高考英语书面表达应考策略与训练

高考英语书面表达应考策略与训练 江西 黄少华 7 书面表达书面表达 根据近五年高考英语考试中书面表达的题型设计 可以归纳出几种最为常见的书面表 达考题的形式 1 表格类 表格类 表格类书面表达也是高考中常见的一种题型 这类题型的文章一般以说明 文和论论文居多 往往介绍 说明某种情况或辩论某种观点 看法 但有时也可能是记叙 文 比如向朋友介绍你家乡情况的书信 属于说明 一篇对公园是否应该收门票的问题进 行讨论的短文属于议论文 这类题型跟图画类书面表达比较起来有它的特点 首先是它的要点明确 观点已经给 出 其次 范围具体 客观 便于考生写作及老师阅卷 考生可根据表格的内容 把表格 里面的要点翻译出来就可以了 应考策略应考策略 1 要认真研究要点间的逻辑关系 根据它们内在的逻辑 进行调整 使条理清楚 便 于表达 切不可逐条翻译 2 根据英汉的区别 对要点进行梳理 该合并的就要合并 用一句话表达 该分开的 就要分开 用两个句子或三个句子来表达 3 对于议论文 最好采用三段式论证法 第一段提出问题 总写 第二段用论据进行 正 反两方面的论证 分写 第三段得出相应的结论 总写 4 讲表达艺术 从开头到结尾 从用词到句型的选择 都必须避免千篇一律 比如 同义词 同义结构 反义词 反义结构 祈使句 疑问句 感叹句 简单句 复合句 倒 装句 省略句 平行结构等等 要有选择地恰当应用 提高书面表达得分档次 典例典例 1 假如你是李晓华 住在江城 你的加拿大笔友 Bob 来信谈到了他所居住的城市 并希 望了解你家江城的情况 请你用英语写一封信 回信须包括下表中的内容 自然情况 位于长江边 风景优美 适合居住 成就 经济发展迅速 新建了不少工厂 住房 道路等 存在问题 水 空气污染 交通拥挤 对江城发展 的看法 内容由考生自己拟定 注意 1 回信中不能使用 江城 以外的地名 2 词数 100 左右 信的开头与结尾已为你写好 计入词数 参考词汇 经济 economy n Dear BOb It s very kind of you to write me and let me know about your beautifou city l dlike to tell you something about about my home town Jiangcheng Yours Xiao Hua 解题思路 1 本文应该是说明文 写作要点非常清楚 表达要条理清晰 2 本文内容是描述 介绍江地情况 故应用一般现在时和现在完成时 3 介绍江城情况时用第三人称 谈个人想法时用第一人称 经典范文 Dear Bob It s very kind of you to write me and let me know about your beautiful city Now I d like to tell you something about my hometown jiangcheng The city stands on the bank of the Changjiang River It is a beautiful place for people to live in Its economy has been developing rapidly in the past ten yeats New factories houses and rods have been built More schools and hospitals are available for people However there are problems such as water and air pollution and heavy traffic in rush hours In my opinion Jiangcheng should develop its economy scientifically I would also think that the growth of population should be brought under control so that we ll have a bitter hometown in future Yours Xiao Hua 2 开放作文开放作文 开放式作文是高考英语中开始实行的一种考试形式 这种形式的作文主要 是给出某一种情况 然后要求考生根据这种情况进行思维和联想 写出合理的下文 应考策略应考策略 做这类题时 考生一定要弄清情况和要求 然后抓住关键词句 进行记叙 解释 说 明 议论等 例如情景是 度署假 关键词是 what do havefun 因此全文必须围绕这些 词 特别是 have fun 采写 那么与乐趣无关的事情就不要写进来 同时 不合假期做的事 情也要排除在外 只有这样才算切题 典例典例 1 请根据下面提示 写一篇短文 词数不少于 50 Xiao Ming tells you that he had 100 yuan yesterday moming which he put into the pocket of his jacket He spent 40 yuan yesterday aftemoon But now when he reaches into the pocket of his jacket he finds only 10 yuan He is wondering what has happened to the rest of the money As his friend you suggest to him three or four different possibilities concerning the missing money 解题思路 这是开放性话题作文 考生首先要读懂 所给的英语提示 然后根据要求开合理的想象 用通 顺的语言写出小明丢钱的三到四个可能性原因 并注意人称与时态的一致性 经典范文 Maybe you forgot you had spent the money on something else yesterday afternoon It s also possible a pickpocket stole your money while you were shopping Or rmybe you lost it on your way home And one last possibility is you haven t lost it at all You put on a different jacket this rooming and you happened to leave 10 yuan in the jacket earlier So the missing money still must be in the other jacket the one you were wearing yesterday 3 看图作文类看图作文类 看图作文在高考书面表达中占有相当大的比例 这类题型的特点是 形象 直观 内容具体 且在图画的前面一般还有文字说明 因此考生一般都有话可写且不会走 题 应考策略应考策略 1 仔细阅读图画及文字说明 首先应确定文章体裁 这类文章一般以记叙文或说明文 为主 记叙文 要抓住记叙文的六要素 时间 when 地点 where 人物 who 事件 what 原因 w 和过程 how 即 五个 W 和一个 H 根据图画提示把这六个问题写清楚 了 至少可得及格分数 说明文 一般先要把图画联系起来 弄清楚图画的目的 意图 然后进行抽象概括 找出一个说明对象 接着根据图画从时间 过程 步骤等方面加以解释 说明 最后进行 总结 得出结论 对事物进行说明时 一定要做到条理清楚 明了易懂 2 确定人称 如果以日记 回忆录等形式来写 一般采用第一人称 如果是以讲故事 的形式来写 则一般采用第三人称来写比较方便 但不管用哪种人称 全文都必须一致 3 确定时态 根据图画内容及所采用的文章体裁 确定文章所要用的时态 切记全文 时态的一致性 4 发挥联想要合理 适度 这类文章的说明一般都要求考生作适当的联想和发挥 以 便使上下文能更好地连贯起来 但联想和发挥一定要根据图画做到合情合理 不能过多地 胡乱联想和发挥 5 虚实结合 详略得当 对于图画中的内容 该详细叙述 描写的 就必须要详细 具体 可以一笔带过的就一笔带过 也就是平常老师所讲的有时要泼墨如水 而有时又要 惜墨如金 如图画中所有的时间 数字或言论需一词不漏地写清楚 而有些过程或原因则 可适当简略 典例典例 假设你是一位生活在某城市的中学生 暑假打算去乡村度假 请根据下面两幅 图提供的信息 写一篇短文 简要说明城市生活的不足 重点说明你去乡村度假的原因 注意 1 短文应包括图中所提供的主要信息 并 做适当发挥 使短文内容连贯 完整 2 词数 100 左右 命题目的与解题技巧 本题考查图表作文 解题思路 此书面表达有图画兼文字提 示 因此考生在动笔前先要审阅提示 如 文章的体裁为说明文 说明要去乡村度假的原 因 人称 第一人称 时态 以将来时为主 陈述城乡环境差别时可用一般现在时 关联词 although still so what s more besides also above a11 等 写作要点 1 我 要去乡下度假的打算 2 城市化所存在的问题 拥挤 嗓音 空气污染 3 乡下的环境 空气 山 水 树木 鸟儿等 经典范文 I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside Although the city is modern and convenient there are still some problems such as air pollution crowdedness and noise In the countryside I can enjoy a comfortable and quiet life There the air is fresh and the water is clean trees are green and birds are singing I can also go boating fishing and swimming in the lake What s more I can climb the hills All this will be interesting and good for my health Above all I can learn more about nature So I want to go to the countryside for a change I m looking forward to the coming of my summer holiday 4 提纲类 提纲类 提纲式作文是高考书面表达的另一个特色 出题的形式就是给出某种情景 和内容要求 请考生根据这一情景及要求写出自己的思想 这类题型相对于其他类型的题 来说 特点在于考生可以充分发挥自己的思维想象能力 进而组织自己的语言来表达某种 思想 因此 这类题具有较大的灵活性 也能产好地体现考生的英语思维想象能力 不像 其它类题型 千篇一律 但缺点就是老师的评卷 给分缺少了客观性标准 主观性较强 应考策略应考策略 对于这类题型的处理 考生首先要认真阅读前面的提示 把握准情景和要求 使表达 的内容不走题 其次 根据情景的发展 按顺序安排好材料 最后 进行合理的总结 典例 典例 假设你是李华 你的一位美国朋友 Paul 想在署假来中国学习汉语 你帮他询问 了署期汉语班的情况 请根据下列要求写一封回信 时间 7 月初开始 4 小时 天 周一至周五 程度 三个级别 初级到高级 授课老师经验丰富 小班上课 注意 1 词数 100 左右 2 可根据要点适当增加细节 以使行文连贯 Dear Paul Yours Li Hua 解题思路 本文是作者在知道朋友要来中国学习汉语后 给朋友写一封回信介绍署期汉 语培训班的情况 从形式来看 这是一封书信 从内容上来说 它是一篇说明文 由于所 介绍的是即将发生的事情 故用一般将来时 混合人称写作 经典范文 Dear Paul I am so glad that you are planning to take a summer course in China Our university runs summer Chinese language courses at three levels from beginning to advanced All the courses start in early July Lessons will be given in small classes of no more than ten students You will get a lot of practice in such a class All classes are taught by teachers with rich experience in teaching foreign students Classes meet four hours a day five days a week Monday to Friday If you decide to come or need any further information do let me know Yours 特别注意 特别注意 1 记住一篇好的书面表达的标准 1 要点清楚 2 句式灵活多变 适当使用一些固定短语 习惯句型 复合句和从句 3 恰当使用一些过渡词 使句子连贯 4 书面整洁 书写规范 2 熟悉并掌握下列重点词汇 短语 句型表 1 示并列 递进 转折等关系的过渡词 transitional words 例如 并列关系 and as well as also 递进关系 besides in addition moreover what s more 转折关系 but yet however although otherwise or in spite of despite instead of in the end 时间顺序 while when soon after before afterward finally first then next as soon as 比较 对比 like unlike on the contrary on the other hand 总结 in a word in general in short above all after all generally speaking 进一步阐述 in other words that is to say for example for instance such as 因果关系 as a result so thus therefore 2 固定句型结构 too to so that such a that not only but also neither nor such as not until so that either or 3 高等级词汇及短语 使用高等级词汇 使用短语 使用谚语 使用表强调的词 如 alone just single only not at all on the earth the very on earth 等 使用修辞手法 明喻 暗喻 夸张 头韵 拟人等 例如 as busy as a bee s proud as a peacock as blind as a bat 4 使用连接词 过渡自然 连贯通顺 一气呵成 A 用于按空间展开 Space relationship 的段落之中的连接词和过渡词有 abovebefore mehere on the left acrossbelow in the distance on the right beyond nearbyopposite to over alsofurthernext to on top of updownclose tobeneath under around near to along B 用于按时间顺 Time sequence 序展开的段落之中的连接词和过渡词有 first the first place during while immediately meanwhile soon then suddenly as soon as at the same time eventually currentlynext early this morning year now after at present later afterwards finally at last all of a sudden at noon in the morning afternoon evening C 用于按分析法 Analog 展开的段落之中的连接词和过渡词有 first second etc now for this purpose but as a result furthermore finally at lastmoreover also therefore likewise another for example next yet for instanceon the contrary once in additionin summary such in this case on the other handthenotherwise in conclusion thus in closing D 用于按比较法 Comparison similarity 展开的段落之中的连接词和过渡词有 another more over in addition to equally important too also at the same time besides thenin the same way in fact like similarly E 用于按对比法 Contrast differences 展开的段落之中的连接词和过渡词有 on the contrary different from on the other hand in contrast to despitein spite of yet but unlikeneverthelessnot only but also here there this that years ago today the former the latter then now the first whereas the second some others one the other once now on the one hand on the other hand 一方面 另一方面 regardless at the same time although even though F 逻辑关系 递进 then 然后 besides 还有 furthe rmore 而且 moreover 此外 转折 however 然而 but 但是 on the country 相反 after all 毕竟 总结 finally 最后 at last 最后 in brief 总之 in conclusion 最后 强调 indeed 确实 certainly 一定 surely 确定 above all 尤其 对比 in the same way 同样地 just as 正如 on the one hand on the other hand G 解释 Definition in other words that is to say namely I mean H 举例 Examples for example for instance such as thus specially to illustrate as an illustrate namely I 总结 Conclusion in conclusion as a result hence in summary to sum up in short in a word 5 常用句型及短语 A 学校生活及学习成绩 I m getting on well with one s study take several courses at school have English Chinese Physics every other day work hard at put one s heart into be interested in be fond of like chemistry best be tired of be good at be poor at do well in be weak in make progress in improve oneself in fail in pass the examination give sb a passing grade He has the best record in school 他的成绩最棒 get a doctor s degree 获得博士学位 English is more interesting to sb learn about succeed in be active in class work take an active part in learn by heart work out a maths problem get 90 marks for English get an A in the exam have a good command of lay a good foundation in language study won the first prize got the first place in the competition the first top three winners 前三名 B 师生关系 get on well with sb like to be with students be gentle with us be kind to sb be a strict teacher be strict with one s pupils be strict in work be satisfied with We think of him her as help sb with sth praise sb for sth blame sb for sth give advice on question sb on correct the students homework carefully and prepare for the next day give sb a lot of work try to teach sb good study habits make one s lessons lively and interesting teach sb sth teach sb to do sth devote all one s time to work admire sb for his devotion to the cause of education 佩服他对于教育事业的献身精神 C 课余活动及周末生活 spend one s time in many different ways enjoy doing things by oneself go swimming go for an outing a picnic have an outing at the seashore see the sights of Beijing play the piano violin play chess basketball have a swim have dances on weekends have a picnic over the weekend go to the cinema have a party hold a sports meeting do some reading help sb do sth enjoy a family trip get everything ready for ride one s bike with sb to the park There are a lot of activities at the beach We enjoy a change from our busy life in the city She would like to bring sth to the picnic It was a very relaxing Sunday There are good programmes on TV on weekends Enjoy myself ourselves have a wonderful time D 彼此沟通信息 take a message for sb send a message to sb hear from sb talk about of sth tell ask sb to do sth get information about express one s idea feelings in English Write sb a letter saying apologize to sb for make a speech t at the meeting thank you for explain sth to s look upon sb as think sb to be take sb s side E 事件中人的态度 would like to do allow sb to do force sb to do call on sb to do feel like doing insist on doing drive sb off speak highly of sb speak ill of sb think highly of sb be afraid to do be afraid of offer to do refuse to do agree to do prefer to do A rather than do B had better do not do regret doing would rather not do keep sb from doing prevent stop sb from doing F 事情过程 have the habit of doing have no trouble doing make up one s mind to do prepare sb oneself for give up doing do sth as usual sb is prepared for to do do what he wants us to do set about doing set out to do try do one s best to do go all out to do get into trouble 1 help sb out do one s bit for the country do some good deeds to people wait for sb to do find a way to do make friends with sb show tell sb how to do take send sb to pass the time doing feel a little excited about doing can t help doing be prepared for more hard work Some are doing sth A others are doing sth B and still others are doing sth C G 感观活动与思维活动 look around for look up down at catch sight of take a look at hear sb do doing take notice of take view of have a good understanding of consider sb sth to be come to know realize that know that 从句 welcome welcomed sb at in front of the gate Everyone is welcome to attend the lecture activity H 情感与欲望 be pleased with be delighted in doing take a pleasure in doing be worried about feel surprised at be sorry for be angry with sb for sth be angry about 为某事生气 look forward to doing wish to do expect to do long for long to do b