介词讲义完整版

1 介介 词词 一 介词的分类 1 简单介词 是指单个的介词 如 in on at on to with 等 2 合成介词 是指两个简单介词合在一起构成的介词 如 into onto without inside 3 短语介词 是指一个或两个简单介词与一个或几个其他词类的词组合 在意 义和作用上相当于一个简单介词的短语 如 instead of 代替 because of 因为 according to 按照 in front of 在 的前面 二 表示时间的介词 1 at 表示具体的时间点 如 at eight o clock 联想 at 构成的固定短语 at first 首先 at least 至少 at present 目前 at noon 在中午 at the age of 在 岁时 at the moment 在目前 现在 at the same time 同时 at school 在上学 at the end of 在 末 如 In some western countries shops are closed weekends 2 in 用于年 月 季节 上午 下午 晚上等 in March 在三月 in spring 在春天 in 2008 在 2008 年 in the morning afternoon evening 注意 in 表示在某一季节或某一月份时 一般不加冠词 但季节和月份的意义 一旦具体化 就要加定冠词 the 如 The weather is a little in May An earthquake happened in Sichuan in the May of 2008 In summer children are happy because they can swim 2 联想 in 构成的固定短语 hand in 上交 in fact 事实上 in surprise 吃惊地 in search of 寻找 in public 当众 in the end 最后 终于 in no time 立刻 马上 in a minute 立刻 马上 in front of 在 前面 in a word 一句话 总而言之 in good health 身体健康的 do well in 在 方面干的不错 be interested in 对 感兴趣 in common 共同的 show great interest in 对 感兴趣 in the last past several years 在过去的几年里 3 表示具体的某一天或某一天的早晨 晚上等 用 on 如 In the morning I often get up at six o clock but Sunday morning I get up at seven A traffic accident happened near our school the night of May 2nd 2014 联想 on 构成的固定短语 on board 乘坐 车 飞机 on duty 值班 值日 on earth 到底 on fire 着火 on foot 步行 on hire 雇佣 on holiday 度假 on time 按时 be on show 展览 on the right 在右边 on the other hand 另一方面 a book on history 一本关于历史的书 on one s way to 在某人去 的路上 4 表示时间的 since for by during until 1 since 自从 后跟具体的过去时间 for 后接一段时间 for 和 since 短语所在 的句子应用现在完成时 谓语动词要用延续性动词 如 Great changes have taken place in my hometown since the year 2000 We have lived in the city for about five years 3 2 by 时间点 意为 到 为止 如果 by 后面跟的是将来的时间点 用一般 将来时或将来完成时 如果 by 后面跟一个过去的时间点 用过去完成时 如 I will finish eating by nine o clock By the end of last week we had finished learning Unit5 3 during 时间段 与延续性动词连用 表示某期间的动作 如 She had trained hard during the four years to get ready for London Olympic Games 4 until 时间点 意为 道 为止 句中的谓语动词若是非延续性动词 构成 句型 not until 直到 才 如 We stayed there until the sunset We didn t go home until the sunset 5 表示时间前后的 before after before 在 之前 after 在 之后 如 We must hand in our homework before class After half past eleven we can relax ourselves 注意 before 作为介词 还可以表示 面临 面对 如 What should you do before so many difficulties I had nothing to say before her 3 表示方位 地点 行为对象等的介词 1 表示方位的介词 in to on in 表示包含关系 意为 在 范围内 on 表示相邻关系 接壤 to 表示相 隔关系 如 China is the east of Asia Japan is the east of China Russia is the north of China 2 表示 上下 等方位的介词 over under above below on 1 over 在 正上方 其反义词为 under 4 如 There is a football under the desk I looked up and saw a plane flying over my head 2 above 表示 在 上方 非垂直关系 其反义词为 below 如 The plane is flying above the clouds 3 on 在 之上 指两者表面接触 其反义词也为 under 3 表示 前后 的介词和短语介词 1 in front of 在 前面 指在范围之外的前面 和 before 意义接近 如 There are some bikes in front of the teaching building 2 behind 是 in front of 的反义词 意为 在 后面 3 in the front of 表示在范围之内的前面 其反义词组是 at the back of 4 by beside 在 旁边 between 在两者之间 among 在三者及以上之间 1 by 和 beside 意义相近 如 Do you know the man who is standing by the window Lucy sits beside me She is my deskmate 2 between 指两者之间 也表示三者或多者中的每两者之间 among 指三个或 三个以上的事物或人之间 注意 between 表示两者之间 只要构成双方关系 就可以用 between 如 There are so many desks in the classroom that there is hardly any room to move between them 教室里有这么多张课桌 几乎没有空间从它们中间穿过 5 across through 穿过 across 从表面穿过 through 穿越 穿透 透过 指从物体内部穿过 如 1 When you go the road you must be careful 2 Which river runs Shanghai 3 I left my keys in the room yesterday I had to get in the window It s dangerous to do that A in B through C over D to 5 6 表示里外的 in inside into onto out of outside 1 in 在 之内 如 My keys are in my pocket 注意 外来物 在树上 用 in 树上结出的东西 在树上 用 on 如 There are some birds the tree Autumn comes and some red apples the apple trees come into people s eyes 2 inside 在 里面 到 里面 反义词为 outside 如 Listen Someone is talking in a low voice inside the door Don t stay outside 3 into 到 内 强调空间或状态的转换 反义词为 out of 如 Why not go into the house and have a look He looked out of the window and saw some people coming back from work 注意 out of 还有 脱离 失去 等意义 如 He has been out of work for long Fish can t live long out of water 7 表示 靠近 的 near next to around near 在 附近 next to 在 旁边 around 在 周围 如 There is a park near our neighborhood I didn t remember to phone until near the end of the week The mouse is next to my computer That patient is next to death The flowers and applause 掌声 are always around the winners 注意 around 还表示 大约 同义词 about 如 It was around about twelve o clock in the evening 6 8 表示运动方向的 for to towards 1 for 常接在 leave start 等动词之后 表示运动的方向或目的地 如 They ll leave for Beijing to attend the meeting next month 2 to 跟在 go come return move 等动词之后 表示目的地 它既表示运动方 向 又包含运动结果 如 When did you return to Guangzhou after the summer holiday 3 towards 朝 向 只说明运动的方向 没有 到达 的意思 如 The teacher is coming towards the classroom now 9 表示行为对象的 to at 一般来说 at 同某些动词连用 表示攻击目标 含有某种程度的恶意 to 则只 表示方向 并无恶意 如 I threw the ball to him and he threw it at the dog He came me and said hello to me A dog came her and she was frightened 受惊吓的 10 最高级结构中表示范围的 of in 同类比较时 若主语和范围一致 一般用 of of 后多为数词或可数名词复数 将某人 某物置于集体或环境中进行比较时 用 in in 后一般是可数名词的单数 如 She is the most beautiful girl the three sisters Tom is the tallest boy the class 4 表示 除 之外 的介词 1 besides 除 之外还 如 Five others were late besides me There will be five of us for dinner besides John 2 but except 除 之外 but 常与否定词连用 如 No one but we knows about the news He has few friends except you in this school He has few friends except you in this school They all went to sleep except me 7 3 except for 表示从整体中排除 除 之外 前后不是一类事物 如 The care is really wonderful except for its price The composition is quite good except for a few spelling mistakes 5 表示方式 手段或工具的介词 1 by in on 表交通方式 by bike on a bike by car in a car 如 Do you usually come to school by bike 2 by in with 表示手段或工具 1 by 表示用某种方式或手段 名此前不加冠词 如 This pair of shoes is made by hand The old man had to make money by selling vegetables 2 in 表示使用某种语言 用墨水 颜色 颜料等 名此前不加冠词 如 Can you say it in English Please write it in ink not in pencil 3 with 后跟具体的工具 如 People here build houses with stones I like to write with a ball pen 拓展 with 常用来表示伴随 意为 有 带有 其反义词为 without 如 This is a house with a garden Fish can t live without water 6 引出动词不定式逻辑主语的介词 1 一般情况下用 for sb to do sth 如 It s necessary for us to learn English It s difficult for children to read such a book 2 表示品质 性格 特征的形容词后用 of sb to do sth 这类句型中动词不定式 的逻辑主语和形容词构成主系表结构 如 It s foolish of him to make such a decision It s kind of you to give me so much help 8 7 其它介词的用法 1 as 作为 as for 至于 如 students we should work hard He works a teacher in this school him I know nothing 2 thanks to 同 because of 意为 因为 由于 如 Thanks to your help I am good at my lessons Because of the weather we have to put off the sports meet 8 介词的省略 1 in 的省略 be busy in doing sth 忙于做某事 have difficulty trouble in doing sth 做某事有困难 in this that way 以这种 那种方法 spend in doing sth 花费 做某事 have a good time in doing sth 做某事很高兴 waste in doing 浪费 做某事 There s no use good in doing sth 做某事有用 没有好处 2 for 的省略 for 时间段里的 for 在口语中可以省略 尤其是在肯定句中 但是在否定句中或 在句首一般不可以省略 如 The rain lasted for a whole afternoon He has been waiting for three hours We haven t seen each other for a long time For a whole month there is no rain 九 常用介词短语 1 常与 with 连用的短语 9 do with 处置 对付 go on with 继续 agree with 同意 be busy with 忙于 keep catch up with 跟上 fill with 用 装满 be familiar with 熟悉 be popular with 受 欢迎 be angry with sb 生某人的气 cover with 用 覆盖 help with 在 方面帮助 get on well with 与 相处的好 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格 be pleased with sb 对某人感到满意 2 常与 at 连用的短语 look at 看 knock at 敲 at last 最后 at once 立刻 laugh at 嘲笑 shoot at 朝 射击 work at 致力于 be good at 擅长 be weak at 不擅长 arrive at 到达某地 小地方 be amazed at 对 感到吃惊 3 常与 on 连用的短语 10 get on 上车 turn on 打开 try on 试穿 put on 穿上 call on 号召 depend on 依靠 取决于 live on 依赖 生活