三大从句语法

从句可分为三类 即名词性从句 形容词性从句 即定语从句 和副词性从 即状语从句 引 导从句的词称作关联句 一 名词性从句一 名词性从句 引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括 从属连词 that if whether 连接代词 who whoever whom whomever which whichever what whatever whose 连接副词 where when why how 其中 从属连词只起连接作用 在从句中不充当任何句法成分 而连接代词和连接副词 既起连接作用 在从句中又充当一定的成分 不可省略的连词 1 介词后的连词 2 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略 That she was chosen made us very happy We heard the news that our team had won 比较 whether 与 if 均为 是否 的意思 但在下列情况下 whether 不能被 if 取代 1 whether 引导主语从句并在句首 2 引导表语从句 3 whether 从句作介词宾语 4 从句后有 or not 例 Whether he will come is not clear The fact is that he didn t go to the dinner party I don t know if he will attend the meeting 1 在含有主语从句的复合句中 为保持句子平衡 常用 it 作形式主语 而将真正的主语从句 置于句末 That 从句作主语通常用 it 作先行词 而将 that 从句置于句末 例如 It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure 很清楚 整个计划注定要失败 It s a pity that you should have to leave 你非走不可真是件憾事 用 it 作形式主语的 that 从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系 A It be 形容词 that 从句 例 It is necessary that 有必要 It is important that 重 要的是 It is obvious that 很明显 B It be ed 分词 that 从句 例如 It is believed that 人们相信 It is known to all that 从所周知 It has been decided that 已决定 C It be 名词 that 从句 例 It is common knowledge that 是常识 It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是 It is a fact that 事实是 D It 不及物动词 that 分句 例 It appears that 似乎 It happens that 碰 巧 It occurred to me that 我突然想起 2 为保持句子平衡 that 引导的宾语从句也常用 it 代替 而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末 这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下 He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here 3 从属连词 whether 和 if 都作 是否 解 但 if 不可引导主语从句和表语从句 whether 可 与 or not 连用 而 if 不可以 I don t know whether if she is at home Whether she comes or not makes no difference 4 that 和 what 引导名词性从句的区别 that 在从句中不充当成分 而 what 在从句中充当一定 的成分 如主语 表语 宾语等 that 可省略 what 则不可省 He always means what he says She suggested that he do it at once 5 同位语从句大多由从属连词 that 引导 常跟在下列名词后面 如 fact idea opinion news hope belief 等 that 不可省 同位语从句一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容 We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging 二 形容词性从句二 形容词性从句 引导定语从句的关联词包括 1 关系代词 that which whose who whom as 2 关系副词 when where why 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句法成分 关系代词在句中充当动词的宾语 时 一般可省去 关系代词的选用比较复杂 它受下列条件的制约 1 先行词是指人还是 指物 2 关系代词在从句中的句法功能 3 定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的 关系代词的选用情况见下表 先行词在从句中的句法功能 用于限定性或非限定性定语从句 只用于限定性定语从句 指人或指物 指人 指物 主语 who which that 宾语 whom which that 定语 whose whose of which I know that he is a man who that means what be says The gentleman whom that she met addressed her with courtesy 礼貌 The watch which that was lost has been found Here is the meterial which that you need You re the only one whose advice he might listen to 关系副词的选用相对来说较简单 如先行词为表示时间的名词 如 time day 等 则用 when 如先行词为表示地点的名词 如 place house area 等 则用 where 如先行词为 reason 则用 why 例 I ll never forget the mountain village where in which I spent my childhood I don t know the reason why for which he did that 1 当先行词是 all something nothing 等不定代词时 或先行词前有 first last only few much some any no 等修饰时 或先行词前有形容词最高级修时 一般只用 that 而不用 which 来引 导定语从句 例 I ve explained everything that I can to you This is the most beautiful compus that I ve ever been to 2 定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 限定性定语从句与主句关系紧密 为句中不可缺少的部分 如去掉 主句意思不完整 非限定性定语从句与主句关系松散 如 去掉 主句内容仍完整 在书面语中 非限定性定语从句一般被逗句隔开 非限定性定语从 句一般不用 that 引导 引导非限定性定语从句的关系词不可省略 His speech which bored everyone went on and on The general s daughter whose name is Ann gave me a sweet smile 3 先行词也可以是整个句子 这时 一般用 which 或 as 来引导定语从句 which 在从句中 可充当主语 宾语等 as 在从句中一般只充当主语 which 与 as 引导此类定语从句的区别 在于 which 只能置于句中或句末 而 as 的位置比较灵活 可置于句中 句末 又可置于句 首 Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen which as is known to all As had been expected he finished first in decathlon 十项全能 at that Olympic Games 4 关系代词在定语从句中有时也做介词的宾语 如果介词被置于关系代词前 一般只用介 词 which 或介词 whom 而不用介词 that 来此导定语从句 如果介词被置于从句句末 则 可用 that 代替 which 或 whom 且 that 这时可省去 This is the ring on which she spent 1 000 dollars One of my colleagues whom that you are familiar with will come today 区分关系代词与关系副词 方法一 方法一 用关系代词 还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语 动词 及物动词后面无宾语 就必须要求用关系代词 而不及物动词则要求用关系副词 例如 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year I ll never forget the days when I worked together with you 方法二 方法二 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分 主 谓 宾 定 状 也能正确选择出关 系代词 关系副词 例 1 Is this museum D you visited a few days age A where B that C on which D the one 例 2 Is this the museum A the exhibition was held A where B that C on which D the one 三 副词性从句三 副词性从句 在复合句中 起状语作用的从句称作状语从句 状语从句分为 时间状语从句 地点状语从句 条件状误从句 原因状语从句 让步状语 从句 比较状语从句 目的状语从句 结果状语从句 方式状语从句 状语从句可放在句首或句末 如状语从句位于主语前 一般用逗号将其与主句隔开 一 时间状语从句 When you cross a main road you must be very careful Until we learn the facts we can t do anything about it 注 1 when as while 引导时间状语从句时都可以表示主句的动作与从句的动作同时发生 即 同时性 它们的区别在于 when 和 as 引导的状语从句中的动作既可以是延续性的 也可以 是非延续性的 即瞬时性的 while 引导的状语从句中的动作只能是延续的动作或状态 当主句和从句中的动作均为延续动作时 一般用 while 而不用 when 或 as 当表示两个同 时发展 变化的情况时 一般用 as 作 随着 解 When she comes I shall tell her to wait for you As she got older she got wiser While Peter was reading his wife was cooking 2 有些副词和一些表示时间的名词词组也可用作从属连词 引导时间状语从句 如 instantly immediately directly the day every time the minute the second the moment 等 Immediately he arrived he started describing us what had happened The day he returned home his grandpa was alrady dead 二 条件状语从句 引导条件状语从句的从属连词有 if unless as so long as only if 只要 If you don t come on time we ll start out without you As so long as you keep on trying you ll certainly succeed 注 除了以上提到的从属连词外 还有其它的一些词或词组也可引导条件状语从句 如 providing that provided supposing that suppose that on condition that in case 等 I will go providing that my expenses are paid 要是我的费用有人代付我就去 Supposing he is not at home what then 假如他不在家 那怎么办 You can use the bicycle on condition that you return it tomorrow 只要你明天归还 自行车你可以 拿去用 In case she comes back let me know immediately 假使她回来了 立刻告诉我 Take the raincoat in case it rains 带着雨衣 以防下雨 三 原因状语从句 引导原因状语从句从句的从属连词有 becasue since as now that in that considering that 等 Considering he s only been learning English a year he speaks it very well 考虑到他只学了一年英 语 他讲得算是很流利了 We didn t know what to do as we were just visiting there 我们不知道该怎么办 因为当时我们仅 仅在那里作访问 Since it is so hot let s go swimming 既然天气这么热 我们去游泳吧 注 in that 和 now that 的用法 in that 引导的从句对主句进行解释和说明 意思是 在 方 面 在于 因为 now that 表示既然 Theory is valuable in that it can provide a direction for practice 理论所以有价值 就在于它能给 实践指出方向 Now that the weather has improved let s go out for a picnic 既然天气已转好 我们就出去野 餐吧 四 让步状语从句 引导让步状语从句的从属连词有 though although even if even though as no matter despite the fact that in spite of the fact that while Tired as he was he sat up late 他虽然疲倦 可仍然很晚才睡 No matter how they slander us we will never give in 不管他们怎样诽谤我们 我们决不让步 While I like the color of the hat I do not like its shape 虽然我喜欢这顶帽子的颜色 但我不喜欢 它的形状 注 一些疑问词在词尾加上 ever 后 也可引导让步状语从句 相当于 no matter 疑问词 这 些词包括 whatever wherever whenever whoever however Whatever he says don t beleve him 不管他说什么都不要想相信他 Whoever you are you must obey the traffic regulations 五 目的状语从句 引导目的状语从句的从属连词有 so that in order that lest in case for fear that They climbed to the top of the building in order that they could get a bird s eye view of the city Ask her to hurry up with these letters so that I can sign them Take an umbrella in case it rains We dare not play jokes on him lest he should become angry 我们不敢开他玩笑生怕他动气 注 so that 和 in order that 的区别 so that 更常用 in order that 更正式 so that 引导的从句一 般置于句末 而 in order that 引导的从句既可置于句首 又可置于句末 In order that the grass and flowers could bloom again it was necessary that the rocks should be removed She got up e