不定式和动名词的区别

不定式和动名词的区别和联系 1 动名词与不定式的区别 动名词表达的是 状态 性质 心境 抽象 经常性 已发生的 不定式表达的是 目的 结果 原因 具体 一次性 将发生的 不定式与动名词都可以在句中作主语 宾语 表语和定语 但用法不尽相同 一 作主语 一般情况下 不定式与动名词作主语可以互换 也常常可以用 it 充当形式主语 而把不定式和动名词放在句子 的后半部分 但二者也有区别 不定式常常指某次具体的 将要发生的行为 而动名词则表示一般的 抽象的 行为 例如 To save money now is not easy 现在攒钱不容易 Saving money is a good habit 攒钱是个好习惯 真题回放 1 to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one s skin A Exposed B Having exposed C Being exposed D After being exposed 二 作宾语 有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语 不能跟动名词作宾语 有些动词后常跟动名词作宾语 不能跟不定式作 宾语 有些动词后跟不定式和动名词作宾语皆可 但意思不同 另外还要熟记下面几点 1 下列短语中的 to 是介词 其后跟动名词 不跟不定式 be get used to 习惯于 look forward to 盼望 pay attention to 注意 get down to 开始认真做 lead to 通向 导致 prefer doing to doing 宁愿做 而不愿做 stick to 坚持 devote one s life time oneself to 献身于 致力于 object to 反对 in addition to 除 之外 on the way to 在去 的路上 正要成为 等等 2 不定式除可用在 except but besides 等后作宾语之外 一般不用作介词宾语 此时 不定式能否省略 to 取 决于其前是否有行为动词 do 或其相应形式 有则省略 无则不能省略 例如 She did nothing but wash some clothes that day 那天她除了洗一些衣服之外什么也没做 We had no choice except to walk home 除了走着回家我们别无选择 3 动名词除了其一般式 doing 还有完成式 having done 以及一般式的被动形式 being done 和完成式的被 动形式 having been done 动名词前可以加上逻辑主语 构成动名词的复合结构 sb s doing 例如 I m sorry for not having kept my promise 非常抱歉 我没能遵守诺言 not having kept my promise 发生在 am sorry 之前 Do you mind Mary being left alone at home 你介意玛丽被单独一个人留在家里吗 4 不定式的完成式 to have done 表示在谓语动词之前已经发生的动作 而不定式的一般式 to do 表示动作 将要发生 不定式还有其被动形式 to be done 表示将来的被动动作 和 to have been done 表示过去的被 动动作 三 作表语 不定式与动名词作表语时的区别与作主语时相同 例如 My job is teaching English 我的工作是教英语 泛指 多次性抽象行为 Your task is to go and help the farmers 你的工作是去帮助那些农民 特指 一次性具体行为 四 作定语 不定式多为后置定语 动名词多为前置定语 不定式多表示将来的动作 动名词只能表示事物的属性 用途等 例如 He is looking for a room to live in 他正在找一间房子去住 Take these sleeping pills and you ll sleep better 吃了这种安眠药 你会睡得更好 注意 不定式作定语时通常与其前的名词 代词 构成动宾关系 如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词 其后通常 要加上相应的介词 例如 Please give me a knife with which to cut 2 在下列情况下 一般要用不定式 hate like love 前有 would should 时 如 I d like to have a cup of coffee 当谓语动词 begin continue start 等是进行式时 如 The students are starting to work on the difficult math s problem begin continue start 与 know understand 等状态动词连用时 如 I soon began to understand what was happening advise allow encourage forbid permit 等动词后接动名词作宾语 或带不定式作宾语补足语 如 Our teachers don t permit our us swimming in the lake Our teachers don t permit us to swim in the lake 3 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时 意义差别较大 应根据句子语境选择使用 forget remember regret 后接不定式 表示现在或未来的动作 接动名词表示动作已经发生 如 Don t forget to post the letter for me Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport Remember to close the windows before you leave I remember writing him a letter a year ago We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting They regretted ordering these books from abroad 动名词与不定式语义不同的有 11 组 1 forget doing to do forget to do 忘记要去做某事 未做 forget doing 忘记做过某事 已做 The light in the office is stil on He forgot to turn it off 办公室的灯还在亮着 它忘记关了 没有做关灯的动作 He forgot turning the light off 他忘记他已经关了灯了 已做过关灯的动作 Don t forget to come tomorrow 别忘了明天来 to come 动作未做 典型例题 The light in the office is still on Oh I forgot A turning it off B turn it off C to turn it off D having turned it off 答案 C 由 the light is still on 可知灯亮着 即关灯的动作没有发生 因此用 forget to do sth 而 forget doing sth 表示灯已经关上了 而自己忘记了这一事实 此处不符合题意 2 stop doing to do stop to do 停止 中断原来做的事 开始做另外一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 They stop to smoke a cigarette 他们停下来 抽了根烟 I must stop smoking 我必须戒烟了 典型例题 She reached the top of the hill and stopped on a big rock by the side of the path A to have rested B resting C to rest D rest 答案 C 由题意可知 她到了山顶 停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息 因此 应选择 stop to do sth 停下来去做另一件事 而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止 所以 stop doing sth 不正确 3 remember doing to do remember to do 记得去做某事 未做 remember doing 记得做过某事 已做 Remember to go to the post office after school 记着放学后去趟邮局 Don t you remember seeing the man before 你不记得以前见过那个人吗 4 regret doing to do regret to do 对要做的事遗憾 未做 regret doing 对做过的事遗憾 后悔 已做 I regret to have to do this but I have no choice 我很遗憾必须这样去做 我实在没有办法 I don t regret telling her what I thought 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔 典型例题 You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting Well now I regret that A to do B to be doing C to have done D having done 答案 D regret having done sth 对已发生的事感到遗憾 regret to do sth 对将要做的事感到遗憾 本题为对已说的话感到后悔 因此选 D 5 cease doing to do cease to do 长时间 甚至永远停做某事 cease doing 短时停止做某事 以后还会接着做 That department has ceased to exist forever 那个部门已不复存在 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by 姑娘们在老师走过时 停了会聊天 6 try doing to do try to do 努力 企图做某事 try doing 试验 试着做某事 You must try to be more careful 你可要多加小心 I tried gardening but didn t succeed 我试着种果木花卉 但未成功 7 go on doing to do go on to do 做了一件事后 接着做另一件事 go on doing 继续做原来做的事 After he had finished his math he went on to do his physics 做完数学后 他接着去做物理 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one 作完这个练习后 接着做其他的练习 8 be afraid doing to do be afraid to do 不敢 胆怯去做某事 是主观上的原因不去做 意为 怕 be afraid of doing 担心出现 doing 的状况 结果 doing 是客观上造成的 意为 生怕 恐怕 She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake 她生怕被蛇咬着 而不敢在草丛中再走一步 She was afraid to wake her husband 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫 She was afraid of waking her husband 她生怕吵醒她丈夫 9 be interested doing to do interested to do 对做某事感兴趣 想了解某事 interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣 doing 通常为想法 I shall be interested to know what happens 我很想知道发生了什么事 想了解 I m interested in working in Switzerland Do you have any idea about that 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣 你想过这事吗 一种想法 10 mean to doing to do mean to do 打算 想要做某事 mean doing 意味着要有一个结果 I mean to go but my father would not allow me to 我想去 但是我父亲不肯让我去 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power 赠加工资意味着增加购买力 11 begin start doing to do begin start to do sth begin start doing sth 1 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时 使用 doing How old were you when you first started playing the piano 你几岁时开始弹钢琴 2 begin start 用进行时时 后面动词用不定式 to do I was beginning to get angry 我开始生起气来 3 在 attempt intend begin start 后接 know understand realize 这类动词时 常用不定式 to do I begin to understand the truth 我开始明白真相 4 物作主语时 常使用不定式 to do It began to melt 1 The teacher told them make so much noise A don t B not C will not D not to 2 Our master often told us things for granted A not to have B not to take C didn t take D not to make 3 Tell him the window A to shut not B not to shut C to not shut D not shut 4 The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street but his mother told him A not to B not to do C not do it D do not to 5 Mrs Smith warned her daughter after drinking A never to drive B to never drive C never driving D never drive 6 The patient was warned oily food after the operation A to eat not B eating not C not to eat D not eating 7 The workers want us together with them A work B working C to work D worked 8 They would not allow him across the enemy line A to risk going B risking to go C for risk to go D risk going 9 I saw him out of the room A go B had gone C has gone D goes 10 They knew her very well They had seen her up from childhood A grow B grew C was growing D to grow 11 I ve heard him about you often A spoke B speaks C speak 12 Though he had often made his little sister today he was made by his little sister A cry to cry B crying crying C cry cry D to cry cry 13 This company was the first portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world A producing B to produce C having produced D produced 14 The purpose of new technology is to make life easier it more difficult A not making B not make C not to make D nor to make 15 The news reporters hurried to the airport only the film stars had left A to tell B to be told C telling D told 16 There re so many kinds of tape recorders on sale that I can t make up my mind to buy A what B which C how D where 17 There isn t any difference between the two I really don t know A where to choose B which to choose C to choose what D to choose which 18 Have you decided when Yes tomorrow morning A to leave B to be leaving C will you leave D are you leaving 19 Last summer I took a course on A how to make dresses B how dresses be made C how to be made dresses D how dresses to be made 20 He doesn t know to stay or not A whether B if C either D if he will 21 She pretended me when I passed by A not to see B not seeing C to not see D having not seen 22 The light in the office is still on Oh I forgot A turning it off B turn it off C to turn it off D having turned it off 23 We agreed here but so far she hasn t turned up yet A having met B meeting C to meet D to have met 24You were silly not your car A to lock B to have locked C locking D having locked 25 The teacher asked us so much noise A don t make B not make C not making D not to make 1 Helen had to shout above the sound of the music A making herself hear B to make herself hear C making herself heard D to make herself heard 2 Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV there are pictures in your mind instead of before your eyes A to form B form C forming D having formed 3 The man insisted a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby A find B to find C on finding D in finding 4 The old man abroad for twenty years is on the way back to his motherland A to work B working C to have worked D having worked 5 You were silly not your car A to lock B to have locked C locking D having locked 6 Don t leave the water while you brush your teeth A run B running C being run D to run 7 When flint 电石 to the market these products enjoyed great success A introducing B introduced C introduce D being introduced 8 We can t go out in this weather said Bob out of the window A looking B to look C looked D having looked 9 My advisor encouraged a summer course to improve my writing skills A for me taking B me taking C for me to take D me to take 10 in the queue for half an hour Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home A To wait B Have waited C Having waited D To have waited 11 Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company as 3M A knowing B known C being known D to be known 12 Sarah hurry up I m afraid you can t have time to before the party A get changed B get change C get changing D get to change 13 by the beauty of nature the girl from London decided to stay another two days off the farm A Attracting B Attracted C To be attracted D Having attracted 14 I don t know whether you happen that I m going to study in the U S A this September A to be heard B to be hearing C to hear D to have heard 15 The news reporters hurried to the airport only the film stars had left A to tell B to be told C telling D told 16 Having been ill in bed for nearly a month he had a hard time the exam A pass B to pass C passed D passing 17 with the size of the whole earth the biggest ocean doesn t seem big at all A Compare B When comparing C Comparing D When compared 18 the program they have to stay there for another two weeks A Not completing B Not completed C Not having completed D Having not completed 19 If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week better it you ve got some big bills coming A forget B forgot C forgetting D to forget 20 According to a recent U S survey children spend up to 25 hours a week TV A to watch B to watching C watching D watch 21 The flu is believed by viruses 病毒 that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat A cause B being caused