计算机应用基础(双语)课件PPTChapter-01.pptx

Chapter1 ComputerHardware 1 What sinside Inthischapter youwill GainanoverviewofcomputerequipmentandterminologyLearnhowcomputersareclassifiedLearnhowpersonalcomputersfitintothegamutofmachinesfromPDAstosupercomputersReviewbasiccomponentsofatypicalpersonalcomputersystemLookinsidethesystemunitExploreadvantagesanddisadvantagesofseveralcomputerstoragedevicesLearnsomebasicsaboutmaintainingyourcomputerandtroubleshootingproblems 2 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whatisacomputer Adevicethat AcceptsinputProcessesdataStoresdataProducesoutput 3 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whatisacomputer Computerinputiswhateveristyped submitted ortransmittedtoacomputersystemDatareferstosymbolsthatrepresentfacts objects andideasProcessingismanipulationofdataMosttakesplaceincentralprocessingunit CPU acomputer s brain Computerprogramsareinstructionsthattellcomputershowtoprocess 4 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whatisacomputer AnoperatingsystemissoftwarethathelpsacomputeroperateefficientlyandkeeptrackofdataApplicationsoftwarehelpsusers apply computerstospecifictasksMemoryistemporarystorageStorageispermanentComputeroutputisresultsproducedbycomputer 5 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whatisacomputer 6 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Howarecomputersclassified Computersaredividedintofivecategories HandheldcomputersPersonalcomputersServersMainframecomputersSupercomputers 7 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Howarecomputersclassified Handheldcomputer PDA featuresinclude Smallkeyboardortouch sensitivescreenDesignedtofitinyourpocketRunsonbatteriesUsedwhileholdingit 8 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Howarecomputersclassified ApersonalcomputerisdesignedtomeetthecomputingneedsofanindividualDesktopcomputersfitondesksandrunonpowerfromwalloutletsANotebookcomputer laptop incorporatesscreen keyboard storage andprocessing 9 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Howarecomputersclassified 10 Atabletcomputerisportable featuringatouch sensitivescreenusedforwritingordrawing Aserverisusedtoservedatatocomputersconnectedtoanetwork PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition AmainframecomputeriscapableofsimultaneouslyprocessingdataforhundredsorthousandsofusersAsupercomputerisoneofthefastestcomputersintheworldandcantacklecomplextasks Howarecomputersclassified 11 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Cancomputersconnecttoeachother APDAcanconnecttodesktopwithacableorwirelesslinkPersonalcomputerscanconnecttoeachotherorlargercomputersviawiredorwirelesscomputernetworksAcomputernetworkcanbeasfewastwoorasmanyasthousandsofcomputersTheInternetistheworld slargestnetwork connectingmillionsofcomputers 12 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Cancomputersconnecttoeachother ComputerscanbeconnectedusingacentralizedmodeloradistributedmodelACentralizedcomputingsystemdependsonacentrally locatedcomputerforprocessingandstorageAdistributedcomputernetworkspreadstheprocessingandstoragetasksamongmanycomputers 13 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition 14 Centralizedcomputersystem Distributedcomputernetwork PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Cancomputersconnecttoeachother Cancomputersconnecttoeachother Large scalecentralizedanddistributedcomputersystemsareusedformanytasks Governmentapplicationsincludetaxrolls censusrecords andvehicleregistrationCommercialapplicationsincludeinventory payroll andpoint of saleHospitalandhealthcareorganizationsapplicationsincludepatientrecords integrateddiagnostictools patientbilling andhealthinsuranceclaimsprocessingIneducation applicationsincludecourseregistration studentrecords budgeting andpayroll 15 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whatarethecomponentsofapersonalcomputersystem Includedinatypicalpersonalcomputersystemare SystemunitDisplaydeviceKeyboardMouse TrackpadStoragedevicesMemorycardslotsUSBportsSoundcardandspeakersWebcamNetworkcircuitryPrinter 16 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whatarethecomponentsofapersonalcomputersystem 17 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition What sinsidethesystemunit TheSystemcontainsstoragedevices apowersupply andmaincircuitboard motherboard Computerchip microchip and chip aretechnicaljargonforanintegratedcircuitAnintegratedcircuitisasuper thinsliceofsemi conductingmaterialpackedwithmicroscopiccircuitelementsAmicroprocessorisanintegratedcircuitdesignedtoprocessinstructions 18 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition What sinsidethesystemunit 19 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Howdocomputercircuitsmanipulatedata Mostcomputersareelectronic digitaldevicesDigitaldevicesworkwithdiscretedata suchasdigits1and0 orlikealightswitch onoroffAnalogdevicesworkwithcontinuousdata likeadimmerswitchwithcontinuousrange 20 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Howdocomputercircuitsmanipulatedata Mostcomputersusesimplesttechnologyoftwopossiblestates likeon offswitchUsuallyweindicate on stateas1and off stateas0These1sand0sarereferredtoasbinarydigitsorshortenedtobitsComputersusesequencesofbitstodigitallyrepresentnumbers letters punctuationmarks music pictures andvideos 21 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Howdocomputercircuitsmanipulatedata Computersemployseveralcodestorepresentcharacterdata including ASCII requiresonlysevenbitsforeachcharacterExtendedASCII requireseightbitsforeachcharacterEBCDIC iseight bittechnologyusedonolder IBMmainframecomputersUnicodeusessixteenbitsandprovidescodefor65 000characters 22 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition 23 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Howdocomputercircuitsmanipulatedata Whatfactorsaffectcomputerspeed powerandcompatibility Computershavethreemajorcomponents ProcessorMemoryStorageWhenaprogramisstarted itismovedfromstoragetomemoryTheprocessorfetchesprograminstructionsfrommemory thenbeginstoexecute 24 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Ifinstructionsrequiredata theprocessorfetchesitfromstorage loadsitintomemory thentransfersittothemicroprocessorTheresultsaresentbacktomemoryTheresultscanbestoredorsenttooutputprinterorscreen 25 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whatfactorsaffectcomputerspeed powerandcompatibility Speedandefficiencyofprocessingcyclecanbeaffectedbyfactorssuchas MicroprocessortypeandspeedMemorycapacityHarddiskdrivespeedandorganizationDisplaycapabilityandvideomemoryNetworkandmodemconnectionspeed 26 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whatfactorsaffectcomputerspeed powerandcompatibility Whatfactorsaffectspeed powerandcompatibility Bitisabbreviatedaslowercase b Byteiscomposedofeightbitsandisabbreviatedbyuppercase B TheseabbreviationscombinedwithkiloproducespecificationssuchasKB kilobyte andKb kilobit 27 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whatfactorsaffectspeed powerandcompatibility Inworldofcomputerskilomeans1024 not1000Kilobitis1024bitsandkilobyteis1024bytesKilobytesisoftenusedwhenreferringtosizeofsmallcomputerfiles 28 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whatfactorsaffectspeed powerandcompatibility Prefix mega meansamillion orincontextofbitsandbytes 1 048 576MegabitsisusedwhenreferringtospeedofdatatransmissionMegabytesisusedwhenreferringto CDcapacity orvideocardmemorycapability 29 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whatfactorsaffectspeed powerandcompatibility Gigareferstoabillionor1 073 741 824GigabytesareusedtodescribeRAM DVD andharddiskcapacityMainframeandsupercomputersusetera trillion peta quadrillion andexa quintillion 30 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition 31 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whatfactorsaffectcomputerspeed powerandcompatibility Whatfactorsaffectspeed powerandcompatibility 32 ThethreemostpopularpersonalcomputerplatformsarePCs Macs andLinuxThePCplatformisbasedonthedesignoftheIBMPCTheMacplatformisbasedonaproprietarydesignfortheMacintoshTheLinuxplatformisastandardPCwiththeLinuxoperatingsystemCompatiblecomputersoperateinessentiallythesameway PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition What simportantaboutmicroprocessors Themostimportant andusuallythemostexpensive componentofacomputerCircuitryisgroupedintoimportantfunctionalareasALU arithmeticlogicunit performsarithmeticandlogical suchascomparing operationsUsesregisterstoholddatathatisbeingprocessedControlunitdirectsmicroprocessortasks 33 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition What simportantaboutmicroprocessors Microprocessorspeedismeasuredinmegahertz MHz orgigahertz GHz MHz 1millioncyclespersecondGHz 1billioncyclespersecondDuringeachcyclethemicroprocessorexecutesinstructionsThefastertheclockspeed themoreinstructionsexecutedpersecond 34 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition What simportantaboutmicroprocessors MicroprocessorsarealsoratedbywordsizeManyprocessa32 bitword64 bitavailable andarefasterthen32 bitunitsMicroprocessorsmanufacturedbyseveralcompanies IntelAMDMotorolaIBM 35 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition 36 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition What simportantaboutmicroprocessors What simportantaboutcomputermemory RAM randomaccessmemory isatemporaryholdingareafordata applicationprograminstructions andtheoperatingsystemRAMisthe waitingroom forprocessorWhenprogramisstarted itisheldinRAMuntilneededandremainsthereuntilprogramisclosed 37 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition What simportantaboutcomputermemory RAMalsoholdsdataMostRAMisvolatile whichmeansitneedselectricalpowertoholddataIfpowergoesout orcomputeristurnedoff datastoredinRAMisinstantlyandpermanentlylostItisimportanttofrequentlysaveworktoapermanentstoragearea suchasharddisk asyouwork 38 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition What simportantaboutcomputermemory RAMalsoholdsoperatingsysteminstructions loadedeachtimeyouturnonyourcomputerandhelduntilitisturnedoffRAMcapacityismeasuredinmegabytesorgigabytesToday scomputershavebetween512megabytesand8gigabytesofRAM 39 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition 40 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition What simportantaboutcomputermemory What simportantaboutcomputermemory MostcomputersalsocontainROM readonlymemory atypeofmemorythatholdsthecomputer sstartuproutineWhereasRAMistemporaryandvolatile ROMispermanentandnon volatile 41 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whydocomputersusemultiplestoragedevices Computersfeaturemultiplestoragedevices suchas Harddiskdrive themainstoragedeviceinmostcomputersProvideslotsofstoragecapacityProvidesfastaccesstofilesEconomicalCapacityismeasuredingigabytesandspeedinmilliseconds ms orrevolutionsperminute RPM 42 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition 43 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whydocomputersusemultiplestoragedevices Whydocomputersusemultiplestoragedevices ACD compactdisk provides650 700MBofstorageADVD digitalvideodiskordigitalversatiledisk isavariationwithacapacityof4 7GBCanbedoubledwithduallayertechnologyBlu Rayisstoragemediumwith25GBcapacityforsinglelayerCD s DVD s andBD sare DurablestorageUnaffectedbymagneticfieldsDustanddirtcanbecleanedoffBiggestthreatarescratches 44 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whydocomputersusemultiplestoragedevices CDsandDVDscomeinseveralvarieties Readonly ROM permanentdatastoredduringmanufacturingRecordable R Awritabledrivecanstoredatabutitcan tbechangedRewritable RW canbechangedmanytimes muchlikeaharddrivebutmuchslower 45 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition AUSBflashdriveisapopularremovable portablestoragedeviceAboutthesizeofahighlighterpenVerydurableOpen edit delete andrunfilesjustasiftheywereonharddriveUsesolidstatestoragetechnologyProvidesfastaccesstodataanduseslittlepower Whydocomputersusemultiplestoragedevices 46 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whydocomputersusemultiplestoragedevices Inadditiontostoragedevicesconnectedtocomputer datacanbestoredononlinestorage 47 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whatkindofprotectionandmaintenancedoesacomputerrequire Largeorganizationsprotectequipmentfromtheftwithhigh techsecuritysystemsProtectpersonalcomputerbylockingtodeskorlockingroomWhentravelingbyair carryitinyourcarry onbag 48 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whatkindofprotectionandmaintenancedoesacomputerrequire MakesurecomputerisbalancedsafelyondeskorrestingonfloorWhencarryingnotebookcomputer usepaddedcarryingcaseWhentransportingdesktop useoriginalboxorprotectitwithfoampadding 49 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whatkindofprotectionandmaintenancedoesacomputerrequire EnvironmentalfactorscandodamageExcessheatcandamagecircuitryHighhumiditycancorrodecontactsandcablesWaterleakscanshortoutcircuitsMagneticfieldscanerasedataDust dirt andairpollutioncancauseoverheatingandclogupmechanicalparts 50 PracticalComputerLiteracy 3rdEdition Whatkindofprotectionandmaintenancedoesacomputerrequire RoutinecleaningofmouseandkeyboardcankeepthemworkingsmoothlyFollowmanufacturer sinstructionsforcleaningtokeepprinterfromjammingandprintheadfromsmearingKeepfloppydisksandharddisksawayfromstrongmagneticfields 51 PracticalComputerLi