语法专题十一

专题十一专题十一 代词代词 代词的考查要点 代词分为九类 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词 相互代词 指示代词 疑问代词 连接代词 关系代词 不定代词 大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用 1 人称代词 1 人称代词作主语用主格 作宾语 表语用宾格 但应注意以下四种情况 作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中 或在这种句子中与动词 不定式连用 常用宾格 Susan go and join your sister cleaning the yard Why me John is sitting there doing nothing 句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时 与所替代的名词在人称 数 格以及意义上一 般要保持前后一致 The thief was thought to be he the thief 是主格 故用 he 替代 They took me to be her 他们误以为我是她 me 是宾格 故用 her 替代 作表语的人称代词一般用宾格 但在强调句型中 被强调部分代词的格不变 I met her in the hospital It was her who I met in the hospital 在比较级的句子中 than as 后用主格 宾格都可以 如 He is taller than me I 但 在下列句中有区别 I like Jack as much as her I like both Jack and her I like Jack as much as she I like Jack and she likes him too 2 两个以上的人称代词并列 其次序排列原则 在并列主语中 I 总是放在最后 排列顺序为 二 三 一 人称 宾格 me 也一样 You she and I will be in charge of the case Mr Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him 2 物主代词 1 注意名词性和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能 2 one s own of one s own 句式的转换 3 某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词 take sb by the arm be wounded in the leg 3 反身代词 1 反身代词的语法功能 宾语 表语 主语或宾语的同位语 2 反身代词和某些动词连用 构成固定短语 devote oneself to 致力于 dress oneself 自己穿衣 enjoy oneself 过得快活 feel oneself 觉得正常 3 反身代词还可用于某些成语中 for oneself 为自己 独立地 of oneself 自然地 自动地 by oneself 独自地 in oneself 本身 4 相互代词 each other one another 相互代词无人称 数和格的区别 在句中作宾语 其所有格分别为 each other s one another s 作定语 一般来说 each other 指两者之间 one another 指三者或三者以上之间 但现在区分已 不明显 5 指示代词 this that these those such same 指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性 在句子中可以作定语 主语 宾语或表语等 1 指示代词 this these 和 that those 的区别 this these 一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物 that those 常指时间或空间上较远的人 或物 This is my desk and that is yours In those days they could not go to school this 常指后面要讲到的事物 有启下的作用 that 则指前面讲到过的事物 有承上的 作用 I want to tell you this the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon He hurt his leg yesterday That s why he didn t come 为了避免重复 常用 that 或 those 代替前面已提过的名词 The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox this 在电话用语中用于作自我介绍 that 用于询问对方 this 和 that 可以当副词用 意思相当于副词 so Can hard work change a person that much 2 such 和 same 的用法 such 指 这样的 人或事 在句中作主语和定语 Such was the story We have never seen such a tall building same 指 同样的 人或事 在句中作主语 表语 宾语和定语 same 的前面要用 定冠词 the The same can be said of the other article Whether he can do it or not it is all the same to me 题组训练 1 选词填空 those that such same 1 Silly me I forget what my luggage looks like What do you think of that over there 2 I m moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than that in the city 3 He is the same person I met three days ago 4 Such is Jack a hard working student 5 The cars made this year are better than those made last year 6 疑问代词 who whom which what whose 疑问代词在句中作主语 宾语 定语和表语 1 who what 询问姓名或关系 Who is he He is my brother He is Henry 询问职业或地位 What is he He is a lawyer teacher what who 作主语时 谓语动词的单复数取决于说话人的视点 可单数也可复数 What is are on the table Who is are in the library 2 which 与 who what which 表示在一定范围内 而 who what 则无此限制 I found two books on the desk Which is yours 7 连接代词和关系代词 连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同 主要有 who whom whose what which 以及它 们与 ever 合成的代词 whoever whomever whatever whichever 等 它们用来引导主语从 句 宾语从句和表语从句 即连接复合句中的主句和从句 并在从句中担任一定的句子成 分 由连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加 that 关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词 它们包括 who whom whose which that 等 这两类代词的用法详见 名词性从句 和 定语从句 部分 8 不定代词 不定代词主要有 all each every both either neither one none little few many much other ano ther some any no 等 还有由 some any no 和 every 构成的合成代词 不定代词具有 名词和形容词的性质 并有可数和不可数之分 在句中可以作主语 表语 宾语 同位语 定语 状语等 every no 只能作定语 下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别 1 some 与 any 一般用法 some any 可与单 复数可数名词及不可数名词连用 some 一般用于肯定 句 any 多用于疑问 否定或条件句 特殊用法 any 用于肯定句表示 任何 的意思 Any child can do that 定语 You may take any of them 宾语 some 用于单数可数名词前表示 某一 Smith went to some place in England 定语 在期待对方回答 yes 时 some 用在表示请求或邀请的问句中 Would you like some bananas 邀请 Mum could you give me some money 请求 some 用于否定句表示部分否定 I don t know some of the students 宾语 some 和 any 还有副词的词性 在句中可作状语 some 意为 大约 相当于 about 而 any 则表示程度 意为 稍微 丝毫 There are some 300 workers on strike Do you feel any better today 2 one both all one 作定语 表语 主语或宾语 可以指人或物 表示 一个 的意思 其复数为 ones 指人时 其所有格是 one s 反身代词是 oneself One should try one s best to serve the people 主语 定语 This is not the one I want 表语 one ones 可以代替上文提到过的名词 以免重复 one ones 前面分别可以用 this that these those 或 the which 等词修饰 These books are more interesting than those ones Here are three pens Which one is yours this one or that one or the one in the pencil case both 用作定语 宾语 主语和同位语 可以指人或指物 表示 两者都 的意思 注意 both 用于否定句 表示部分否定 表示完全否定时 用 neither Both of us are not teachers 我们俩并不都是教师 Neither of us is a teacher 我们俩都不是教师 both 不能放在 the these those my 等之后 而应放在它们的前面 如 Both my parents like this film Both the these boys are tall all 用作主语 表语 宾语 定语 同位语 指 全部的 整个的 可与可数或 不可数名词连用 除少数情况外 一般不与单数可数名词连用 与复数名词连用时 表示 所有的 全部的 指三个或三个以上的人或物 注意 all 用于否定句 表示部分否定 表示完全否定用 none Not all the ants go out for food or All the ants don t go out for food 并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物 None of the money is mine 这钱一分也不是我的 题组训练 2 同义句改写 1 Both of the men aren t doctors Not both of them are doctors 2 Not all of them passed the exam All of them didn t pass the exam 3 many 和 much many 和 much 都表示 许多 但 many 修饰或代替复数可数名词 much 修饰或代替 不可数名词 它们在句中可作主语 宾语 定语 much 有时用作状语 4 few little a few a little few 和 little 表示 没有多少 含否定意义 而 a few 和 a little 表示 有一些 有几个 含肯定意义 另外 few a few 修饰可数名词 little a little 修饰不可数名词 它们在 句中常用作定语 主语和宾语 5 no 和 none no not any 表示 没有 用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词 通常作定语 none 代 替不可数名词作主语时 谓语动词用单数形式 代替可数名词作主语时 谓语动词可用单 数也可用复数形式 none 还可以在句中作宾语 注意 none 既可以指人又可以指物 no one 只能指人 6 each 和 every each 各个 指两个或两个以上的人或物 侧重个体 在句中作主语 宾语 定语和同 位语 every 每个 指三个或三个以上的人或物 侧重整体 在句中只能作定语 Every student in our class has a dictionary 定语 强调班上 所有的人 Each student in our class has a dictionary 定语 强调各个个体 Each of them has been there 主语 The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook 宾语 We each got a ticket 同位语 7 either 和 neither either 是 两者中任何一个 的意思 可修饰或代替单数可数名词 neither 是 两者 中没有一个 的意思 可以修饰或代替单数可数名词 它们可在句中作主语 宾语或定语 Here are two pens You may take either of them 宾语 Neither boy knows French 定语 注意 either 用作副词 意为 也 用于否定句的句末 He doesn t like tea and I don t either 状语 either 与 or 连用构成连词 意为 不是 就是 或 要么 要么 He is either Japanese or Chinese neither 用作副词 意为 也不 即 not either He can t do it neither can I neither 可与 nor 连用构成连词 意为 既 不 也不 Neither he nor you are a student 8 the other 和 another the others 和 others the other 表示 两者中的另一个 the other 复数可数名词表示 其余 他 的 the others 表示 其他的人或物 others 及 other 复数名词泛指 其他的 别的 人或物 这些词语在句中可作主语 宾语和定语 He got two books one is a textbook the other is a novel Five of the pencils are red the others the other pens are yellow Some are singing others are dancing another 修饰或代替单数可数名词 意为 三个或三个以上的 另一个 不能指两者 中的另一个 在句中可作宾语和定语 This coat is too dark Please show me another 宾语 Please give me another book 定语 注意 another 修饰复数名词时 意为 再 又 Please give me another ten minutes Please give me ten more minutes 题组训练 3 选词填空 others the other s another 1 We need another five chairs 2 I have two pens One is black the other is red 3 Three students are in the classroom the others are on the playground 4 Some are reading others are writing 语法填空 A I dread 担心 to come to the end of the year said a friend of mine recently It makes me realize I am growing old William James 1 the great psychologist said that most men are old when they are twenty five He was right Most men at twenty five are satisfied 2 with their jobs They have closed their minds to all new ideas No matter 3 what his age is he has stopped growing that minute he begins to be old On the 4 other hand the really great man never grows old Goethe passed away at eighty three and finished his Faust only a few years 5 earlier early Gladstone took up a new language when he was seventy Laplace the astronomer was still at work when 6 death death caught up with him at seventy eight He died 7 crying cry What we know is nothing what we do not know is immense And there you have the real answer to the question when is a man old Laplace at seventy eight died young He was still 8 unsatisfied satisfy still sure that he had a lot to learn As long as a man can keep 9 himself in that attitude of mind as long as he can look back 10 on every year and say I grew he is still young B These days Ann Fitzpatrick cleans out her closet with great care Thirteen years ago she cleaned her wardrobe of pieces she no longer 1