克鲁格曼国际经济学答案

精品文档 1欢迎下载 ChapterChapter 2 2 1 1 HomeHome hashas 12001200 unitsunits ofof laborlabor available available ItIt cancan produceproduce twotwo goods goods applesapples andand bananas bananas TheThe unitunit laborlabor requirementrequirement inin appleapple productionproduction isis 3 3 whilewhile inin bananabanana productionproduction itit isis 2 2 a a GraphGraph outout thethe productionproduction possibilitiespossibilities frontier frontier b b WhatWhat isis thethe opportunityopportunity costcost ofof applesapples inin termsterms ofof bananas bananas 5 1 Lb La a a c c InIn thethe absenceabsence ofof trade trade whatwhat wouldwould thethe priceprice ofof applesapples inin termsterms ofof bananasbananas be be In the absence of trade since labor is the only factor of production and supply decisions are determined by the attempts of individuals to maximize their earnings in a competitive economy only when will both goods be produced So LbLaba aa PP 1 5 PP ba 2 2 HomeHome isis asas describeddescribed inin problemproblem 1 1 ThereThere isis nownow alsoalso anotheranother country country Foreign Foreign withwith a a laborlabor forceforce ofof 800 800 ForeignForeign s s unitunit laborlabor requirementrequirement inin appleapple productionproduction isis 5 5 whilewhile inin bananabanana productionproduction itit isis 1 1 a a GraphGraph ForeignForeign s s productionproduction possibilitiespossibilities frontier frontier b b ConstructConstruct thethe worldworld relativerelative supplysupply curve curve Home s PPF 0 200 400 600 800 200400600800 Qapple Qbanana Foreign s PPF 0 200 400 600 800 1000 80160 240 320 400 Q apple Q banana 精品文档 2欢迎下载 3 3 NowNow supposesuppose worldworld relativerelative demanddemand takestakes thethe followingfollowing form form DemandDemand forfor apples demandapples demand forfor bananasbananas priceprice ofof bananas pricebananas price ofof apples apples a a GraphGraph thethe relativerelative demanddemand curvecurve alongalong withwith thethe relativerelative supplysupply curve curve abba PP DD When the market achieves its equilibrium we have 1 b a D D b a b b a a P P QQ QQ RD is a hyperbola x y 1 b b WhatWhat isis thethe equilibriumequilibrium relativerelative priceprice ofof apples apples The equilibrium relative price of apples is determined by the intersection of the RD and RS curves RD y x 1 RS 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 y y y x x x 精品文档 3欢迎下载 25 0 yx 2 bPaP ee c c DescribeDescribe thethe patternpattern ofof trade trade ba b e a e baPPPPPP In this two country world Home will specialize in the apple production export apples and import bananas Foreign will specialize in the banana production export bananas and import apples d d ShowShow thatthat bothboth HomeHome andand ForeignForeign gaingain fromfrom trade trade International trade allows Home and Foreign to consume anywhere within the colored lines which lie outside the countries production possibility frontiers And the indirect method specializing in producing only one production then trade with other country is a more efficient method than direct production In the absence of trade Home could gain three bananas by foregoing two apples and Foreign could gain by one foregoing five bananas Trade allows each country to trade two bananas for one apple Home could then gain four bananas by foregoing two apples while Foreign could gain one apple by foregoing only two bananas So both Home and Foreign gain from trade 4 4 SupposeSuppose thatthat insteadinstead ofof 12001200 workers workers HomeHome hadhad 2400 2400 FindFind thethe equilibriumequilibrium relativerelative price price WhatWhat cancan youyou saysay aboutabout thethe efficiencyefficiency ofof worldworld productionproduction andand thethe divisiondivision ofof thethe gainsgains fromfrom tradetrade betweenbetween HomeHome andand ForeignForeign inin thisthis case case RD y x 1 RS 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 1 1 0 y y y x x x 5 1 3 2 yx 5 1 bPaP ee 精品文档 4欢迎下载 In this case Foreign will specialize in the banana production export bananas and import apples But Home will produce bananas and apples at the same time And the opportunity cost of bananas in terms of apples for Home remains the same So Home neither gains nor loses but Foreign gains from trade 5 5 SupposeSuppose thatthat HomeHome hashas 24002400 workers workers butbut theythey areare onlyonly halfhalf asas productionproduction inin bothboth industriesindustries asas wewe havehave beenbeen assuming assuming ConstructConstruct thethe worldworld relativerelative supplysupply curvecurve andand determinedetermine thethe equilibriumequilibrium relativerelative price price HowHow dodo thethe gainsgains fromfrom tradetrade comparecompare withwith thosethose inin thethe casecase describeddescribed inin problemproblem 4 4 In this case the labor is doubled while the productivity of labor is halved so the effective labor remains the same So the answer is similar to that in 3 And both Home and Foreign can gain from trade But Foreign gains lesser compare with that in the case 4 6 6 KoreanKorean workersworkers earnearn onlyonly 2 50 2 50 anan hour hour ifif wewe allowallow KoreaKorea toto exportexport asas muchmuch asas itit likeslikes toto thethe UnitedUnited States States ourour workersworkers willwill bebe forcedforced downdown toto thethe samesame level level YouYou cancan t t importimport a a 5 5 shirtshirt withoutwithout importingimporting thethe 2 50 2 50 wagewage thatthat goesgoes withwith it it Discuss Discuss In fact relative wage rate is determined by comparative productivity and 精品文档 5欢迎下载 the relative demand for goods Korea s low wage reflects the fact that Korea is less productive than the United States in most industries Actually trade with a less productive low wage country can raise the welfare and standard of living of countries with high productivity such as United States So this pauper labor argument is wrong 7 7 JapaneseJapanese laborlabor productivityproductivity isis roughlyroughly thethe samesame asas thatthat ofof thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates inin thethe manufacturingmanufacturing sectorsector higher higher inin somesome industries industries lowerlower inin others others whilewhile thethe UnitedUnited States States isis stillstill considerablyconsiderably moremore productiveproductive inin thethe serviceservice sector sector ButBut mostmost servicesservices areare non traded non traded SomeSome analystsanalysts havehave arguedargued thatthat thisthis posesposes a a problemproblem forfor thethe UnitedUnited States States becausebecause ourour comparativecomparative advantageadvantage lieslies inin thingsthings wewe cannotcannot sellsell onon worldworld markets markets WhatWhat isis wrongwrong withwith thisthis argument argument The competitive advantage of any industry depends on both the relative productivities of the industries and the relative wages across industries So there are four aspects should be taken into account before we reach conclusion both the industries and service sectors of Japan and U S not just the two service sectors So this statement does not bade on the reasonable logic 8 8 AnyoneAnyone whowho hashas visitedvisited JapanJapan knowsknows itit isis anan incrediblyincredibly expensiveexpensive place place althoughalthough JapaneseJapanese workersworkers earnearn aboutabout thethe samesame asas theirtheir U S U S counterparts counterparts thethe purchasingpurchasing powerpower ofof theirtheir incomesincomes isis aboutabout one thirdone third less less ExtendExtend youryour discussingdiscussing fromfrom questionquestion 7 7 toto explainexplain thisthis observation observation Hint Hint ThinkThink aboutabout wageswages andand thethe impliedimplied pricesprices ofof non tradenon trade goods goods The relative higher purchasing power of U S is sustained and maintained by its considerably higher productivity in services Because most of those services are non traded Japanese could not benefit from those lower service costs And U S does not have to face a lower international price of services So the purchasing power of Japanese is just one third of their U S counterparts 9 9 HowHow doesdoes thethe factfact thatthat manymany goodsgoods areare non tradednon traded affectaffect thethe extentextent ofof possiblepossible gainsgains fromfrom trade trade Actually the gains from trade depended on the proportion of non traded goods The gains will increase as the proportion of non traded goods decrease 1010 WeWe havehave focusedfocused onon thethe casecase ofof