法律概念分析霍菲尔德ppt课件.ppt

法律概念分析霍菲爾德 楊智傑老師 生平 WesleyNewcombHohfeld 1879 1918 wasanAmericanjurist HewastheauthoroftheseminalFundamentalLegalConceptions AsAppliedinJudicialReasoningandOtherLegalEssays publishedin1919 Duringhislife hepublishedonlyahandfuloflawjournalarticles Athisdeath thematerialformingthebasisofFundamentalLegalConceptionswasderivedfromtwoarticlesintheYaleLawJournal 1913 and 1917 thathadbeenpartiallyrevisedwithaviewtopublication 權利的性質 EditorialworkwasundertakentocompletetherevisionsandthebookwaspublishedwiththeinclusionofthemanuscriptnotesthatHohfeldhadleft plussevenotheressays Theworkremainsapowerfulcontributiontomodernunderstandingofthenatureofrightsandtheimplicationsofliberty Toreflectthiscontinuingimportance achairatYaleUniversityisnamedafterhim whichiscurrentlyheldbyJulesColeman 權利 一詞的混用 Hohfeldnoticedthatevenrespectedjuristsconflatevariousmeaningsofthetermright sometimesswitchingsensesofthewordseveraltimesinasinglesentence Hewrotethatsuchimprecisionoflanguageindicatedaconcomitantimprecisionofthought andthusalsooftheresultinglegalconclusions Inordertobothfacilitatereasoningandclarifyrulings heattemptedtodisambiguatethetermrightsbybreakingitintoeightdistinctconcepts Toeliminateambiguity hedefinedthesetermsrelativetooneanother groupingthemintofourpairsofJuralOppositesandfourpairsofJuralCorrelatives 八個概念 JuralOpposites 1 Right No Right2 Privilege Duty3 Power Disability4 Immunity LiabilityJuralCorelatives 1 Right Duty2 Privilege No Right3 Power Liability4 Immunity Disability 表 法律概念澄清 請求權和自由 Somephilosophersandpoliticalscientistsmakeadistinctionbetweenclaimrightsandlibertyrights Aclaimrightisarightwhichentailsresponsibilities duties orobligationsonotherpartiesregardingtheright holder Incontrast alibertyrightisarightwhichdoesnotentailobligationsonotherparties butratheronlyfreedomorpermissionfortheright holder 權力和豁免 TheothertwotermsofHohfeld sanalysis powersandimmunities refertosecond orderlibertiesandclaims respectively Powersarelibertyrightsregardingthemodificationoffirst orderrights e g theU S CongresshascertainpositivepowerstomodifysomeofU S citizens legalrights inasmuchasitcanimposeorremovelegalduties Immunities conversely areclaimrightsregardingthemodificationoffirst orderrights e g U S citizenshave pertheirConstitution certainnegativeimmunitieslimitingthepositivepowersoftheU S Congresstomodifytheirlegalrights Assuch immunitiesandpowersareoftensubsumedwithinclaimsandlibertiesbylaterauthors 我國對權利的分類 權利 請求權債權特權 自由 支配權 所有權權力 形成權 包括形成權和交易權 一方意思表示發生一定法律效果經濟部允許公司成立豁免 抗辯權未還押金 不還屋 舉例 Hohfeldarguedthatrightanddutyarecorelativeconcepts i e theonemustalwaysbematchedbytheother IfAhasarightagainstB thisisequivalenttoBhavingadutytohonourA sright IfBhasnoduty thatmeansthatBhasliberty i e BcandowhateverheorshepleasesbecauseBhasnodutytorefrainfromdoingit andAhasnorighttoprohibitBfromdoingso Eachindividualislocatedwithinamatrixofrelationshipswithotherindividuals 自由的內涵有多大 Bysummingtherightsheldanddutiesowedacrossalltheserelationships theanalystcanidentifyboththedegreeofliberty anindividualwouldbeconsideredtohaveperfectlibertyifitisshownthatno onehasarighttopreventthegivenact andwhethertheconceptoflibertyiscomprisedbycommonlyfollowedpractices therebyestablishinggeneralmoralprinciplesandcivilrights 物權和債權區分是假的 Hohfelddefinesthecorelativesintermsoftherelationshipsbetweentwoindividuals Inthetheoryof inremrights thereisadirectrelationshipbetweenapersonandathing Realrightsareinthisrespectunlikeclaimrightsor rightsinpersonam whichbynaturemustbeexercisedagainstaperson thebestexamplebeingwhensomeoneisowedmoneybyanother 沒有所謂的物權 Hohfelddemonstratesthatthiswayofunderstandingrightsingeneraliswrong Inparticular Hohfelddemonstratesthatthereisnosuchthingasalegalrelationbetweenapersonandathing sincealegalrelationalwaysoperatesbetweentwopeople Asthelegalrelationsbetweenanytwopeoplearecomplex itishelpfultobreakthemdownintotheirsimplestforms 應該是有無對世效力的區分 Hohfeldreplacestheconceptof rightinpersonam by paucitalright and rightinrem byacompoundoraggregateof multitalrights Rightsheldbyapersonagainstoneorafewdefinitepersonsarepaucital or inpersonam andrightsheldbyapersonagainstalargeindefiniteclassofpeoplearemultital or inrem Acontractrightispaucital or inpersonam becauseitcanonlybeenforcedagainstthespecificpartiestothecontract Apropertyrightismultital or inrem becausealandownerhastherighttoexcludenotonlyspecificpeoplefromhislandbutthe wholeworld 物權是很多權利的集合 Thelandownerhasmanyrights privileges powers andimmunities hismultitalrightsarecomposedofmanypaucitalrights Forexample theownerhasarightthatothersdonotsteponhislandbutthereisnotjustonesuchrightagainstamassofpersons thecommunity butmanyseparatealthoughusuallyidenticalpaucitalrightswiththiscontent asmanyinstancesastherearepeopleinthecommunity ThisiswhatHohfeldcalls multital rights 自由的概念 Consideralsothedefinitionofliberty InHohfeldiananalysis libertyisdefinedbyanabsencebothofadutyandofaright BisfreebecausehehasnoobligationtorecogniseanyofA srights ThatdoesnotdenythatBmightdecidetodowhatAwantsbecausethatistheessenceofliberty NordoesitdenythepossibilitythatBmightacceptadutytoAtogiveabenefittoC Inthatsituation CwouldhavenorightandwouldhavetorelyonAtoenforcetheduty 自由的概念是選擇 Thetruthisthatlibertyissignificantfrombothalegalandamoralpointofviewbecauseonlylibertyensuresthatanindividualhascontroloverhisorherchoicesonwhetherandhowtoact Ifsomethinginterfereswiththischoice thenaturalreactionistoresentitandtoseekaremedy 自由和義務 Thecorelativebetweenrightanddutyinevitablydescribesthewayinwhichtwopeoplearelimitedintheirchoicestoact andtheoutsideobservercannotcapturethelegalandmoralimplicationswithoutexaminingthenatureoftherightheldbyA Henc