英语国家概况19 Political institution

Chapter 19 Political institution 政治制度 N h v i B l v2 r z 5 s 1 The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world It was draw up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789 美国宪法是世界上最早的成文 宪法 它起草于 1787 年 生效于 1789 年 2 In 1787 Congress called for a meeting of delegate from all the states to revise the Articles of Confederation 1787 年 国会召开各州代表参加的大会 主要 目的是修改有明显缺点的 联邦条款 I8 4 z6 C0 S4 A7 m o9 i W a X A d i Z 5 The President of the U S is the head of the executive branch and the head of the state elected by the whole nation The Constitution requires the President to be a natural born American citizen at least 35 years of age The president election was held every 4 years 宪法规定总统必须是美国本土出生的美国公民 至少 年满 35 岁 总统选举每四年举行一次 6 B x m D B8 m0 N s6 U 6 In American the winner take all system applies in all states expect Maine 在美国 嬴者全赢的制度适用于除缅因州外的各州 R h8 n2 X w S K 7 The electors of all fifty states and the District of Columbia a total of 538 persons comprise what is known as the Electoral College To be successful a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes 50 个州加上哥伦比亚特区共有 538 位总统候选人 他们组成选举团 要成为美国总统 候选人则要获得 270 票 8 The presidential term of 4 years begin on Jan 20 following the November election The president publicly takes an oath of office which is administered by the Chief Justice of the U S A president can be elected to office only twice 美国总统任期为 4 年 每位总统任期最多只能两届 总统宣誓就职仪式是由美国首 席娃哈哈官主持的 1 f o6 y8 5 M 9 Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers a Senate and a House of Representatives The Senate is composed of 2 members from each state Membership in the House is based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution 国会由参议院和众议院组成 参议院由各州派出两名议 员共同组成 众议院成员数则按各州人口及大小而定 因此众义员数宪法没有具体规定 10 The Constitution requires that U S Senators must be at least 30 years of age citizens of the U S for at least 9 years and residents of the states from which they are elected The senatorial term is 6 years and every 2 years one third of the Senate stands for re election 宪法规定美国参议员必须是年满 30 岁有 美国公民资格 9 年以上的公民 并且是选其为议员的州的居民 参议员任期为 6 年 且每 月年改选 1 3 的议员 11 Menber of the House of Representative must be at least 25 citizens for 7 years and residents of the states which send them to Congress Today the House is composed of 435 members Since members of the House serve two year terms the life of a Congress is considered to be 2 years 宪法规定美国众议员必 须是年满 25 岁有美国公民资格 7 年以上的公民 并且是选其为议员的州的居民 现在 众 议院由来 35 名议员组成 由于众议员任期为 2 年 所以国会任期往往被认为是 2 年 12 Each hours of the Congress has the power to introduce legislation on any subject except revenue bills which must first come from the House of Representatives 除了税收法案必须首先由众议院提出 国会的两院各自有权就任何提议 立法 P e N8 M 4 f i2 b u 19 In the 28 terms of the House of Representatives from 1933 to 1989 the Democrats enjoyed a majority of 26 terms in the Senate the Democrats had a majority for 23 terms 从 1933 年到 1989 年的确届众议院中 民主党在于 6 届中拥有多 数席位 在参议院中民主党在于 23 届中拥有多数席位 4 U U c B P8 5 20 After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson the Democratic Republican party split The main faction led by Andrew Jackson called themselves the Democratic Party while the faction opposed to Jackson formed the Whig party in 1834 1828 年安德鲁 杰克逊当选总统后 民主共和党分裂 由安德鲁 杰克逊领