组织行为学研究onATTITUDESandJOBSATISFACTION.ppt

onATTITUDESandJOBSATISFACTION ANINTRODUCTIONTOORGANIZATIONALBEHAVIORBy StephenRobbins TimothyJudge Preparedby GREGARDONAVENE VALDEHUEZA MBALourdesCollegeInstructor LearningObjectives ContrastthethreecomponentsofanattitudeIdentifytheroleconsistencyplaysinattitudesSummarizetherelationshipbetweenattitudesandbehaviorDiscusssimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenjobsatisfactionandtheotherjobattitudesdiscussedSummarizethemaincausesofjobsatisfactionIdentifyfouremployeeresponsestodissatisfaction ATTITUDES evaluativestatements eitherfavorableorunfavorable concerningobjects people orevents reflecthowonefeelsaboutsomething ex Ilikemyjob Sixquestionsthatwillhelpunderstandattitude Whatarethemaincomponentsofattitudes Howconsistentareattitudes Doesbehavioralwaysfollowafterattitudes Whatarethemajorjobattitudes Howareemployeeattitudesmeasured Whatistheimportanceofattitudestoworkplacediversity thecomponentsofattitudes CognitivecomponentofanattitudeTheopinionorbeliefsegmentofanattitude AffectivecomponentofanattitudeTheemotionalorfeelingsegmentofanattitude BehavioralcomponentofanattitudeAnintentiontobehaveinacertainwaytowardsomeoneorsomething Sixquestionsthatwillhelpunderstandattitude Whatarethemaincomponentsofattitudes Howconsistentareattitudes Doesbehavioralwaysfollowafterattitudes Whatarethemajorjobattitudes Howareemployeeattitudesmeasured Whatistheimportanceofattitudestoworkplacediversity Researchhasgenerallyconcludedthatpeopleseekconsistencyamongtheirattitudesandbetweentheirattitudesandtheirbehavior Thismeansthatindividualsseektoreconciledivergentattitudesandaligntheirattitudesandbehaviorsotheyappearrationalandconsistent ex acertaincollegegirlbelievesthatsororitiesaregoodandthatpledgingasororityisimportant Ifshefailstomakeasorority however shemaysay Irecognizedthatsororitylifeisn tallgoodanyway Whenthereisinconsistency forcesareinitiatedtoreturntheindividualtoanequilibriumstateinwhichattitudesandbehaviorareagainconsistent Thiscanbedonebyalteringeithertheattitudesorthebehavior orbydevelopingarationalizationforthediscrepancy CognitiveDissonance LeonFestinger Anyincompatibilitybetweentwoormoreattitudesorbetweenbehaviorandattitudes DeterminantsincopingdissonanceproposedbyFestinger Importanceoftheelementscreatingthedissonance Influencetheindividualbelieveshe shehasovertheelements Rewardsthatmaybeinvolvedindissonance Sixquestionsthatwillhelpunderstandattitude Whatarethemaincomponentsofattitudes Howconsistentareattitudes Doesbehavioralwaysfollowafterattitudes Whatarethemajorjobattitudes Howareemployeeattitudesmeasured Whatistheimportanceofattitudestoworkplacediversity Earlyresearchonattitudesassumedthattheywerecausallyrelatedtobehavior thatis theattitudesthatpeopleholddeterminewhattheydo However inthelate1960s thisassumedrelationshipbetweenattitudesandbehaviorwaschallengedbyareviewoftheresearch Basedonanevaluationofanumberofstudiesthatinvestigatedtheattitude behaviorrelationship thereviewerconcludedthatattitudeswereunrelatedtobehavioror atbest onlyslightlyrelated MorerecentresearchhasdemonstratedthatattitudessignificantlypredictfuturebehaviorandconfirmedFestinger soriginalbeliefthattherelationshipcanbeenhancedbytakingmoderatingvariablesintoaccount Themostpowerfulmoderatorsoftheattitude behaviorrelationshiphavebeenfoundtobe Importanceoftheattitude fundamentalvalues self interest identificationwiththeindividuals groupsthatapersonvalues ItsspecificityItsaccessibilitywhetherthereexist SocialpressuresDirectexperience moderatingvariables self perceptiontheory Self perceptionarguesthatattitudesareusedafterthefacttomakesenseoutofanactionthathasalreadyoccurredratherthanasdevicesthatprecedeandguideaction attitudesareusedafterthefacttomakesenseoutofanactionthathasalreadyoccurred Sixquestionsthatwillhelpunderstandattitude Whatarethemaincomponentsofattitudes Howconsistentareattitudes Doesbehavioralwaysfollowafterattitudes Whatarethemajorjobattitudes Howareemployeeattitudesmeasured Whatistheimportanceofattitudestoworkplacediversity JobsatisfactionApositivefeelingaboutone sjobresultingfromanevaluationofitscharacteristics JobinvolvementThedegreetowhichapersonidentifieswithajob activelyparticipatesinit andconsidersperformanceimportanttoself worth Closelyrelatedconceptispsychologicalempowermentwhichisemployees beliefinthedegreetowhichtheyimpacttheirworkenvironment theircompetence themeaningfulnessoftheirjob andtheperceivedautonomyintheirwork OrganizationalcommitmentThedegreetowhichanemployeeidentifieswithaparticularorganizationanditsgoalsandwishestomaintainmembershipintheorganization Threeseparatedimensions Affectivecommitment anemotionalattachmenttotheorganizationandabeliefinitsvalues Continuancecommitment theperceivedeconomicvalueofremainingwithanorganizationcomparedtoleavingit Normativecommitment anobligationtoremainwiththeorganizationformoralorethicalreasons Otherjobattitudes PerceivedOrganizationalSupport POS thedegreetowhichemployeesbelievetheorganizationvaluestheircontributionandcaresabouttheirwell being Employeeengagement anindividual sinvolvementwith satisfactionwith andenthusiasmfortheworktheydo Sixquestionsthatwillhelpunderstandattitude Whatarethemaincomponentsofattitudes Howconsistentareattitudes Doesbehavioralwaysfollowafterattitudes Whatarethemajorjobattitudes Howareemployeeattitudesmeasured Whatistheimportanceofattitudestoworkplacediversity attitudesurveys Elicitingresponsesfromemployeesthroughquestionnairesonhowtheyfeelabouttheirjobs workgroups supervisors andtheorganization employeebehaviorsarebasedonperceptions notreality Sixquestionsthatwillhelpunderstandattitude Whatarethemaincomponentsofattitudes Howconsistentareattitudes Doesbehavioralwaysfollowafterattitudes Whatarethemajorjobattitudes Howareemployeeattitudesmeasured Whatistheimportanceofattitudestoworkplacediversity DiversityProgramsAlmostallincludeaself evaluationphasePeoplearepressedtoexaminethemselvesandtoconfrontethicandculturalstereotypestheymighthold ParticipantstypicallytakepartingroupdiscussionsorpanelswithrepresentativesfromdiversegroupsArrangingforpeopletodovolunteerworkincommunityorsocialservicecentersInordertomeetfacetofacewithindividualsandgroupsfromdiversebackgroundsandusingexercisesthatletparticipantsfeelwhatit sliketobedifferent JOBSATISFACTION Apositivefeelingaboutone sjobresultingfromanevaluationofitscharacteristics measuringjobsatisfaction aperson sjobismorethanjusttheobviousactivitiesofshufflingpapers writingprogrammingcode waitingoncustomers ordrivingatruck Jobsrequireinteractionwithcoworkersandbosses followingorganizationalrulesandpolicies meetingperformancestandards livingwithworkingconditionsthatareoftenlessthanideal andthelike SingleglobalratingIsamethodnothingmorethanaskingindividualstorespondtoonequestion suchas Allthingsconsidered howsatisfiedareyouwithyourjob SummationofjobfacetsMoresophisticatedmethod Itidentifieskeyelementsinajobandasksfortheemployee sfeelingsabouteach Typicalfactorsthatwouldbeincludedarethenatureofthework supervision presentpay promotionopportunities andrelationswithcoworkers howsatisfiedarepeopleintheirjobs peopleareonaveragesatisfiedwiththeirjobsoverall withtheworkitself andwiththeirsupervisorsandcoworkers However theytendtobelesssatisfiedwiththeirpayandwithpromotionopportunities whatcausesjobsatisfaction themajorjobsatisfactionfacets workitself pay advancementopportunities supervision coworkers enjoyingtheworkitselfisalmostalwaysthefacetmoststronglycorrelatedwithhighlevelsofoveralljobsatisfaction howaboutpersonality personalityplaysarole Researchhasshownthatpeoplewhohaveanegativepersonalityareusuallylesssatisfiedwiththeirjobs howaboutpay peoplewhoarepoororwholiveinpoorcountries paydoescorrelatewithjobsatisfactionandwithoverallhappiness Butonceanindividualreachesalevelofcomfortableliving therelationshipvirtuallydisappears Whatmotivatesusisnotnecessarilythesameaswhatmakesushappy theimpactofdissatisfiedandsatisfiedemployeesontheworkplace ExitDissatisfactionexpressedthroughbehaviordirectedtowardleavingtheorganization VoiceDissatisfactionexpressedthroughactiveandconstructiveattemptstoimproveconditions LoyaltyDissatisfactionexpressedbypassivelywaitingforconditionstoimprove NeglectDissatisfactionexpressedthroughallowingconditionstoworsen Exitandneglectbehaviorsencompassourperformancevariables productivity absenteeism andturnover Voiceandloyaltyareconstructivebehaviorsthatallowindividualstotolerateunpleasantsituationsortorevivesatisfactoryworkingconditions responsestojobdissatisfaction jobsatisfaction jobperformance Whensatisfactionandproductivitydataaregatheredfortheorganizationasawhole wefindthatorganizationswithmoresatisfiedemployeestendtobemoreeffectivethanorganizationswithfewersatisfiedemployees jobsatisfaction organizationalcitizenshipbehavior OCB Satisfiedemployeeswouldseemmorelikelytotalkpositivelyabouttheorganization helpothers andgobeyondthenormalexpectationsintheirjob Morerecentevidencehowever suggeststhatsatisfactioninfluencesOCB butthroughperceptionsoffairness jobsa