英语词汇学_Unit_06_Sense_relations

Synonymy 同义关系 synonym 同义词 Antonymy 反义关系 antonym 反义词 Polysemy 多义关系 polyseme 多义词 Homonymy 同音 同形 异义关系 homonym 同音同形异义词 homograph 同形异义词 homophone 同音异义词 Hyponymy 上下义关系 superordinate 上义词 hyponym 下义词 Taxonymy 分类关系 superordinate 上类词 taxonym 分类词 Meronymy 部分整体关系 superordinate 总项词 meronym 分项词 幻灯片 3 Synonymy Synonymy is a relationship of sameness of meaning that may hold between two words Synonym a word that means the same as another Linguists make a distinction between strict or absolute synonymy and loose or relative synonymy 幻灯片 4 Strict synonymy Strict synonyms refer to two words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects They are interchangeable in all contexts Strict synonyms are very rare and some linguists even argue that strict synonyms do not exist Strict synonymy is uneconomical it creates unnecessary redundancy in a language 幻灯片 5 Loose synonymy When we speak of synonymy we mean loose or relative synonymy where we find not only a significant overlap in meaning between two words but also some contexts where they cannot be used interchangeably John found discovered the basketball in the grass Maria Curie discovered radium in 1898 Maria Curie found radium in 1898 discover be the first one to come across something find experience something in some way 幻灯片 6 Distinguishing synonyms We often take the following things into consideration when we try to find the differences between synonyms Different English dialects Different stylistic meanings Different connotative meanings 幻灯片 7 Synonyms from different dialects Some synonym pairs differ in that they belong to different dialects of English Here are some examples of synonyms from British and American English BrEAmEBrEAmE liftelevatorfarmranch lawyerattorneybiscuitcookie rubbishgarbagepavementsidewalk 幻灯片 8 Synonyms with different stylistic meanings One of a pair of synonyms may be used in a more formal context than the other Here are some examples of synonym pairs InformalFormalInformalFormal diedeceasedaddyfather blamechideguyman westoccidentalpraiseeulogy 幻灯片 9 Synonyms with different connotative meanings Synonyms may have different emotive associations connotative meanings famousnotorious disreputably misuseabuse of privilege or power ambiguousequivocal deliberately newnovel strikingly hateloathe with disgust obtainprocure with effort 幻灯片 10 Source of synonyms Why are there so many synonyms in English The primary reason for this has to do with the heavy borrowing from other languages especially from French and Latin EnglishFrenchLatin askquestioninterrogate timeageepoch begincommence buypurchase 幻灯片 11 AntonymyAntonymy 反义关系反义关系 Antonymy is a relationship of meaning opposition that may hold between two words Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning Major types of antonyms Gradable antonyms Contradictory or complementary antonyms Converse antonyms 幻灯片 12 Gradable antonyms Gradable antonyms include pairs like the following beautiful ugly expensive cheap fastslow hotcold longshort richpoor wide narrow These pairs are called gradable antonyms because they do not represent a more less relation The words can be the end points of a continuum 连续体 Since they are gradable they allow comparison 幻灯片 13 Contradictory complementary antonyms Contradictory antonyms include pairs like the following asleepawake deadalive onoff rememberforget winlose truefalse These pairs are called contradictory antonyms because they represent an either or relation If you permit some behavior then it is not forbidden Since they are not gradable they do not allow comparison 幻灯片 14ConverseConverse antonymsantonyms 逆行逆行 The following are examples of converse antonyms lendborrow husband wife above below beforeafter behindin front of buysell givereceive parentchild speaklisten Lend is the converse of borrow and vice versa i e the substitution of one member for the other does not change the meaning of a sentence if it is accompanied by the change of subject and object John lent Mary five dollars Mary borrowed five dollars from John 幻灯片 15Contradictory antonyms vs Converse antonyms 1 The bridge is above the river The river is below the bridge Converse antonyms are relational antonyms 2 This behavior is allowed This behavior is not prohibited Contradictory antonyms are either or antonyms 幻灯片 16Polysemy When a word is first coined it is always the case true that it has only one meaning monosemic But in the course of development the same symbol may be used to express new meanings The result is polysemy Polysemy shows the economy and efficiency of human languages 幻灯片 17Two processes leading to polysemy There are two important processes in the development of meaning Radiation 发散 Concatenation 串联 幻灯片 18Radiation Radiation is a process in which the primary meaning stands in the center and the derived meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays All the derived meanings can be traced back to the primary meaning 幻灯片 19Radiation Example face We can get the derived meanings by extension narrowing analogy transfer etc the front of the head Primary Meaning 1a person 2self respect 3outward appearance 4the surface of a thing 5countenance Derived Meaning 幻灯片 20 Concatenation Concatenation is a process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually from its primary meaning by successive shifts like the links of a chain until there is no connection between the meaning that is finally developed and the primary meaning Unlike radiation where each of the derived meaning is directly related to the primary meaning concatenation is a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one 1 2 3 4 5 6 幻灯片 21 Concatenation Example candidate Aa person dressed in white A B bridging context a white robed applicant for office because the Romans wore white robes when standing for office B a person taking an examination There is no connection between A and B because the middle link A B has vanished The primary meaning A has also vanished Now the derived meaning has become the central meaning 幻灯片 22 Homonymy Homonymy is the relation between two words that are spelled or pronounced in the same way but differ in meaning Such words are called homonyms lie vi lie vi perfect homonyms tear n tear vt homographs coarse course homophones 幻灯片 23 Perfect homonyms Perfect homonyms words identical in both sound and spelling but different in meaning bank n bank n bear n bear vt 幻灯片 24 Homographs Homographs words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning bow vi to bend one s head as a greeting bow n the device used for shooting arrows sow n female pig sow vi to scatter seeds perfect v perfect adj 幻灯片 25 Homophones Homophones words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning sun son deer dear right write pair pear stationary stationery 幻灯片 26 Differentiation of perfect homonyms from polysemous words the same lexeme which has several different meanings perfect homonyms having different sources polysemous words developed from the same source different lexemes which have the same form 幻灯片 27 The use of polysemy and homonymy Polysemous words and homonyms are often used as puns to achieve certain literary effect such as humor irony etc Lewis Carroll s Alice s Adventure in Wonderland How is bread made I know that Alice cried eagerly You take some flour Where do you pick the flower the White Queen asked In a garden or in the hedges Well it isn t picked at all Alice explained it s ground How many acres of ground said the White Queen 幻灯片 28 Hyponymy Hyponymy is the sense relationship that relates words hierarchically The underlying observation is that some words have a more general meaning while others have a more specific meaning while referring to the same entity We are not going to have any food today We are not going to have any vegetables today 幻灯片 29 FOODhave a more general meaning superordinate FRUIT MEAT VEGETABLE They are subordinate terms They are hyponyms of the superordinate term FOOD MEAT BEEF PORK MUTTON They are subordinate terms They are hyponyms of the superordinate term MEAT VEGETABLEhave a more specific meaning CABBAGE CELERY SPINACH FRUIT APPLE PEACH ORANGE Reading from the bottom of the hierarchy ORANGE is a kind of fruit which is a kind of food 幻灯片 30Taxonymy Taxonymy is the relationship in which X is a kind of Y Cruse 1986 Not all hyponyms are good taxonyms Hyponyms large spoon deep spoon are not a kind of spoon Taxonyms teaspoon soup spoon are a kind of spoon 幻灯片 31Taxonymy Focal orientation Focal orientation this is a perspective that the taxonym and superordinate term must share so that the relationship works A blonde is not a kind of woman because blonde has a hair color focal orientation that woman lacks 幻灯片 32Taxonymy distinctive fe