PersuasiveSpeech说服性演讲.ppt

WangJufang 1 PersuasiveSpeech 说服性演讲 WangJufang 2 Contents DefinitionofPersuasiveSpeechInformativevs PersuasiveAudienceAdaptationTypesofPersuasiveSpeechMonroe sMotivatedSequenceTipsforSuccessfulPersuasionAssignment WangJufang 3 DefinitionofPersuasiveSpeech Thekindofspeechwhereyouusereasoning emotionalappealsoryourcredibilitytoconvincethelistenerstoagreewithyouortoinspirethemtoaction WaysofPersuasionreasoning emotionalappeals credibilityPurposetoinfluencetheattitudes beliefs values andactsoftheaudienceandothersRoleofspeakeranadvocate WangJufang 4 Informativevs Persuasive Inaninformativespeech thespeakerconveysfactsanddetails todefine toexplainandtoclarifyInapersuasivespeech thespeakertriestoshape influencethelisteners ideas beliefs attitudes orbehavior WangJufang 5 AudienceAdaptation Persuasivespeech MENTALDIALOGUEwiththeaudience WangJufang 6 AudienceAdaptation Aspeakershouldadaptthecontentandstrategytotheaudience TheirpositionTheirmajorobjectionsTheirquestionsTheirfavoritestyleofcommunicationTipsforaudienceadaptationSetaparticularpartofthewholeaudienceasyourTARGETAUDIENCE Tailoryourspeechtofitthevaluesandconcernsofyourtargetaudience WangJufang 7 TypesofPersuasiveSpeech Persuasivespeechesonquestionsoffact事实问题Persuasivespeechesonquestionsofvalue价值问题Persuasivespeechesonquestionsofpolicy方法问题 WangJufang 8 1 QuestionsofFact Questionsoffactarequestionsaboutthetruthorfalsityofanassertion Qsoffactcanbeansweredwithcertaintye g HowfarisNYtoBeijing e g WhoisthefirstAfricanAmericanpresident Qsoffactcannotbeansweredwithcertaintye g WillNAUenrollEnglishmajordoctorsin10years time e g Aredailymegadosesofvitaminsbeneficialtohumanhealth 每天大量服用维生素有益健康 WangJufang 9 Attention Persuasivespeechesonaquestionoffactcomeaboutinasituationwheretheaudiencehasseriousdoubtaboutthefactoracase Informativespeechescomeaboutinsituationswheretheaudiencewantstolearnaboutthefacts OrganizationbytopicsEachmainpointwillpresentareason whyagree Subdividethetopiclogicallyandconsistently WangJufang 10 Example 1 SpecificPurposeTopersuademyaudiencethatanearthquakeof9 0oraboveontheRichterscalewillhitXi aninthenexttenyears MainpointsI Xi anislongoverdueforamajorearthquake II Manygeologicalsignsindicatethatamajorearthquakemayhappensoon III ExpertsagreethatamajorearthquakecouldhitXi ananyday WangJufang 11 Example 2 SpecificPurposetopersuademyaudiencethatgeneticallyengineeredcrops GEC poseseriousdangerstotheenvironmentandtohumanhealth CentralIdeaGECshavethepotentialtocreatemajorenvironmentalandhealthhazards MainPointsI GECswillcreateenvironmentalhavocbyharmingbeneficialinsectswhilecreatingsuperbugsandsuperweedsthatwillbeverydifficulttocontrol II GECswillcreatehealthproblemsbyintroducingharmfultoxinsandallergensintofoodswithouttheknowledgeofcustomers WangJufang 12 2 QuestionsofValue Questionsofvaluearequestionsabouttheworth rightness moralityandsoforthofanideaoraction e g Isitjustifiabletoclonehumanbeings e g Whataretheethicalresponsibilitiesofjournalists WangJufang 13 Organizationestablishingstandardsforthevaluejudgmentapplyingthosestandardstothespeechtopic Persuasionisbasedonyourjudgmentaboutwhatisrightorwrong goodorbad moralorimmoral etc Speakerneedstojustifyher hisvaluejudgmentinlightofaclearlydefinedsetofstandards WangJufang 14 Example 1 SpecificPurposeTopersuademyaudiencethatcapitalpunishmentiswrong MainPointsI Capitalpunishmentviolatesthebiblicalcommandment Thoushaltnotkill II Capitalpunishmentviolatestheconstitutionalbanon cruelandunusualpunishment WangJufang 15 Example 2 SpecificPurposetopersuademyaudiencethatbicycleridingistheidealformoflandtransportation CentralIdeaBicycleridingistheidealformoflandtransportationbecauseitisfasterthanwalkingorrunning doesnotexploitanimalsorpeople isnonpolluting andpromotesthehealthoftheriders MainPointsI Anidealformoflandtransportationshouldmeetfourmajorstandards fasterthanrunningorwalking notexploitinganimalsorpeople nonpolluting andbeneficialforthepersonwhousesit II Bicycleridingmeetsallthesestandardsforanideaformoflandtransportation fasterthanrunningorwalking notexploitinganimalsorpeople nonpolluting andbeneficialforthepersonwhousesit WangJufang 16 3 QuestionsofPolicy Questionsofpolicyarequestionsaboutwhetheraspecificcourseofactionshouldorshouldnotbetaken e g Shouldsame sexmarriagesbelegalized e g ShouldNAUpayteachersbytheirresearchoutput WangJufang 17 Speechestogainpassiveagreement Aim toconvincetheaudiencethatagivenpolicyisdesirablewithoutencouragingtheaudiencetotakeactioninsupportofthepolicy Example Tryit Topersuademyaudiencethatthereshouldbestrictersafetystandardsonamusement parkrides Topersuademyaudiencethattheauthorityshouldprohibitnetbarsfromopeningnearschools WangJufang 18 Speechestogainimmediateaction Aim togettheaudiencetodosthinsupportofthepolicy Specificrecommendationsshouldbemadeforaction Example Tryit Topersuademyaudiencetodonatemoneyforastudentwhoiscriticallyill Topersuademyaudiencetostartaregularexerciseprogram Topersuademyaudiencetotakepartinmorepublicspeakingactivities WangJufang 19 Monroe sMotivatedSequence Anorganizationalpatternforplanningandpresentingpersuasivespeechesthatinvolvesfivesteps 门罗五步法 AttentionNeed maketheaudiencefeelaneedforchangebystatingtheproblemclearlywithsupportmaterials Satisfaction satisfytheneedbyprovidingasolutionVisualization visualizethebenefitsofyourplanAction callforaction WangJufang 20 Step1 Attention Apersuasivespeechshouldbeginbygettingtheaudience sattentionTheattentionstepaddressescoreconcernsoftheaudience makingthespeechhighlyrelevanttothem WangJufang 21 Step2 Need TheneedstepisolatesanddescribestheissuetobeaddressedinthepersuasivespeechIfyoucanshowtheaudiencethattheyhaveanimportantneedthatmustbesatisfied theyhaveareasontolistentoyourpropositions WangJufang 22 Step3 Satisfaction ThesatisfactionstepidentifiesthesolutionThisstepofferstheaudienceaproposaltoreinforceorchangetheirattitudes beliefs andvaluesregardingtheneedathand WangJufang 23 Step4 Visualization ThepurposeofthevisualizationstepistocarrytheaudiencebeyondacceptingthefeasibilityofyourproposaltoseeinghowitwillactuallybenefitthemThevisualizationstepinvokesneedsofself esteemandself actualization WangJufang 24 Step5 Action Theactionstepinvolvesmakingadirectrequestoftheaudiencetoactaccordingtotheiracceptanceofthemessage WangJufang 25 TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion 1 Increasingcredibility ethosExplainyourcredibilitye g I vebeenshoppingbooksonbothdangdangandjoyomanytimes soletmetellyouwhichoneisbetter e g MyinformationcomesfromtheworkofDr HongZhaoguang themostwell knowncardiovascularexpertinChina Showcommongroundwithyouraudience e g I mfor againsttheindependentenrollment andIknowalotofyouarenotwithme Iaskonlythatyouhearmeoutandseeifmyargumentshaveanymeritwhatsoever Thoughwemaydisagreeonthissubject youandIhaveatleastonethingincommon Wewanttomakeouruniversityenrollmentsystemafairone WangJufang 26 2 ProvidingevidenceChooseevidencefromreliable reputablesources Provideavarietyofevidence e g Accordingtoaninterviewconductedbymewith20students 60 ofthepeopleareagainsttheindependentenrollment TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion WangJufang 27 3 Usesoundreasoning Errorsinreasoning logicalfallacy 1 HastygeneralizationAconclusionreachedonthebasisofinsufficientevidence Itisoftenincludeswordslikealways never allandnone e g Chinaistheonlycountryintheworldwherestudentshavetostudyveryhardforoneexamthatwilldecidetheirfuture thecollegeentranceexam TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion WangJufang 28 3 Usesoundreasoning Errorsinreasoning logicalfallacy 2 RedherringA argumentdistractslistenersfromtherealissueandleadsthemtowardanirrelevantissue 转移注意力的事 话题e g Yes thecurrentuniversityenrollmentsystemhasproblems butsodoesourmedicalcaresystem andhousingsystem Whydon twereformthem TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion WangJufang 29 3 Usesoundreasoning Errorsinreasoning logicalfallacy 3 Attackonapersoncriticizinganopponentratherthantheopponent sargumente g ItisknownthatEdgarAllenPoewasanalcoholic Hisstoriesarenothingbutthefantasiesofadrunkenmind TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion WangJufang 30 3 Usesoundreasoning Errorsinreasoning logicalfallacy 4 Falsecause posthoc assumesthatbecauseAoccursbeforeB AcausesB e g Thecrimeratehasincreasedsincethegovernortookoffice I mcertainlynotgoingtovoteforhimagain TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion WangJufang 31 3 Usesoundreasoning Errorsinreasoning logicalfallacy 5 Buildingonanunprovenassumption beggingthequestion e g Sincedistancelearningwithacomputerismoreeffectivethantraditionalclassroomeducation allofyoushouldtakeyourcollegecoursesonyourhomecomputers 6 Falseanalogye g Hewillmakeawonderfulpresident Justlookatthecontrolheexertsoverhisownchildren TipsforSuccessfulPersuasion WangJufang 32 3 Usesoundreasoning Errorsinreasoning logic