高考英语 第九章 句子成分知识精讲

1 句子成分句子成分 知识精讲知识精讲 一一 主语主语 主语 subject 是一个句子的主题 theme 是句子所述说的主体 它的位置一般在 一句之首 可用作主语的有单词 短语和从句 1 名词作主语 如 A tree has fallen across the road 2 代词用作主语 如 You re not far wrong 注意 反身代词不能充当句子主语 如 You can express yourself at the meeting 指人的不定代词 someone somebody no one nobody anyone anybody everyone everybody 与指物的不定代词 something anything everything nothing 做主语 谓语动词用单数 例如 everyone is here 但是都不能跟 of 短语 不能说 someone of no one of something of 但是可以说 every one of none of 做主语反意疑问句用复数 everyone is here aren t they 但是 someone lost his pen didn t he 3 数词用作主语 如 Three is enough 4 名词化的形容词用作主语 The idle are forced to work 当 the adj 表示抽象名词时谓语动词采用单数形式 The new replaces the old 新 陈代谢 5 不定式用作主语 如 To find your way can be a problem 注意 动词不定式做主语 通常有两种情形 一种是不定式直接放在句首 这种形式较 少 另一种是用 it 做形式主语 把不定式置于句末 达到平衡句子的目的 To see is to believe Seeing is believing 眼见为实 It s nice of you to help me with my English 6 动名词用作主语 如 Smoking is bad for you 注意 不定式与动名词做主语一般来说差别不大 有时两者可以互换 但按照传统语 法来说 动名词表示说话人的习惯 爱好或事抽象动作 而动词不定式表示具体的 一次性动作 例如 Smoking is prohibited here It s not very good for you to smoke so much 7 从句用作主语 如 Whenever you are ready will be fine 二 谓语 谓语 predicate 或谓语动词 predicate verb 的位置一般在主语之后 谓语由简单动 词或动词短语 助动词或情态动词 主要动词 构成 1 由简单的动词构成 1 What happened 2 He worked hard all day today 2 由动词短语构成的谓语 1 The plane took off at ten o clock 2 What s been keeping you all this time 这半天你在干什么来着 3 You can do it if you try hard 你努力就可以做到 3 英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词 表生动 这种动作名词之前常用 没有多大意义的动词 have get take give 等 如 1 I had a swim yesterday had a swim 代替了 swam 2 2 Take a look at that take a look 代替了 look 3 He gave a sigh gave a sigh 代替了 sighed 4 I got a good shake up a good shake up 代替了 was shaken up thoroughly 充 分 彻底的 三 表语 表语的功能是表述主语的特征 状态 身份等 它也可以说是一种主语补语 它位 于联系动词之后 与之构成所谓的系表结构 在系表结构钟 联系动词只是形式上 的谓语 二真正起谓语作用的则是表语 可以作表语的词有 名词 代词 数词 形容词 副词 不定式 动名词 分词 介词短语 从句等 1 The wedding was that Sunday 名词 2 So that s that 代词 3 We are seven 数词 4 Are you busy 形容词 5 Are you there 电话用语 副词 6 All I could do was to wait 不定式 7 Is that asking so much 动名词 8 I was so much surprised at it 过去分词 9 She is in good health 介词短语 10 Is that why you were angry 从句 四 宾语 宾语 object 在句中主要充当动作的承受者 因此一般皆置于及物动词之后 如 Our team beat all the others 可以用作宾语的有 名词 代词 数词 名词化的形容词 副词 不定式 动名词 名词化的分词 从句等 1 Do you fancy a drink 名词 2 They won t hurt us 代词 3 If you add 5 to 5 you get 10 数词 4 I shall do my possible 名词化形容词 5 He left there last week 副词 6 Does she really mean to leave home 不定式 7 He never did the unexpected 想不到的 意外的 名词化的分词 8 Do you understand what I mean 从句 注意 一 宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语 即直接宾语 direct object 与间 接宾语 indirect object 直接宾语一般指动作的承受者 间接宾语指动作所向的或所 为的人和物 多指人 具有这种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词 dative verb 常用 的有 answer bring buy do find get give hand keep leave lend make offer owe pass pay play promise read save sell send show sing take 等 间接宾语一般须与直 接宾语连用 通常放在直接宾语之前 如 I have found him a place 我给他找到了一 个职位 二 英语中有些常用搭配 直接宾语和间接宾语交换位置后介词不能省略 常见的有 appologize to sb for sth explain to sb sth 五 补语 补语 complement 是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分 补足主语意义的句 子成分叫做主语补语 subject complement 补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补 3 语 object complement 1 容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前 后有逗号 Tired and sleepy I went to bed 有时可以置于主语之后 前后都有逗号 与非限定性定语相似 如 The man cruel beyond belief didn t listen to their pleadings 2 可以用做宾语补语的有名词 形容词 不定式 动名词 分词 介词短语等 1 They named the child Jimmy 名词用作并与补语 2 My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister 名词短语作宾语补语 3 He boiled the egg hard 形容词用作宾语补语 4 I found the book very interesting 形容词短语用作宾补 5 The comrades wanted Dr Bethune to take cover 不定式用作宾语补语 6 I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul 动名作宾补 7 Don t take his kindness for granted 介词短语 六 定语 定语是用来说明名词 代词 的品质与特征的词或一组词 可用作定语的有 形容 词 名词 代词 数词 副词 不定式 动名词 分词 介词短语和从句 1 形容词用作定语是大量的 1 She is a natural musician 2 He must be the best violinist alive 后置定语 2 名词用作定语 如 1 A baby girl 女婴 2 well water 井水 3 Sports car 双座轻型汽车 4 A fool s paradise 梦幻的天堂 2 代词作定语 1 Your hair needs cutting 物主代词用作定语 2 Everybody s business is nobody s business 人人负责就是无人负责 不定代词所有格作定语 3 数词作定语 1 There s only one way to do it 2 Do it now you may not get a second chance 基数词用作后置定语 page 24 Room 201 the year 1949 4 副词充当定语时常后置 如 the room above 楼上的房间 the world today 今日世界 the way out 出路 a day off 休 息日 5 不定式用作定语 1 Her promise to write was forgotten 2 That s the way to do it 6 动名词用作定语 A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠药 eating implements 吃饭用具 learning method 学习方法 7 分词充当定语 a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者 a retired worker 一个退休工人 a faded flower 一朵谢了的花 4 8 介词短语用作定语 1 This is a map of China 2 The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words 9 从句用作定语 即定语从句 The car that s parked outside is mine Your car which I noticed outside has been hit by another one 七 同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时 一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释 另一个句子成分 前者就叫做后者的同位语 appositive 这两个句子成分多由名词 代词 担任 同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词 代词 之后 1 We have two children a boy and a girl 2 They all wanted to see him 3 Are you two ready 4 Their latest proposal to concentrate on primary education has met with some opposition 5 The city of Rome 罗马城 the art of writing 写作艺术 The vice of smoking 吸烟嗜 好 6 The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true 八 状语 状语 adverbial 是修饰动词 形容词 副词以及全句的句子成分 如 1 The girl is improving remarkably 这个女孩大有进步 2 可用作状语的有副词 名词 代词 数词 形容词 不定式 分词 介词短语 从句等 副词最常用作状语 位置比较灵活 可置句末 句首和句中 He speaks the language badly but read it well Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors 3 状语按用途来分 可以分为时间 地点 方式 原因 结果 目的 条件 让步 程度 方式 伴随等 1 Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow 2 There are plenty of fish in the sea 3 Because he was ill Tom lost his job 4 She spoke so softly that I couldn t hear what she said 5 In order to get into a good school I must study even harder 6 If he were to come what should we say to him 7 For all his money he didn t seem happy 8 To what extent would you trust them 9 He stood there pipe 烟斗 in mouth 注意事项 若时间状语和地点状语同时修饰一动词 通常先说地点状语然后再说时间状语 The held a meeting in the great hall yesterday afternoon 昨天下午他们在大厅举行了一 次会议 如果修饰同一个时间状语或地点状语不止一个 则一般按照 由小到大 的顺序排列 He arrived here at about ten o clock yesterday morning 他大约是在昨天上午 10 点到达 5 这儿的 He lived in a small village in the north 他住在北方的一个小村子里 真题演练真题演练 1 What do you think it was that made her so upset A lost her bike B Losing her bike C She lost her bike D Because of losing her bike 2 The old taken care of in our country A is B has C are D have 3 The music sounded We all it A wonderfully are like B badly like C nice like D well like 4 Setting fires to wild plants very dangerous A is B are C has D were 5 With his money he couldn t go home A leaving B missed C running out D run out 6 Don t lose heart If you work hard you ll a successful electronic engineer A turn B learn C have D make 7 Although the working mother is very busy she still a lot of time to children A devotes B spends C offers D provides 8 A library with five thousand books to the nation as a gift A is offered B had offered C are offered D have offered 9 My mother s suggestion useful by them all A was considered to be B was considered being C considered to be D considered being 10 I felt that she should change her mind at the last minute A it is strange B it strange C that was a strange thing D very strange 答案解析 1 选 B 句意 你认为是什么事使得她那么不高兴 再分析句子结构可知 do you think 插入了强