoughtosayandareusingquotationstotakeupspace acommonstrategyforsomestudents Also theexcessiveuseofquotes maybetakentoindicatethatyoudon tunderstandthepositionwellenoughtoexplainitinyourownwords Dartmouth 2008 para 11 Moreover thereareanumberoftechnicalrulesthatstudentsneedtolearntousequotationscorrectlyintheirwriting Paraphrasing OriginalfromAllen J 2009 Thecauseoftheindustrialrevolution OxfordUniversityPress UK Therehasbeenmuchdebateaboutthereasonsfortheindustrialrevolutionhappeningin18thCenturyBritain ratherthaninFranceorGermany Paraphrased WhytheindustrialrevolutionoccurredinBritainintheeighteenthcentury insteadofonthecontinent hasbeenthesubjectofconsiderablediscussion Allen 2009 Canyouidentifythekeyfeaturesofaneffectiveparaphrase Paraphrasing hasadifferentstructuretotheoriginalhasmainlydifferentvocabularyretainsthesamemeaningkeepssomephrasesfromtheoriginaltextthatareincommonuseeg industrialrevolution or eighteenthcentury ParaphrasingPractice YouarewritingareportcomparingchangesinmanufacturingandculturalattitudesintheWest Youreadthisandthinktheideaswouldbegoodtouseinyouressay Thegrowthofthecarindustryparallelsthedevelopmentofmoderncapitalism Inthe1920sAlfredSloan smanagementtheorieshelpedGeneralMotorstobecometheword sdominantcarcompany Bailey 2013 Thegrowthofthecarindustryparallelsthedevelopmentofmoderncapitalism 1 Firstlookforsynonymsofkeywords Thegrowthofthecarindustryparallelsthedevelopmentofmoderncapitalism changeitto Theriseoftheautomobileindustrydirectlycorrespondstotheprogressofcontemporarycapitalism 2 Thenchangethestructurebutkeepthesamemeaning Thereisadirectcorrespondencebetweentheprogressofcontemporarycapitalismandtheriseoftheautomobileindustry 3 Citetheoriginaltext Thereisadirectcorrespondencebetweentheprogressofcontemporarycapitalismandtheriseoftheautomobileindustry Bailey 2013 Inthe1920sAlfredSloan smanagementtheorieshelpedGeneralMotorstobecometheworld sdominantcarcompany 1 Firstlookforsynonymsofkeywords 2 Thenchangethestructurebutkeepthesamemeaning 3 Citetheoriginaltext Inthe1920sAlfredSloan smanagementtheorieshelpedGeneralMotorstobecometheword sdominantcarcompany 1 Firstlookforsy