阅读理解解题策略指导

开课时间 开课时间 2012 开课班级 高一 开课班级 高一 6 班 班 开课地点 多媒体教室 开课地点 多媒体教室 4 开课级别 校级开课级别 校级 听课对象 英语组教师听课对象 英语组教师 开课课题 阅读理解解题策略指导开课课题 阅读理解解题策略指导 阅读材料 所选材料均来自高考真题阅读材料 所选材料均来自高考真题 考点考点 策略策略 1 主旨大意题主旨大意题 主要测试是否理解整篇文章的主题和大意 是否具有把握中心思想的 能力 以及是否能分辨出文章的主题和细节 包括文章标题 主题 中心 思想或段落大意 以及作者的写作目的等 题干中的关键词通常是 main idea the best title purpose 等 迅速剔除文中的细节 具体事实或作者所使用的论据 善于抓住主要 信息 概括出来的中心思想一定要能够覆盖全文或整个段落 绝对不可离 题太远 太笼统 或者只概括某几段或几句话的意思 结合每段大意 寻找中心思想的最简单方法 就是把每段的大意串起 来考虑 注意头 尾 特别要注意文章开头和结尾的叙述 论点也许就包含在 其中 若是仅问某一段的中心思想 则可将该段的首 尾句结合起来考虑 向自己提问 排除干扰 此类题的干扰项或是远离文章内容 或是以 偏概全 或是以某一具体事实来代替全文的中心思想 对此一定要提高警 惕 阅读完一篇文章后 最好先问问自己 作者通过这篇文章想要告诉我 们什么 答案也许正是文章的主题 策略运用 1 判断中心话题 What is the topic of this text A Young thieves B An unusual illness C Reasons for stealing D A normal child s actions Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal Such a person is not really a thief They are sick and cannot help themselves All small children act naturally and as they grow up they normally learn to control their actions People with kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take things that do not belong to them With medical help they may become normal citizens again The things that a kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great value They often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them 本文的第一句就是全文的中心 告诉我们这一段就是要讲述一种所谓 盗 窃癖 的疾病 尽管文中也谈到小偷 但毕竟不是本段论述的中心 答案 是 B 策略运用 2 判断中心思想 What is the main idea of the paragraph A How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer B Bingham is a diligent student C Joshua Bingham received an excellent education D A good lawyer needs good education Joshua Bingham studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honours Harvard Law School and later Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami Florida 这个段落的主题思想并不明显 需要自己归纳总结 通过主人翁 Joshua Bingham 的复杂学历 先在巴黎大学学习四年 然后又以优异的成绩毕业 于柏林大学 最后又在哈佛大学法学院和波士顿大学学习法律 可以概 括出他受过良好的教育 答案是 C 考点考点 策略策略 2 细节理解题细节理解题 测试获取具体信息以及理解文章所提供的信息的能力 题干中往往包含 when where who what why how 等疑问词 常见的设问方式种类繁多 例如 Who was supposed to be the first owner of the book What should people do when planning a budget According to the passage which of the following is NOT true The writer mentioned the example of in order to 细节理解题占阅读理解总分一半左右 但难度较低 只要认真阅读和正确 理解原文 抓住问题中的关键字眼 一般都可以找到答案 不过 在实际考试中 得分并不高 这主要是由两个原因造成的 一是选 项干扰性较强 诱使考生产生理解错误 二是为了迷惑考生 常常将原文 进行改写 也就是说尽管文章中的原句和选项中的答案意思相同 但在遣 词造句上往往有一定的差异 这就需要我们具有一定的事实辨析能力 先读题 再速读文章 首先阅读问题 确定所需查找的细节及事实的范围 然后利用略读法快速到文章中定位 并对其进行转换 加工 确定符合原 文的最佳答案 在把握文章中心思想的基础上理解细节 文章的细节并不是孤立的 而是 服务于中心思想并且相互联系的 把握正确答案的特点 一般说来 照抄原文 一字不改的不一定就是答案 而与原文意思相同但表达方式不同的 才是正确选项 策略运用 1 Last summer 16 year old Erin died after being thrown from a speeding truck driven by a friend who had been drinking wine Highway accidents are the leading killer of teenagers Q Most teenagers lost their lives A driving on highways B driving speeding trucks C in summer D after drinking wine 从这个例子可以看出 细节理解题的设计其实就是用英语来解释英语 先 从题干和选项中找到关键词 一般都是实词 如这里的 most teenagers lost their lives highways 等 然后再以此为线索迅速到文章中定位 仔细比较 所给选项与文中细节的异同 在准确理解细节的前提下 确定最佳答案 答案是 A 策略运用 2 I m glad of that answered the stranger He wanted to say more but the east wind blew right down his throat whenever he tried to speak Q From the passage we know the two speakers were facing A east B west C northeast D northwest 有些细节理解题就像脑筋急转弯一样 需要转一个弯才能作答 这种细节 我们称之为 迂回细节 本题答案是 A 考点考点 策略策略 3 推理判断题推理判断题 推理判断题与细节理解题有相似之处 但细节理解题往往能直接在文章中 找到答案 而推理判断题不能直接在文章中找到现成的答案 需要在把握 全文的基础之上 以文章所提供的事实 即文章中出现的关键词语 句子 段落甚至整篇文章为依据 在理解其字面意思的同时结合生活常识 推断 出更深层含义 了解作者的弦外之音 题干中最典型的词有两个 infer 和 imply 设问方式基本上是固定的 例如 What can you infer from the story It can be inferred from the passage The author seems to suggest imply that From the passage we can conclude that we can see 各选项之间干扰很大 每一个选项往往都有其合理的一面 但并不是作者 在文中要表达的观点 所以答题时很容易出错 合理的推理判断必须严格 建立在文章所给的信息上 而不是根据自己的经验 观点 甚至个人爱好 想当然地去得出结论 同时 还要善于在文章中寻找证据来支持所作出的 判断 策略运用 1 The jackdaw 寒鸦 knowing his own ugliness yet wishing to rule other birds searched through woods and fields for feathers which had fallen from the wings of his companions and stuck them all over his body Q From the passage we can infer that A the jackdaw wanted to control his companions B only the most beautiful bird can rule over others C the jackdaw stuck the wings all over his body to become beautiful D ugly as he was the jackdaw wished to be king over the birds 单词 infer 的意思是 推断 既然是推断 就要求由已知的信息推出未知 的判断 那么原文中已有的判断就不属于推断了 本题选项 A C D 文 章中已有 所以答案是 B 提示 要严格按题意的要求进行推断 策略运用 2 Divers and planes were searching for more than 400 missing passengers in an Egyptian ship which had sunk near the Safaga port Two days later divers discovered that most of the lifeboats never left the ship Hundreds of bodies are still inside the ship More than 450 passengers and sailors died under the water Q Hundreds of passengers died under the water and are still in the ship because A most of the passengers on the ship could not swim B the Egyptian ship sank into the sea very quickly C most of the lifeboats are still on the ship D they were too frightened to escape from the sinking ship 尸体还在船舱内 而且救生艇还在船上 可推断出乘客们都没有来得及逃 脱 答案是 B 干扰项 C 是进行推理使用的事实依据 不是答案 提示 要特别注意 不能把文章所提供的推理依据混淆成推理的结果 策略运用 3 The old saying an apple a day keeps doctors away is not as silly as some people think The body needs fruit and vegetables because they have vitamin C Many people take extra vitamins in pill form believing that these will make them healthy But a good diet is made up of nourishing 营养 food and this gives all the vitamins you need The body does not need extra vitamins so why waste money on them Q In this paragraph the writer tries to let us know A vitamin C is of great importance to our health B apples can take the place of doctors C taking extra vitamin pills is completely useless D often eating fruit and vegetables is a good habit 尽管选择项 A 和 D 似乎得到大家的认可 但并不是作者的观点 答案是 C 提示 当问及作者的看法 意图与态度时 不是在问你作为中国学生的想 法 而是作者本人在字里行间所表述的观点 尽管有时作者的观点是片面 的或者是偏激的 所以 一定要考虑作者的态度 不要犯主观武断错误 自以为是 凭空想象 策略运用 4 That cold January night I was growing sick of my life in San Francisco There I was walking home at one in the morning after a tiring practice at the theatre With opening night only a week to go I was still learning my lines I was having trouble dealing with my part time job at the bank and my acting at night at the same time As I walked I thought seriously about giving up both acting and San Francisco City life had become too much for me Q How did the writer feel when she was walking home after work A Cold and sick B Fortunate and helpful C Satisfied and cheerful D Disappointed and helpless 这道题考查对作者感情态度的理解 作者的心情往往隐含在文章的字里行 间 或流露于修饰的词语之中 如本文中的 grow sick of 对 感到厌烦 和 a tiring practice 令人疲惫的训练 等 因此 在推断过程中 应特别注 意文中作者的措辞 尽管首句中有 cold 和 sick 两个形容词 但这不是作 者回家时的心情 根据下文描述看来 作者是感到悲观失望 决定放弃了 答案是 D 提示 要注意利用具有褒义或贬义的 带有感情色彩的词来确定作者的感 情 态度等 考点考点 策略策略 4 词汇释义题词汇释义题 在阅读过程中 不可避免地要碰到一些生词 能利用上下文和句子结构猜 测词义是高中生必备的阅读能力之一 也是阅读理解试题考查的一个重要 方面 生词处理得好坏 会直接影响到阅读理解题得分的高低 试卷上要求判断词义的单词或短语 基本上是我们不熟悉的 但也有些是 学过的 不过往往意思发生了变化 所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留 在字面上 而要根据语境来判断 着重考查利用同义或反义关系 构词法 语法和语篇等理解生词的能力 词汇释义题的命题方式大同小异 例如 What does the underlined word phrase mean in the passage The underlined word could best be replaced by as used in the passage can best be defined as The word is closest in meaning to By saying the author means 策略运用 1 根据定义或释义推断 在一些文章中 有时作者在使用了一个自己认为读者不太熟悉的单词之后 往往会对该词的词义作一些解释或说明 可以利用上下文的定义或释义来 猜测词义 这是最直接也是最简单的方法 例如 The enemy soldiers surrendered that is threw out their weapons and walked out with their hands above their heads 短语 that is 后面就是对 surrender 的释义 扔出武器 双 手举过头顶走出来 可判断出 surrender 是 投降 的意思 提示 用来表示定义或释义的提示语有 mean 意指 refer to 指的是 be defined as 被定义为 be known as 被称为 be called 被称为 be termed 被定义为 that is 即是 or 或者 或 in other words 换句话说 等 等 策略运用 2 根据构词法推断 在阅读文章时 可以利用合成 转化 派生等构词法的知识来猜测词义 例如 Take out all removable parts and wash them with warm water 仔细研 究 removable 一词 可以看出它是 词根 mov 表示 移动 前缀 re 表示 又 再 形容词后缀 able 构成的 意思是 可移动的 可拆装的 策略运用 3 根据同义词或近义词推断 作者为了使自己的意思表达得更清楚明白 通常用一个同义词或近义词来 解释一个比较难的词 也可能在表达同一概念时将多个同义词或近义词或 同一范畴的词语排列在一起 例如 Mother was tall fat and middle aged The principal of the school was an older woman almost as plump as mother and much shorter 作者把学校的校长和他的母亲相比 母亲是胖的 根据 as as 结构可推断出 plump 和 fat 是近义词 也是 肥胖 的意思 提示 同义或近义的信号词是 or like as as the same as 等 可以根据已知 的词语很容易地推断出其中某个生词的词义 策略运用 4 根据反义词或对比 转折关系推断 有时作者在文章中会用一些相互对应 互为反义的词语 使不同事物的特 点更为突出 可以通过上下文的逻辑关系 从对两种事物或现象的对比描 述中 根据其中一个熟悉的词将它的词义反推出来 例如 Her voice was usually soft and sweet but now it is hoarse 作者想说的是她现在的状况与过去不同 过去她的声音是 soft and sweet 那么现在就是 hoarse 沙哑的 了 提示 表示对比 转折关系的信号词通常是 but yet however otherwise despite even though unlike instead of rather than on the other hand on the contrary 等 策略运用 5 根据作者的举例推断 在行文过程中 作者往往会运用举例的方法使一些专业词汇或抽象概念通 俗易懂 这在说明文体 尤其是在科普类的文章中比较多见 例如 Many United Nations employees are polyglots Mrs White for example speaks five languages 根据 for example 后面的例证不难推出 polyglot 是 会 说多种语言的人 提示 表示列举关系的信号词有 like for example for instance such as especially include consist of especially 等 策略运用 6 根据经验或常识推断 结合自己的社会经验和生活常识 往往也能有效地推断出生词的词义 例 如 In the old days when girls from rich families were married to their husbands they expected to bring with them a large quantity of dowry 根据社 会风俗习惯 有钱人家的姑娘出嫁肯定要带很多 嫁妆 的 提示 在猜测生词时 要注意看看同一生词是否在文章中其他地方出现 并把两处的语境相比较 更准确地猜出词义 策略运用 7 根据上下文推断 可以根据上下文的语境暗示 运用逻辑推理来猜测生词的词义 例如 He is a resolute man Once he sets up a goal he will not give it up easily 作者 用含 Once 引导的主从复合句描述了 他 的个性 一旦树立了目标就不会 轻易放弃 由此推出 resolute 应该是 坚决的 有决心的 之意 策略运用 8 根据因果关系推断 有怎样的原因就会导致怎样的结果 反之 知道了结果也能够分析出其原 因来 例如 Since I could not afford to buy the original painting I bought a replica An inexperienced eye could not tell the difference 根据 Since 引出的 原因状语从句来看 因为作者买不起原画 结果买了 replica 后一句又 进一步说 没有经验的人是看不出差别的 所以很容易推断 replica 应是 复制品 赝品 的意思 提示 表示因果关系的信号词有 because so thus due to result in from as a result of 等 策略运用 9 根据语法知识推断 有些语法知识 如定语从句和同位语等 有时起着解释或进一步说明的作 用 可以帮助推断生词的词义 例如 He was a prestidigitator who amused the children by pulling rabbits out of hats swallowing fire and other similar tricks 用 who 引导的定语从句给出了生词的意思 可判断 prestidigitator 是 变戏法的人 提示 定语从句对被修饰的名词加以修饰 限制和解释说明 同位语或同 位语从句对被修饰的名词进行补充说明 两者都能对所修饰的名词给出非 常清楚的定义 策略运用 10 根据标点符号推断 有时作者借助标点符号直接为生词提供定义或解释 例如 One of the tourists has just been bluejacked secretly sent a text message using short range wireless technology called Bluetooth 通过破折号后面的内容可以看出 bluejack 意思是 运用 蓝牙 这种短程无线技术秘密发送手机短信 提示 文章中解释生词常用的标点符号有括号 冒号和破折号等 Plan for Section A Class Class 3 Senior I ChengDong Middle School Date The second period Dec 19th Aims and demand 1 Learn the prepositional phrases and the imperative sentences 2 1 Learn the sentence patterns of asking the way 2 Learn the sentence patterns of giving directions 教学设计 教学设计 Topic 3 Section A 分 1 5 课时完成 此节课是第二课时 前 面已花半课时教授了相关单词 词组及祈使句的相关用法 这节课的重点在于让学生学习并掌握问路及指路的基本句式 教学难点则在于让学生看懂地图并能准确地表达自己的思路 Teaching procedure Step 1 Review 1 Show the picture in 1a ask and answer questions Review the prepositions of position T Look at the screen Here s the picture in 1a Listen and answer my questions 1 T Where s the bookstore Ss It s near the school hospital 2 T Where s the bank Ss It s on the left of the post office 3 T Where s the library Ss It s on the right of the park 4 T Where s the park Ss It s in front of the restaurant 5 T Where s the hospital Ss It s behind the bookstore 2 Show the pictures in 2a Learn the prepositional phrases on the corner of across from on the road between and Let the students understand the meanings of the prepositions and prepositional phrases according to the positions of the buildings in the pictures T Now let s look at another two pictures Look at this picture On on Zhongshan Road On the corner of on the corner of Zhongshan Road and Xinhua Street Across from point the picture Between and 3 Fill in the blanks in 2b according to 2a Then check the answers together 1 Where s the bookstore It s across from the school 2 Where s the restaurant It s on Zhonshan Road Look at these two pictures 3 There s a park between the bank and the restaurant 4 Where s the library It s on the corner of Zhongshan Road and Xinhua Street Let s read the sentences together twice Step 2 Presentation 1 Review the phrases of giving directions Look at these pictures What do they mean Picture 1 it means go up this street go along the road Picture 2 it means turn left Picture 3 it means turn right Picture 4 it means go across the street road Picture 5 it means go across the bridge 2 Show the pictures in 1b Let the students read the instructions and check the correct pictures 1 Go up this street to the end P b Go up this street Pa 2 Turn left at the first street P b Turn left at the second street 3 Go across the bridge and turn right Pa Go across the bridge and turn left Pb 3 Let the students look at the picture in 1a listen to 1a Find out the p