实践体验式教学法

out city created and care masses life focus work in depth investigation more out boutique masterpiece makes we of research results more to into led of decision vision more to in national some has effect of newspaper Shang published for advance work and publicity changde play due of role Third information submitted to be pragmatic Quick and timely The ancients said for the time system statement back for the time being nothing Therefore the submission of information to do four that is find the problem faster editorial writing send and read faster approval and feedback to implement quickly To be true and accurate True mainly reflect the full picture of events one is one two this is the life of the information Accuracy is primarily qualitative and quantitative questions quantitative objective of publicQualitative logic To be reliable and useful We submit information to have access to decision making to guide and promote the work and solve practical problems Mixed cum On the negative information and emergency information rapid escalation in strict accordance with the procedures firm newspaper newspapers never late fail to report false claim and skimming Investee 2 supervision and insist on around and protecting their interests to touch the truth seek practical results Adhere to people oriented the most important thing is to realize safeguard and develop the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people We carry out inspection so must go deep among the masses go deep into the realities always pay attention to the people s livelihood to grasp the public sentiment and earnestly safeguard the benefit addressing the masses are most concerned about and reflecting the strongest issues efforts to solve the problem of decisions implemented and not implemented One is to stick to principles Right of inspection is one of the most important powers of the Office should not only dare to use but also with caution So called dared to use is to hold a number of important issues bold supervision over supervision track inspection problems are not solved do not pass the blame does not hold did not miss dissatisfaction of the masses did not miss the real right of supervision authority with the benefits Call with caution is supervising departments should strengthen the consciousness of authorized strictly according to procedure preventing the supervision and excessive to prevent adding burden to grass roots To this end the supervision Department of the Party Committee of supervision must be under city and County party Committee Secretary General Office Second we should focus on Is the Governor those related to the globalEvent Governor the protracted difficult strong Governor during emergency urgent Not having special departments in charge of the General Governor under the normal procedure can do good things not Governor not authorized by County leaders not the Governor Third is to solve the problem The purpose of supervision to resolve the problem To adhere to and further improve the feelings survey by looking up public sentiments to find problems Problems will increase its special supervision set up accounts hold on to it We should conscientiously implement the leading contracting matters secured had an answer to everything then settles rate of 100 Have an impact on some of the outstanding issues supervision departments and information components together play the supervisory role of the news media to promote problem solving Investee 3 insist on a daily run around the practice of truth catching efficiency focus specification To give full play to the party Office around connecting coordinating internal and external features contact rally at all levels to motivate every aspect adhere to the truth strengthening standardized management to achieve coherent efficient and effective functioning of the daily work of the Party Committee Is processing messages should strive to streamline standardize and quality Streamlining is to control the number of messages compress messages reducing procedures improve message handling efficiency Specifications is to strictly enforce the ban issued by the Communist party authorities in document handling regulations and provincial and municipal regulations conscientiously strengthen and improve communications management to ensure that party documents orderly High quality is to improve the quality of message processing it is necessary to accurately implementing the intention of the Party Committee clearance good communications policy program closed ensuring that there is no error Second meeting scheduled to ensure thorough safe and efficient Any arrangements for the meetings and events carefully arranged item by item interface implemented sure To vigorously streamline meetings activities number of pressure reduction scale to ensure that leadership emerged from the General Conference and entertainment services focus on big things matters Third reception services should lay stress on humane personal cultural and human Reception and work directly with people reception services directly affecting the Office of party Committee The image of the region At the same time strengthening the construction of library improve the reception conditions more human oriented personal cultural work into the reception a little more human needs a little more human care more humane atmosphere and constantly improve the service improve the quality of service Meanwhile to further pay special attention to the daily work of the other Office System Confidential work responsibility system for leading cadres to implement security as a leader to improve the confidentiality of classified personnel especially leading cadres strengthening party and Government focus on vital sectors of security management to advance privacy management standardization modernization of security techniques as a means of administration according to law and security enforcement ensure the safety of the party and State secrets Confidential work to meet the demands of new technology development 实践体验式教学方法 实践体验式教学方法的形成和发展并非空穴来风 有深刻的理论基础和现实基础 就 理论基础来讲 其哲学背景可追溯至 18 世纪的哲学家维柯和康德的经验论 心理学背景则 为对儿童心理学发展作出重要贡献的皮亚杰和新认知主义的布鲁纳 学习理论为 20 世纪影 响广泛的建构主义 现实基础是 20 世纪后半叶以降 中国经济的腾飞发展和与世界经济 的不断融合促使中国的教育尤其是高等教育飞速发展 机遇总是与问题同在 中国高等教 育面临的首要问题是精英教育向大众教育的转型 即如何培养大批实用型复合人才以满足 经济发展的需求 此时高校的教育改革已迫在眉睫 急需一套全新的有完整教育理念的教 学模式 教学方法和教学设计思想以取代传统的落后于时代的教学模式和教学方法 实践 体验式教学方法适时而生 它的灵活性 实用性和培养人才的能动性完全符合现时中国高 等教育的需要 也因此受到师生的广泛欢迎 实战体验式教学法在教学过程中结合了财经 类院校的经管优势和本专业的外语优势 形成了以人为本 情景模拟的体验式教学特色 走出了财经类院校外语教学的一条探索之路 理论背景 一 哲学渊源 建构主义 一译结构主义 是理性主义与经验主义的综合 可追溯到18世纪的意大利 哲学家维柯 Giambattista Vico 和德国哲学家康德 维柯指出 人们只能清晰地理解他们 自己建构的一切 康德认为 认识事物的过程中起决定作用的是人 事物的特性与其认知 者有关 康德的著名论断就是 知性为自然立法 他们认为主体不能通向外部世界 而只 能通过利用内部构建的基本的认识原则去组织经验 从而发展知识 20 世纪中叶后 以列 维 斯特劳斯为代表的结构主义从构建内部诸要素认识原则的复杂关系出发 强调人的理性 和意识对人的行为和主体性事物的作用 指出结构具有内在性 共时性 整体性及结构差 异的可理解性等特点 随着结构主义向后结构主义或者说解构主义的渐变 受到库恩等人 的影响 非理性主义波及科学哲学领域并逐渐流行 库恩强调科学共同体 范式 构造 范式 的是各种具体的 图像 模型 他认为 科学只是解释世界的一种范式 而 知识是个人的理解 后结构主义着重批判结构主义凭借对客观和理性确信来建立对世 界秩序的认识的形而上学的传统 试图恢复结构主义所忽略的认识主体的主观性 历史活 动和实践 哲学思潮的演变对心理学 教育学影响至深 反映在心理学学习理论上 表现 为认知主义发展为后认知时代 建构主义 我们把建构主义定义为后认知主义的一种学习 理论 因为它首先从认知主义繁衍而来 对建构主义思想的发展作出重要贡献并将其于课 out city created and care masses life focus work in depth investigation more out boutique masterpiece makes we of research results more to into led of decision vision more to in national some has effect of newspaper Shang published for advance work and publicity changde play due of role Third information submitted to be pragmatic Quick and timely The ancients said for the time system statement back for the time being nothing Therefore the submission of information to do four that is find the problem faster editorial writing send and read faster approval and feedback to implement quickly To be true and accurate True mainly reflect the full picture of events one is one two this is the life of the information Accuracy is primarily qualitative and quantitative questions quantitative objective of publicQualitative logic To be reliable and useful We submit information to have access to decision making to guide and promote the work and solve practical problems Mixed cum On the negative information and emergency information rapid escalation in strict accordance with the procedures firm newspaper newspapers never late fail to report false claim and skimming Investee 2 supervision and insist on around and protecting their interests to touch the truth seek practical results Adhere to people oriented the most important thing is to realize safeguard and develop the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people We carry out inspection so must go deep among the masses go deep into the realities always pay attention to the people s livelihood to grasp the public sentiment and earnestly safeguard the benefit addressing the masses are most concerned about and reflecting the strongest issues efforts to solve the problem of decisions implemented and not implemented One is to stick to principles Right of inspection is one of the most important powers of the Office should not only dare to use but also with caution So called dared to use is to hold a number of important issues bold supervision over supervision track inspection problems are not solved do not pass the blame does not hold did not miss dissatisfaction of the masses did not miss the real right of supervision authority with the benefits Call with caution is supervising departments should strengthen the consciousness of authorized strictly according to procedure preventing the supervision and excessive to prevent adding burden to grass roots To this end the supervision Department of the Party Committee of supervision must be under city and County party Committee Secretary General Office Second we should focus on Is the Governor those related to the globalEvent Governor the protracted difficult strong Governor during emergency urgent Not having special departments in charge of the General Governor under the normal procedure can do good things not Governor not authorized by County leaders not the Governor Third is to solve the problem The purpose of supervision to resolve the problem To adhere to and further improve the feelings survey by looking up public sentiments to find problems Problems will increase its special supervision set up accounts hold on to it We should conscientiously implement the leading contracting matters secured had an answer to everything then settles rate of 100 Have an impact on some of the outstanding issues supervision departments and information components together play the supervisory role of the news media to promote problem solving Investee 3 insist on a daily run around the practice of truth catching efficiency focus specification To give full play to the party Office around connecting coordinating internal and external features contact rally at all levels to motivate every aspect adhere to the truth strengthening standardized management to achieve coherent efficient and effective functioning of the daily work of the Party Committee Is processing messages should strive to streamline standardize and quality Streamlining is to control the number of messages compress messages reducing procedures improve message handling efficiency Specifications is to strictly enforce the ban issued by the Communist party authorities in document handling regulations and provincial and municipal regulations conscientiously strengthen and improve communications management to ensure that party documents orderly High quality is to improve the quality of message processing it is necessary to accurately implementing the intention of the Party Committee clearance good communications policy program closed ensuring that there is no error Second meeting scheduled to ensure thorough safe and efficient Any arrangements for the meetings and events carefully arranged item by item interface implemented sure To vigorously streamline meetings activities number of pressure reduction scale to ensure that leadership emerged from the General Conference and entertainment services focus on big things matters Third reception services should lay stress on humane personal cultural and human Reception and work directly with people reception services directly affecting the Office of party Committee The image of the region At the same time strengthening the construction of library improve the reception conditions more human oriented personal cultural work into the reception a little more human needs a little more human care more humane atmosphere and constantly improve the service improve the quality of service Meanwhile to further pay special attention to the daily work of the other Office System Confidential work responsibility system for leading cadres to implement security as a leader to improve the confidentiality of classified personnel especially leading cadres strengthening party and Government focus on vital sectors of security management to advance privacy management standardization modernization of security techniques as a means of administration according to law and security enforcement ensure the safety of the party and State secrets Confidential work to meet the demands of new technology development2 堂和学习与发展理论的主要有皮亚杰和维果茨基等人 二 心理学根源 皮亚杰的心理学理论来源于康德的先天范畴论 即认识主体从事于知识 经验和实在 的建构 强调认识论主体在构造 解释人的经验中的能动作用 皮亚杰指出 认识起因于 主客体之间的相互作用 这种作用发生在主体和客体之间的中途 因而同时既包含着主体 又包含着客体 皮亚杰用主客体相互作用的观点 来研究儿童心理的发展 他认为儿童在 与外部世界的不断作用中建构出对世界的认知 通过对外部环境的同化 将之顺应到已有 的内部认识结构或者说认识图式中 逐步形成对世界的认识 这是一个平衡和不断打破平 衡的过程 平衡是皮亚杰儿童心智发展理论的核心概念 指不断发展的内部结构和外部环 境的相互作用 平衡协调并影响儿童发展的成熟 物理环境 社会因素 由于过于强调主 客体相互作用中主体认识的内部建构而忽视了影响儿童心智发展过程的社会历史因素 以 布鲁纳为代表的现代认知心理学派引入前苏联维列鲁学派维果茨基的 文化历史发展理论 发展为新认知理论 维果茨基强调认知过程中学习者所处社会文化历史背景的作用 着重 研究 活动 和 社会交往 在人的高级心理机能发展中的地位 他认为 人可以通过工 具 语言等手段将经验客体化 把复杂的思维活动以静态的形式凝结并传承 经验的继承 特质决定人的心理发展的社会性 也因此决定人的学习机制同样是一个经验传递过程 建 构主义在对以皮亚杰为代表的传统认知心理学派和以维果茨基为代表的新认知心理学派的 批判中不断发展完善 为实际教学提供了理论支持 三 理论概述 建构主义学习理论是一种综合学习理论 从研究儿童认知基础上发展而来 结合社会 文化发展观 是认知学习理论的进一步发展 它主张主体通过信息加工方式建构对客体的 认识 认识的支点是置于整个社会历史文化背景中的个体经验 强调的重心是学习主体 学 生 学生是信息加工的主体以及知识意义的主动建构者 主客体相互作用过程中 学习者 完成了个人知识结构的图式组合与重构 因此 建构主义学习理论的出现对传统教学理论 与方法形成猛烈冲击 并发展了自己的一套知识观 学习观和学习者观点 3 1 建构主义知识观 建构主义认为知识是学习者在一定的情境下 即社会背景下 借助其他人的帮助 利 用相应的学习资料 通过意义建构的方式而获得的 其次 由于语言学习是在一定的情境 下 通过人际间的协作活动而实现的 因此建构主义学习理论强调 情境 协作 会话 和 意义建构 四个主要因素在学习中的作用 学习者获取知识的能力取决于其建构意义的 out city created and care masses life focus work in depth investigation more out boutique masterpiece makes we of research results more to into led of decision vision more to in national some has effect of newspaper Shang published for advance work and publicity changde play due of role Third information submitted to be pragmatic Quick and timely The ancients said for the time system statement back for the time being nothing Therefore the submission of information to do four that is find the problem faster editorial writing send and read faster approval and feedback to implement quickly To be true and accurate True mainly reflect the full picture of events one is one two this is the life of the information Accuracy is primarily qualitative and quantitative questions quantitative objective of publicQualitative logic To be reliable and useful We submit information to have access to decision making to guide and promote the work and solve practical problems Mixed cum On the negative information and emergency information rapid escalation in strict accordance with the procedures firm newspaper newspapers never late fail to report false claim and skimming Investee 2 supervision and insist on around and protecting their interests to touch the truth seek practical results Adhere to people oriented the most important thing is to realize safeguard and develop the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people We carry out inspection so must go deep among the masses go deep into the realities always pay attention to the people s livelihood to grasp the public sentiment and earnestly safeguard the benefit addressing the masses are most concerned about and reflecting the strongest issues efforts to solve the problem of decisions implemented and not implemented One is to stick to principles Right of inspection is one of the most important powers of the Office should not only dare to use but also with caution So called dared to use is to hold a number of important issues bold supervision over supervision track inspection problems are not solved do not pass the blame does not hold did not miss dissatisfaction of the masses did not miss the real right of supervision authority with the benefits Call with caution is supervising departments should strengthen the consciousness of authorized strictly according to procedure preventing the supervision and excessive to prevent adding burden to grass roots To this end the supervision Department of the Party Committee of supervision must be under city and County party Committee Secretary General Office Second we should focus on Is the Governor those related to the globalEvent Governor the protracted difficult strong Governor during emergency urgent Not having special departments in charge of the General Governor under the normal procedure can do good things not Governor not authorized by County leaders not the Governor Third is to solve the problem The purpose of supervision to resolve the problem To adhere to and further improve the feelings survey by looking up public sentiments to find problems Problems will increase its special supervision set up accounts hold on to it We should conscientiously implement the leading contracting matters secured had an answer to everything then settles rate of 100 Have an impact on some of the outstanding issues supervision departments and information components together play the supervisory role of the news media to promote problem solving Investee 3 insist on a daily run around the practice of truth catching efficiency focus specification To give full play to the party Office around connecting coordinating internal and external features contact rally at all levels to m