有机物中英文命名规则.ppt

OrganicChemistry Somesignificantorganicchemicalterms hydrocarbons saturatedhydrocarbon unsaturatedhydrocarbon conjugate conjugation 碳氢化合物 烃 饱和 不饱和 共轭 TypesofReaction substitution alkylation halogenationetc 取代 如烷基化 卤代 addition 加成 elimination 消去 condensation 缩合 polymerization 聚合 oxidation 氧化 reduction 还原 degradation 降解 rearrangement 重排 replacement 置换 pericyclicreaction cycloadditionreaction electrocyclicreaction sigmatropicrearrangement 周环反应 包括 环加成 电环化 重排 Electrophile electrophilic 亲电试剂 亲电的 nucleophile nucleophilic 亲核试剂 亲核的 Carbocation 碳正离子 carbanion 碳负离子 radical 游离基 free 自由基 intermediate 中间体 substituent 取代基 Reactivity 反应活性 Attack 进攻 leavinggroup 离去基团 protectinggroup 保护基 catalyst 催化剂 Kinetic 动力学的 thermodynamic 热力学的 cis transisomer opticalisomer enantiomer 顺 反异构体 光学异构体 光学对映体 asymmetric chiral chirality 不对称 手性的 手性 racemicmixture mesocompound 外消旋体 内消旋体 stereoselectivereaction stereospecificreation regioselectivereaction sterichindrance stericeffects 立体阻碍 位阻 立体效应 reflux stir azeotrope 回流 搅拌 恒 共沸物 separation filter distillation fraction chromatography 分离 过滤 蒸馏 分馏 色谱 extraction precipitate recrystallization 萃取 沉淀 重结晶 Termsrelatedtothesyntheticexperiment Groundjoint Flask three necked round bottom conical filter suction volumetric Condenser air reflux ball coil distillinghead claisen adaptor vacuum Beaker funnel buchner separatory long stem stemless dropping sinteredglass Bottle weighing washing dropping gas washing dryingtube tower desiccator vacuumdesiccator Prefix Parent SuffixNomenclatureofparentpart NomenclatureofalkanesandalkylsubstituentsStraight chainalkanesStraight chainalkanesarenamedbycountingthenumberofcarbonatomsinthechainandaddingthefamilysuffix ane Thuspentaneisthefive carbonalkane andhexaneisthesix carbonalkane Analkylsubstituent oranalkylgroup isanalkanefromwhichasinglehydrogenhasbeenremoved Alkylsubstituentsarenamedbyreplacingthe ane suffixofthealkanewith yl Theletter R isusedtoindicateanyalkylgroup ThusCH3 hasthenameofmethyl whilethegroupofCH3CH2 wasnamedethyl NumberMolecularNameNameinAlkylofcarbonsformulaChinesesubstituents1CH4Methane甲烷Methyl2C2H6Ethane乙烷Ethyl3C3H8Propane丙烷Propyl4C4H10Butane丁烷Butyl5C5H12Pentane戊烷Pentyl6C6H14Hexane己烷Hexyl7C7H16Heptane庚烷Heptyl8C8H18Octane辛烷Octyl9C9H20Nonane壬烷Nonyl10C10H22Decane癸烷Decyl11C11H24Undecane十一烷Undecyl12C12H26Dodecane十二烷Dodecyl13C13H28Tridecane十三烷Tridecyl20C20H42Icosane二十烷Icosyl21C21H44Heneicosane二十一烷Heneicosyl30C30H62Triacontane三十烷Triacontyl Branched chainalkanes3 ethyl 3 methylhexane SomeusefulprefixesforindicatingthenumberofsubstituentgroupsMono 单取代 一取代Di 二取代Tri 三取代Tetra 四取代Pent a 五取代Hex a 六取代Hept a 七取代Oct a 八取代Nona 九取代Deca 十取代 2 6 dimethyloctanenot2 ethyl 6 methylheptane3 ethyl 2 methylhexanenot3 isopropylhexane Someusefulprefixesusedtonamebranchedalkanes Commonnames normal n 正 isomer iso 异neo 新primary伯 一级 secondary sec 仲 二级 tertiary tert 叔 三级quaternary季 四级 n pentaneneopentaneisobutane正戊烷新戊烷异丁烷Pentane2 2 dimethylpropane2 methylpropanetert butanolisobutanaminesec butanamine叔丁醇异丁胺仲丁胺2 methyl 2 propanol2 methylpropanamine1 methylpropanamine Cyclicalkanes cycloalkanes e g cylcopropane cyclopentane andcyclohexyletc NomenclatureofacyclichydrocarbonswithonedoubleortriplebondAcyclichydrocarbonshavingonedoubleortriplebondarenamedbyreplacingtheending ane ofthenameofthecorrespondingalkanewiththeending ene or yne alkene alkyne e g butane butenebutenebutynetrans 2 butenecis 2 butene3 methyl 1 butyne Theunivalentradicalderivedfromacyclicalkeneoralkynehastheendings enyl or ynyl alkenealkenyl alkynealkynyl andthepositionofthedoubleortriplebondisindicatedwherenecessary unlikealkanealkyl e g 1 propenyl2 butenylethynyl2 propynyl Thefollowingnon systematicnamesareretainedEthylene 乙烯 Allene 丙二烯 Acetylene 乙炔 Isoprene 异戊二烯 Vinyl 乙烯基 Allyl 烯丙基 Isopropenyl 异丙烯基 NomenclatureofacyclichydrocarbonswithtwoormoredoubleortriplebondsTwoormoredoublebonds theendingwillbe adiene atriene etc alkadiene Twoormoretriplebonds theendingwillbe adiyne atriyne etc alkadiyne e g 2 methyl 1 3 butadienepropadiene2 5 dimethyl 2 4 6 octatriene3 ethyl 4 methyl 1 6 heptadiyne Nomenclatureofmonocyclicaromatichydrocarbons苯甲苯二甲苯苯乙烯异丙苯均三甲苯benzenetoluenexylenestyrenecumenemesitylene苯基甲苯基二甲苯基苯乙烯基异丙苯基均三甲苯基苄基Phenyltolylxylylstyrylcumenylmesitylbenzyl Commonnamesretainedforthedisubstitutedbenzeneortho o 邻meta m 间para p 对 m methylbenzylm tolyl3 4 dimethylphenyl3 methylbenzyl3 tolylo styrylp cumenyl3 5 dimethyl 4 ethylphenyl2 styryl4 cumenyl SomeimportantFamiliesoforganicmoleculesSaturatedhydrocarbons suchas Alkanes cycloalkanes Un saturatedhydrocarbons suchas alkenes alkynes cycloalkenes cycloalkynes cycloalkadienes cycloalkadiynes Aromaticcompouds benzene biphenyl naphthaleneandotherfusedandpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons Compoundswithfunctionalgroups alkylhalides 卤代烃 alcohols 醇 phenols 酚 ethers 醚 amines 胺 Compoundswithfunctionalgroups aldehydes 醛 ketones 酮 quinones 醌 carboxylicacids 羧酸 esters 酯 acylhalides 酰卤 acidanhydrides 酸酐 amides 酰胺 imides 亚胺 Compoundswithfunctionalgroups alkylhalides 卤代烃 alcohols 醇 phenols 酚 ethers 醚 amines 胺 etc alkylhalidesR Xhalogen halo Cl Br F I AlcoholsR OHhydroxygroup OH PhenolsAr OHhydroxygroup OH EthersR O R Alkoxygroup O R AminesR NH2aminogroup NH2 Alkylhalides haloalkaneoralkylhalide Alkylhalidesareclassifiedasprimary secondary ortertiarydependingonthecarbontowhichthehalogenisattached Thecommonnamesofthealkylhalidesareobtainedbycitingthenameofthealkylgroupfollowedbythenameofthehalogen alkylhalide IntheIUPACsystem alkylhalidesarenamedassubstitutedalkanes Thesubstitutedprefixnamesforthehalogensendin o fluoro chloro bromo iodo haloalkane NomenclatureofalcoholsAlcoholsThecommonnames similartoalkylhalides areobtainedbycitingthenameofthealkylgrouptowhichtheOHgroupisattached followedbytheword alcohol alkylalcohol TheIUPACnameforanalcoholisobtainedbyremovingthe e fromthenameofthealkaneandaddingthesuffix ol alkanol NomenclatureofaminesAminesarecompoundsinwhichoneormorehydrogenofammoniahavebeenreplacedbyalkylgroups Thereareprimary secondary andtertiaryamines Thisclassificationdependsonhowmanyalkylgroupsarebondedtothenitrogen notcarbon Thecommonnameofaamineisobtainedbycitingthenamesofthealkylgroupsbondedtothenitrogeninalphabeticalorder Theentirenameiswrittenasoneword alkylamine e g TherearetwoIUPACapprovedwaytonameanamine Itcanbenamedasasubstitutedalkaneusingtheprefix amino todesignatetheaminesubstituent aminoalkane Italsocanbeennamedwithafunctionalgroupsuffix amine The e attheendofthealkanenameisreplacedby amine ThenamesofsubstituentsbondedtothenitrogenareprecededbyanN initalic toindicatethatthesubstituentisbondedtoanitrogenratherthantoacarbon N alkyl alkanamine Amineswithfouralkylgroupsbondedtothenitrogen andthereforeapositivechargeonthenitrogen arecalledquaternaryammoniumsalts Theirnamesareobtainedbycitingthenamesofthealkylgroupsinalphabeticalorderasaprefixto ammonium followedbythenameofthecounterion alkylammoniumhalide orhydroxideetc Nomenclatureofetherssymmetricaletherandasymmetricalether e g Thecommonnameofanetherisobtainedbycitingthenamesofthetwoalkylsubstituents inalphabeticalorder followedbytheword ether Thesmallestethersarealmostalwaysnamedbytheircommonnames alkylalkylether TheIUPACsystemnamesanetherasanalkanethatbearsanalkoxysubstituent Alkoxysubstituentsarenamedbyremovingthe yl fromthenameofthealkylsubstituentandadding oxy alkoxyalkane methoxy ethoxy 1 methylethoxy 1 1 dimethylpropoxy Acarbonylgroup 羰基 isacarbondoublybondedtoanoxygenandanacylgroup 酰基 isacarbonylgroupattachedtoanalkylsubstituent Abenzoylgroup 苯甲酰基 isacarbonylgroupattachedtoabenzenering NomenclatureofaldehydesandketonesThecommonnameofanaldehydeisthesameascarboxylicacid derivedfromsomeLatinwords Latin aldehyde TheIUPACnameofanaldehydeisobtainedbyremovingthe e fromthealkanenameandadding al alkanal Ifthealdehydegroupisattachedtoaring thealdehydeisnamedbyadding carbaldehyde tothenameofthering cycloalkanecarbaldehyde phenylmethanal NomenclatureofketonesCommonname Onlyafewketonshavecommonnames suchasacetone likealdehyde Commonnamesarealsousedforphenyl substitutedketones Theyarecalledphenones one IUPACname KetonesarenamedintheIUPACsystembyremovingthe e fromthealkanenameandadding one alkanone Derivedname Likeethers R CO R canbenamedbycitingthenamesofthetwoalkylsubstituents inalphabeticalorder followedbytheword ketone alkylalkylketone CommonnameIUPACnameDerivedname Nomenclatureofcarboxylicacidsanditsderivatives X OH acarboxylicacidX halogen anacylhalideX OR anesterX OCOR anacidanhydrideX NRR anamide NomenclatureofcarboxylicacidsacarboxylgroupThefunctionalgroupofacarboxylicacidiscalledacarboxylgroup Long chaincarboxylicacidsarecalled fattyacids Commonname Carboxylicacids 6 arefrequentlycalledbytheircommonnames Theyarenamedbyadding Latinprefix before acid whatis carbon IUPACname acarboxylicacidisnamedbyreplaceingthe e endingofthealkanenamewith oicacid alkanoicacid Carboxylicacidsinwhichacarboxylgroupisattachedtoacycliccompoundcanbenamedbyadding carboxylicacid tothenameofthecycliccompound benzoicacid NomenclatureofacylhalidesAcylhalidesarenamedbyusingtheacidnameandreplacingthe icacid with ylhalide alkanoylhalide orbyreplacing carboxylicacid with carbonylhalide cycloalkanecarbonylhalide benzoylchloride Nomenclatureofacidanhydrides Doyouknowthemeaningof anhydride R R asymmetricalanhydrideR R amixedanhydride Symmetricalanhydridesarenamedbyusingtheacidnameandreplacing acid with anhydride mixedanhydridesarenamedbystatingthenameofbothacidgroup