2017高考英语完形填空解题技巧解析(重要)

2017 年高考英语完形填空解题技巧年高考英语完形填空解题技巧 完形填空题型有着极为深远的理论背景 在 19 世纪物理学重大发现 场理论 的启发下 德国心理学家 柯勒等人提出了 格式塔心理学 强调人类认知过程中的宏观性和整体性 1953 年 美国语言学家 Wilson Taylor 基于上述理论 首次提出完形填空这种题型 旨在测试考生利用已知信息恢复不完整语言材料的自 然倾向强度 进而考查考生的语言能力 作为选拔性考试 高考必须具有较高信度 效度和必要的区分度以及一定的难度 完形填空的重点在 于综合考查考生的词汇和语法等基础知识以及阅读和写作等语言运用能力 正好满足了高考的需求 自从 1987 年首次出现在高考英语试卷中以来 完形填空题型历来都属于高考英语中能力要求最高 试题难度最 大的一类题型 研究历年的各套高考完形填空题 可以从具体的题目之中看出该题型中若干对我们解题非常有帮助的 共同特点 一 一 从所选文章的角度从所选文章的角度 体裁上 以叙为主 叙议结合 高考完形填空题的选材多为具有一定故事情节的记叙文或是叙议结合 以叙为主 富有哲理的论说文 这是和高考考生的语言水平紧密结合的 高考是各级各类英语测试中相对 较简单的一种 因而采取了常见体裁中较简单的记叙文作为题目载体 因此 短文一般按照时间线索行文 短文一般按照时间线索行文 内部逻辑清晰层次分明 题材上 选用真实世界中的语言材料 考查考生使用语言进行信息获取和社会交际的能力 对心理问对心理问 题 校园生活 奇闻轶事等热点话题继续关注题 校园生活 奇闻轶事等热点话题继续关注 并兼顾高考的公平性原则 不涉及特定地域或人群色彩较 浓的不具有一般性的话题 难度上 基本与现行高三教材相当 字数上 完形填空短文词数在 240 320 之间 之间 二 二 从所挖空格的角度从所挖空格的角度 首先 该题型所选短文一般无标题 但首句通常不设空首句通常不设空 目的是让考生熟悉语言环境 迅速进入主题 对文章有宏观和整体性的把握 建立正确的思维导向 正文中通常挖去 20 个词 组 平均每平均每 14 词挖一个词挖一个 空格空格 通常不会出现两个空格前后相连或同一句子挖空超过三个的情况 其次 挖去的词汇以实词为主 虚词为辅挖去的词汇以实词为主 虚词为辅 语言分为形式和内容两方面 而完形填空题多重视考查语完形填空题多重视考查语 言的内容言的内容 这是与承载具体信息的实词紧密相关的与承载具体信息的实词紧密相关的 在高考对具体语法规则不断淡化的趋势下 常与语言 形式即具体语法条目相关的虚词数量不断下降 目前仅在 3 个空格左右 最后 具体挖空的时候遵循具体挖空的时候遵循 重复原则重复原则 即挖去的词通常都在保留的上下文中给出解题的线索 并且 某特定空格的解题线索多不在本空格所在的句子 或上一句或下一句 或上几句或下几句 所以我们在考 场上应逾越空格所在的单句 结合更宏观的上下文来解题 三 三 从所拟选项的角度从所拟选项的角度 同一空格所对应的四个选项一般是同一词性四个选项一般是同一词性 或在句子中充当同样的语法成分 这个拟选项时所应遵 循的最基本的原则 在完形填空题中 具体的语法规则不再是考查重点 更强调的是辨别词语之间的细微 更强调的是辨别词语之间的细微 差异 考查考生对上下文的理解 要求考生通过具体的语言环境来做出选择差异 考查考生对上下文的理解 要求考生通过具体的语言环境来做出选择 所以 所拟出的四个选项往 往在语法方面都能成立 错误选项多半可以和空前 空后的文字形成某种考生非常熟悉的固定搭配 具有 很强的干扰和迷惑作用 针对这种情况 考生们在解题过程中就更要紧抓文章主线 站在语篇的高度综合 处理各选项的取舍 完型填空题是集词语辨析 词的用法以及搭配 语法 单句理解 语篇理解的考查为一体的综合题 不但要求同学们具有扎实的基础知识 而且还要求必须具备较强的分析理解 逻辑推断能力及语感 该题 型在历届高考试题中起着重要的作用 通常从一篇词数 250 左右 难度略低于教材上课文的文章中设空格 20 个 具体来说 由于短文被挖去一些词 造成信息的中断 同学们做题时 必然会出现思维断层现象 如果不掌握正确的解题思路及步骤 并通过适当的训练的话 同学们面对此题时就会束手无策 久而久之 就会对完形填空产生厌烦 恐惧心理 更不利于能力的提高 不利于临场发挥 一 解题方法一 解题方法 1 通览全文 了解大意 通览全文 了解大意 由于完型填空试题主要测试同学们在语篇层面上综合运用语言的能力 在解答试题的之前应快速阅读全 文 抓住文章的主题 搞清作者的思路及上下文的逻辑关系 一般说来 通读的关键是弄清第一句 往往点 明主题 且是没留空白的完整句 和最后一句 往往总结 概括全文 另外 在浏览时全文的时候 要重点 了解文中所叙述的人物 时间 地点 事件 即 who when where what 例如有篇文章的第一句话为 Why is a space left between the rails of a railway line where one piece joins the next 这句话从铁轨之间的缝隙 引出了问题 根据常识 就会很快的知道文中的内容应与热胀冷缩的物理现象有关 2 快速反应 初做答案 找到文章的突破口之后 就要趁着思路清晰时 快速做出反应 一鼓作气将文中所有能填的空填起来 不因某试题暂时给不了答案的题停留太久 做题以了解文章的大意为前提 如遇个别难题 可以暂时跳过 去或初拟一个答案 如果停滞不前 不但会打断思路 造成时间上和心理上的紧张 而且往往无济于事 在填每个空格时 注意分析选项所在的上下文 弄清上下文间的逻辑关系 注意空格前后的词 看是否 能与某一选项构成固定搭配 从各个角度考虑 初步做出每个小题的答案 3 再次查读 攻克难关 初选过后 可能还会留下一些空档 此时 再重读文章 从语义和逻辑的角度审视全文 看其是否通顺 流畅 条理清晰 符合逻辑 与此同时 将未填的空档全部补齐 由于选答案时讲求一气呵成 初选过后 还应根据上下文对有疑问或把握不准的答案进行推敲 在具体的操作中应注意以下的问题 1 看清上下文 找准定位词 看清上下文 找准定位词 充分利用文章的上下文和前后句 找到对选择有提示作用的词或句 这些词有时可能是同义词或反义 词 例如 1 Some parts of the water are very shallow But in some places it is very A deep B high C cold D dangerous 2 Mrs O Neill asked questions and she didn t scold us either A no B certain C many D more 2 通顺逻辑 寻求搭配 通顺逻辑 寻求搭配 注意固定的搭配 包括动词与介词的搭配 动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等 同时要根 据内容选择正确的短语 例如 Here s a fellow who just walked into a bank and helped himself so much money A for B by C to D of 3 扎实基础 搞清辨异 扎实基础 搞清辨异 在此类试题的命制上 往往是以同类的词为主 我们不需要去进行具体的辨析 但是我们也要根据文 章的意思来进行推断 如 Soon I heard a like that of a door burst in and then a climb of feet A sound B cry C voice D shout When the papers were she discovered that twelve boys had made exactly A examined B completed C marked D answered 4 看清执行者 确定所选词 看清执行者 确定所选词 And video cameras can be used to people s actions at home A keep B make C record D watch 5 寻求上下逻辑 从容确定关系 It has been many years since I was last in London still remember something that happened during that visit A and B for C but D as 6 了解生活常识 确定相关知识 了解生活常识 确定相关知识 Immediately the officers jumped into their cars and rushed to the hospital A animal B biggest C plant D nearest 完型填空解题技巧 巧用线索法完型填空解题技巧 巧用线索法 所谓线索法 指的是根据文章上下文所提供的故事背景和语境线索进行推理和判断 从而确定最佳答案 具体说来有以下几种行之有效的方法 1 巧用语意转折线索解题 有些句子含有表示转折或对比的连词 副词或副词短语 如 but though although instead however on the contrary otherwise 等 我们可利用这些暗示来解决问题 有时也可能没有这些词语的 出现 如 A formal letter is very different from an informal letter Formal letters 1 to businesses schools or government offices 2 letters are for relatives or former 以前的 teachers You may write an informal letter by hand but you should 3 a formal letter 1 A send B are written C write D are dropped 2 A Informal B Formal C Business D Relative 3 A copy B type C write D share 2 巧用因果关系线索解题 即根据上下文的因果关系进行推断 从而得出所需答案 如 It was a strange noise that made the man 1 his car soon after he left a village 2 London He got out of his car and 3 the wheels 车轮 carefully but as he found nothing 4 he continued his way 1 A start B stop C slow D speed 2 A to B for C from D of 3 A repaired B examined C cleaned D looked 4 A wrong B danger C interesting D matter 3 巧用具体示例线索解题 即根据文章中所提供的具体实例进行分析 将与具体示例有关的信息进行优选 将与具体示例无关的 信息进行排除 从而便可得出所需答案 如 Every student must wear their 1 when they are at school There are 2 items of uniforms suits dresses shorts skirts and T shirts There are also Wasley schoolbags caps and socks 1 A long hair B thick glasses C sports shoes D school uniforms 2 A much B three C many D a lot 4 巧用同义反义线索解题 Though he is serious in appearance he never fails to be interesting Often he is clever sometimes even and gay A worried B bright C discouraging D friendly As it turned out my little publication went on to become Student a national magazine for young people in the U K My wife and I have two children and I d like to think we are bringing them up in the same way Dad me A controlled B comforted C reminded D raised 即根据文章所提供的内容 同时结合一定的生活常识 对所推断的内容进行逻辑推理和逻辑顺序 如 I went to Wasley College with Winnic today Wasley is a large old 1 It has three branch campuses 分校 Clunes Glen Waverly and Elasterwick It has a primary school a 2 school and a senior school So there are twelve grades of 3 studying there 1 A school B factory C movie D hospital 2 A night B junior C high D spare time 3 A workers B boys C students D teachers 6 巧用语篇标志线索解题 语篇一般指比单个句子长的语言单位 如句群 段落 篇章等 语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联 系的词语 这些词语可称为语篇标志 如 表示结果层次的语篇标志语有 firstly secondly thirdly finally 等 表示逻辑关系的有 thus therefore so 等 表示改变话题的有 by the way 等 表示时间关系的 有 before so far yet now later 等 在做完形填空题时 如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语 就可以 迅速理清文章的脉络 弄清上下文的关系 如 First of all I respected his devotion to teaching I admired the fact that he would talk to students outside the classroom or talk Finally I was attracted by his lively sense of humor 全国卷 A Later B Secondly C However D Therefore 7 巧用结构对比线索解题 在做完形填空题时 有时会遇到两个结构十分相似的句子 此时同学们应认真比较其结构特点 或根 据其相似性推断空格处所填之词 或根据文章的上下文语境判断两个 或几个 相似结构之间的逻辑关系 如 I realized strength and courage aren t always measured in medals and victories but in the struggles we overcome 战胜 The strongest people are not always the people who win the people who don t give up when they lose A or B nor C and D but The correct water supply forecast is based more on the water from the than from the below 辽宁卷 A clouds B sky C air D above 8 巧用语境暗示线索解题 有的空格根据所在句的句意或附近上下文的语境我们无法作出正确的选择 要想作出正确判断 同学 们应特别注意空格前后所出现的相关词语 尤其注意找出其中重复出现的暗示性词语 如 Four students from Burlington College of Higher Education are in the bell tower of the have made up their minds to ring the bells nonstop for two weeks as a protest 抗议 against heavy trucks which run day and night through the narrow High Street 全国卷 A college B village C town D church But then again would there be a chair in Room 316 Or would it be a n room A small B empty C new D neat 精讲精练一精讲精练一 When Sir Winston Churchill the great British Prime Minister reached his eightieth birthday in November 1954 he was presented with his portrait by a well known modem artist Graham Sutherland The painting had been ordered and paid for to 1 the Grand Old Man of World War Sir Winston and Lady Churchill were deeply moved by this 2 of respect and affection 3 of them of course allowed the others to see how much they both disliked the portrait It makes me look 4 which I am not protested Churchill in private 私下 5 he only remarked that it was fine example of modern art His friends smiled It was known that Churchill didn t 6 modern art Churchill was so unhappy about the portrait that finally his wife had it 7 Churchill died at ninety in 1965 Land Churchill 8 him in 1977 Shortly after her death the public learned what had happened to the 9 and a heated argument broke out The painter was 10 sad The artist community shocked and 11 said that the destruction of the picture had been a crime 罪行 Historians said that they regretted the disappearance of a n 12 document All agreed that Churchill didn t have the 13 to do what they had done Graham Sutherland had told Churchill that he would 14 him as he saw him Churchill never had a chance to see the work in 15 since the painter 16 to show it to him He found out only 17 he received his present that Sutherland had seen him 18 a heavy sick tired old man Since he hated old age he was naturally 19 Who has the right to a work of art the owner the donor or the artist who created it Was the portrait a good one as many including the painter said Or was it bad as others thought None of these questions have been answered yet to everybody s 20 1 A give B regard C paint D honour 2 A mark B piece C prize D trade 3 A Neither B Both C Either D All 4 A wise B gentle C stupid D happy 5 A Fortunately B Obviously C Straight D Publicly 6 A care for B look like C turn down D make up 7 A hidden B hung C destroyed D returned 8 A mourned B missed C followed D buried 9 A painting B man C woman D artist 10 A understandably B unexpectedly C unreasonably D unthinkingly 11 A afraid B regretful C curious D angry 12 A interesting B colorful C expensive D historical 13 A chance B right C power D courage 14 A help B obey C paint D show 15 A progress B place C need D sight 16 A agreed B promised C refused D hated 17 A until B when C before D though 18 A as B to C about D for 19 A moved B worried C tired D hurt 20 A surprise B disappointment C delight D satisfaction 参考答案及解析参考答案及解析 1 5 DAACD 6 10 ACCAA 11 15 DDBCA 16 20 CBADD 1 选 D 人们给他画像是为了向这位二战巨人表示敬意 2 选 A trade 表 交易 此处用 mark 表示 标记 与 sign 同一含义 如 a mark of esteem 表示敬意 3 选 A 从句子含义可知选 A 夫妇俩谁也没有让别人看出他们的真实心理状态一一他们不喜欢这幅画 4 选 C 四个选项只有 C 才能构成让人不喜欢的原因 5 选 D 这种不满只是在私下说的 在公开场合还是赞美它 6 选 A 不喜欢现代艺术 上一句已经委婉表达了他的感受 7 选 C 他妻子把这幅画 毁了 而不 藏起来 还回去 所以后来引发了下文人们的议论 8 选 C 邱吉尔夫人十二年之后也随他仙逝 下文说 她死后没多久 9 选 A 人们此时得知那幅画的归宿 10 选 A understandably 在此时指画家此时感到伤心 这是 可以 被人 理解地 11 选 D 与 shocked 震惊 一样的强烈情绪是 angry 12 选 D 这句话是历史学家 Historians 说的 因此是考虑其作为 历史文献 的价值 13 选 B 大家一致认为邱吉尔夫妇没权利这么做 14 选 C 这是这位画家说的话 他会真实地描述自己眼中的邱吉尔 15 选 A 从下文可知 直到肖像画好之后邱吉尔才看见这幅画 因此选 progress 进展中的作品 16 选 C 画家在画的过程中不让他看 这一点下文有提示 17 选 B 直到收到这幅画后才看见画像中的人是什么样子 18 选 A see as 表示 把 视为 用 as 引出画家眼里的形象 19 选 D 他憎恨年迈 看见画中自己的模样 自然会觉得受到伤害 20 选 D 对这些问题 还没有一个使人人满意的回答 精讲精练二 It was already late when we set out for the next town 1 according to the map was about fifteen miles away on the other side of the 2 There we felt 3 that we would find a bed 4 the night Darkness fell soon after we left the village but luckily we met 5 as we drove fast along the narrow winding road that 6 the hills As we climbed 7 it became colder and rain began to fall 8 it difficult at times to see the road I asked John my companion to drive more 9 After we had travelled for about twenty miles there was still no sign of the town which was 10 on the map We were beginning to get 11 Then without warning the car stopped A quick 12 showed that we had run out of petrol 汽油 Although we had little food with us we decided to 13 the night in the car Our meal was soon over I tried to go to sleep at once 14 John who was a 15 sleeper got out of the car after a few minutes and went for a walk 16 the hills Soon he came back From the top of the hill he had seen in the valley below the 17 of the town we were looking for We at once unloaded 卸 all our luggage 行李 and with a great effort 努力 18 to push the car to the top of the hill Then we went back to the luggage loaded the car again and set off down the hill 19 less than a quarter of an hour we were in the town where we found a 20 quite easily 1 A which B it C where D that 2 A rivers B hills C towns D villages 3 A surprised B afraid C pleased D sure 4 A at B in C through D for 5 A everybody B somebody C nobody D anybody 6 A got to B arrived C led to D belonged to 7 A taller B higher C lower D faster 8 A getting B thinking C causing D making 9 A certainly B carefully C slowly D surely 10 A marked B set C built D drawn 11 A excited B worried C cold D warm 12 A attention B operation C examination D information 13 A spend B live C spare D stay 14 A since B though C so D but 15 A quick B fast C poor D heavy 16 A across B through C down D up 17 A lights B map C bus D situation 18 A ought B tried C succeeded D managed 19 A For B In C Since D At 20 A policeman B friend C hotel D cinema 参考答案及解析参考答案及解析 1 5 ABDDC 6 10 CBDCA 11 15 BCADC 16 20 DADBC 1 选 A 分析句子结构可知 后面是一个非限制性定语从句 关系代词应用 which 2 选 B 从下文可知 下一个小镇应在 山 的那一边 3 选 D 天已经很迟了 还出发朝下一个小镇赶 这说明他们 坚信 在那儿能找到住宿的地方 4 选 D for the night 过夜 for 表示 为了 5 选 C 在一个漆黑的夜晚 在那弯曲狭窄的路上 应该说行车是不走运的 但途中未遇一个行人 就这 一点来说还算 幸运 6 选 C lead to 意思为 通向 7 选 B 从下文可知 他们的车子是逐渐向山上爬行的 当油用完时 车子已接近山顶 以致 John 后来 散步时不知不觉中就到了山顶 8 选 D 从词的用法角度可知要用 making 9 选 C 由于看不清路面 所以让同伴开慢些 10 选 A 依据常识可知 城镇是 标 在地图上的 11 选 B 开了二十里 仍不见小镇 不免开始 忧虑 起来 12 选 C 简单 检查 发现油没了 另三项表述不清 13 选 A spend the night 意为 度过夜晚 14 选 D 填转折连词 but 15 选 C 从 got out of the car 看 John 不是一个容易睡着的人 16 选 D 从 From the top of the hill 可推知 他从车里出来以后是向山顶上走的 17 选 A 根据常识判断 18 选 D ought to 应该 不合语境 succeed 后不接 to do 故应排除 manage 和 try 均表示 设法 但 有细微差别 前者表示设法做成了某事 后者则不一定成功 故本题答案应为 D 19 选 B 在不到一刻钟时间内我们就到了镇上 20 选 C 从第二段后句子可以推知 他们赶赴那个小镇的目的是为了住宿 所以在到达目的地后很快找 到的应是旅馆 hotel 精讲精练三精讲精练三 People do not analyze every problem they meet Sometimes they try to remember a solution from the last time they had a 1 problem They often accept the opinions or ideas of other people Other times they begin to act without 2 they try to find a solution by trial or error 3 when all of these methods 4 the person with a problem has to start analyzing There are six 5 in analyzing a problem 6 the person must recognize that these is a problem For example Sam s bicycle is broken and he cannot ride it to class as he usually does Sam must 7 that there is a problem with the bicycle Next the person must find the problem Before Sam can repair his bicycle he must know why it does not work For example he must 8 the parts that are wrong Now the person must look for 9 that will make the problem clearer and lead to 10 solutions For example suppose Sam decides that his bicycle does not work because there is something wrong with the brakes 11 he can look in his bicycle repair book and read about brakes talk to his friends at the bike shop or look at his brakes carefully After 12 the problem the person should have 13 suggestions for a possible solution Take Sam as an example 14 his suggestions might be tighten or loosen the brakes buy new brakes and change old ones In the end one 15 seems to be the solution to the problem Sometimes the 16 idea comes quite 17 because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees something in a different way Sam for example suddenly sees there is a piece of chewing gum 口香糖 stuck to a brake He 18 hits on the solution to his problem he must 19 the brake Finally the solution is 20 Sam does it and finds his bicycle works perfectly In short he has solved the problem 1 A serious B usual C similar D common 2 A Besides B Instead C Otherwise D However 4 A fail B work C change D develop 5 A ways B conditions C stages D orders 6 A First B Usually C In general D Most importantly 7 A explain B prove C show D see 8 A checkable B determine C correct D recover 9 A answers B skills C explanation D information 10 A possible B exact C real D special 11 A In other words B Once in a while C First of all D At this time 12 A discussing B settling down C comparing with D studying 13 A extra B enough C several D countless 14 A secondly B again C also D alone 15 A suggestion B conclusion C decision D discovery 16 A next B clear C final D new 17 A unexpectedly B late C clearly D often 18 A fortunately B easily C clearly D immediately 19 A clean B separate C loosen D remove 20 A recorded B completed C tested D accepted 参考答案及解析参考答案及解析 1 5 CBDAC 6 10 ADBDA 11 15 DDCBA 16 20 CADAC 1 C 从相似的问题上找解决新问题的办法 2 B without thinking 意为不假思索 可根据 by trial error 判断 3 D 表转折 4 A 只有所有的方法失败了 才会开始 analyze 分析问题 5 C 根据下文可知 人们的分析可分 6 个阶段或步骤 6 A 可根据下文的 next after in the end 阶段或步骤 7 D see 此处有 understand 之意 Sam 明白自行车有问题了 8 B 第二步要找出问题所在 所以选 determine 它是测定 找出的意思 与 find out 意思相同 9 D 根据下文 Sam 所做的事情可知 要了解问题的有关情况才能修理 所以选 information 10 A 自己去解决问题 首先得到尝试 摸索 才能真正完成 所以 possible 合适 强调只是可能有效 的方法 11 D 此时 这里不存在先后 转折 并列等含义 只需说明在这个阶段 Sam 该做的事情 12 D 刚才那个阶段 Sam 所做的事情是一些调查研究寻找方法的工作 study 有研究之意 13 C A 项额外的 B 项足够 D 项不计其数的 这里需要的是几个不太确定的 可能的解决方法 所以 C 最合适 14 B 再次以 Sam 为例 15 A 从上文中的 several suggestions 可知 16 C 从下文的事例中发现答案 17 A 由于发现了新的情况或用了不同方法去思考 会出现意想不到的结果 18 D 看见口香糖 他当即发现问题所在 19 A 有口香糖 清洗工作是必然的 20 C 方法被尝试 双向细目表双向细目表 词法词法 重点词汇 重点词汇 take for example 精讲精练四精讲精练四 The Voice of America began during the World War When Germany was broadcasting a radio program to get international 1 American officials believed they should 2 the German broadcast with words that they thought were the facts of world events The first VOA news report began with words in 3 The 4 may be good or bad but we shall tell you the truth Within a week other VOA 5 were broadcasting in Italian French and English After the World War ended in 1945 some Americans felt VOA s 6 had to be changed 7 the Soviet Union became enemy of America They wanted to 8 Soviet listeners Then VOA began broadcasting in Russian In the early years VOA began adding something new to its broadcast that was 9 Music USA Another new idea came along in 1959 VOA knew that many listeners did not know 10 English to completely understand its 11 English broadcast So VOA 12 a simpler kind of English 13 uses about 1 500 words and is spoken 14 of course it is special English In the