中考语法专题复习-介词及介词短语

中考语法复习中考语法复习 介词及介词短语介词及介词短语 考点直击 1 常用介词及其词组的主要用法及意义 2 介词表示时间 方位 方式别的基本用法 3 一些易混介词的辨析 语法讲解 介词的功能介词的功能 介词是一种虚词 用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系 不能单独使 用 介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语 介词短语可在句中作定语 状语 表语和宾语补足语 例如 The boy over there is John s brother 定语 The girl will be back in two hours 状语 Our English teacher is from Australia 表语 Help yourself to some fish 宾语补足语 介词和种类介词和种类 1 简单介词 常用的有 at in on about across before beside for to without 等 2 复合介词 如 by means of along with because of in front of instead of 等 不同介词的用法不同介词的用法 1 表时间的介词 表时间的介词 1 at in on 表示时间点用 at 例如 at six o clock at noon at midnight 表示在某个世纪 某年 某月 某个季节以及早晨 上午 下午 晚上时 用 in 例如 in the nineteenth century in 2002 in may in winter in the morning in the afternoon 等 表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午 下 午 晚上时 用 on 例如 on Monday on July 1st on Sunday morning 等 2 since after 由 since 和 after 引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段 但 since 词组表示的时段 一直延续到说话的时刻 因而往往要与现在完成时连用 而 after 词组所表示的时段纯系过 去 因而要与一般过去时连用 例如 I haven t heard from him since last summer After five days the boy came back 3 in after in 与将来时态连用时 表示 过多长时间以后 的意思 后面跟表示一段时间的词语 After 与将来时态连用时 后面只能跟表示时间点的词语 After 与过去时态连用时 后面才能跟 表示一段时间的词语 例如 He will be back in two months He will arrive after four o clock He returned after a month 2 表示地点的介词 表示地点的介词 1 at in on at 一般指小地方 in 一般指大地方或某个范围之内 on 往往表示 在某个物体的表面 例 如 He arrived in Shanghai yesterday They arrived at a small village before dark There is a big hole in the wall The teacher put up a picture on the wall 2 over above on over on 和 above 都可表示 在 上面 但具体含义不同 Over 表示位置高于某物 在某 物的正上方 其反义词是 under above 也表示位置高于某物 但不一定在正上方 其反 义词是 below On 指两个物体表面接触 一个在另一的上面 例如 There is a bridge over the river We flew above the clouds They put some flowers on the teacher s desk 3 across through across 和 through 均可表示 从这一边到另一边 但用法不同 Across 的含义与 on 有关 表示动作在某一物体的表面进行 Through 的含义与 in 有关 表示动作是在三维空间进行 例如 The dog ran across the grass The boy swam across the river They walked through the forest I pushed through the crowds 4 in front of in the front of in front of 表示 在某人或某物的前面 在某个范围以外 in the front of 表示 在 的前 部 在某个范围以内 例如 There are some tall trees in front of the building The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom 常用介词的用法辨析常用介词的用法辨析 一 at in on 1 表示时间 1 表示某一具体时间点 某一时刻 年龄 at six o clock at noon at that time at the moment at the age of at night 2 in 表示时间段 一天的三个时间段以及月份 年 季节 世纪 人生的某个时期 某人几十岁时 in the morning afternoon evening in spring in 2007 in March in the twenty first century in his fifties 3 on 表示星期几 某一具体的日子 具体某天的上午 下午 晚上 表示一天中的三个时间段名词 前有修饰语或后有修饰语时 On Monday on New Year s Day on Sunday morning on a rainy night on the evening of April 1st 2007 2 表地点 1 at 一般指较小的地点或较具体的位置 at the station at the cinema 2 in 表示在较大的地点或一个有限空间里 in China in the classroom 3 on 指在某物体的表面上 on the desk 注意 写街道时 若有门牌号用 at 否则用 on in 都可 He lives at 270 DongChang an Street 二 介词 in on to 表方位 1 in 表示 A 地在 B 地范围之内 包含关系 Tanwan is the southeast of China 2 on 表示 A B 地接壤 外切关系 Hubei is the north of Hunan 3 to 表示 A B 两地有一定的间距 外离关系 Japan is the east of China 三 between among 在 之间 1 between 指两者之间 在 之间 2 among 用于三者或三者以上人或物之间 在 之中 You sit him and me The song is popular the students 四 after in 在 之后 1 after 1 after 时间段 表示以过去某一时刻为起点的一段时间之后 用于过去时 2 after 作介词 after doing sth 2 in 一段时间 表示说话时或以现在为起点的将来一段时间之后 用于将来时 He came back two days He will go home finishing his homework He will come back two days 五 with in by 表示 用 1 with 表示 用 一般指有形的工具 手段 人体器官 He cut the apple into halves a knife 注 with 表伴随 带有 含有 He came in a big smile on his face 2 in 表示用某种语言 方式 途径 或书写 绘画所用的材料 也可表交通方式 Can you say it English He wrote a letter blue ink 3 by 表示乘坐交通工具 表示方式 方法 I study for a test working with a group He makes a living selling newspapers 注意 同义词组 1 by phone on the phone 2 by car in a car 3 in pen with a pen with pens 六 across through over by 经过 1 across 指横穿 穿过 表示动作从某一物体表面上经过 2 through 指穿过 透过 表示从某一物体空间内通过 3 over 表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过 不与表面接触 4 by 表示从某人 某物的旁边经过 Can you swim the river the elephant is so big that it can t go the gate I don t think anyone can jump the fence I walked the bank of China yesterday 七 in front of in the front of 1 in the front of 表示在 内部的前面 2 in front of 表示在 外面的前面 There is a desk in front of our classroom There is a big tree in front of our classroom 八 其它介词的用法 1 at 的其它用法 1 表示 从事或正在做某事 其后加的名词往往不加冠词 She is at work now She is working now 2 at 表示 价格或速度 The train ran at 120 kilometres an hour 2 in 的其它用法 1 in 表示 在 方面 词组 do well in be good at be weak in 2 in 表示 穿着 后接表颜色的词或衣服 词组 be in 衣服 be wearing 衣服 3 in 作副词 在家 at home 3 like 的用法 1 像 和 一样 常与系动词连用 词组 look like sound like 2 与 what 连用 是什么样子 怎样 What is he like He is kind 4 off 的用法 1 从 下来 脱离某物体 词组 fall off 2 休假 通常放在时间名词之后 词组 have 时间 off He hasn t had a night off for two hours 5 except besides 1 except 除了 之外 都 不包括在范围之内 注 nothing but 除了 之外 什 么也没有 2 besdies 除了 之外 还有 包括在范围之内 We all went swimming Lucy There is a letter in the box We study Japanese and French English 6 with without 1 with 具有 含有 反义词 without 没有 词组 with the help of with one s help because of thanks to without one s help 2 without 的用法 A without sb sth 没有某人或某物 B without doing sth He left here without say Goodbye to us C without sth 常与 if 引导的否定的条件句 If there is no water we can t live We can t live 7 on the tree in the tree on the tree 表示 树上本身长的东西 在树上 而 in the tree 表示 外界的物体进入树 中 人或物在树上 There are some apples the tree There is a boy the tree 8 since for 注 since for 用于现在完成时 1 since a since 时间点 b 现在完成时 since 一般过去时 c since 一段时间 ago 2 for for 一段时间 since 一段时间 ago 9 be made 介词的区别 be made of 由 制成 看得见原材料 be made from 由 制成 看不见原材料 be made in 地点 由哪儿生产 be made by sb 由某人制造 10 表示 数量的介词 about round around over 1 about round around 表示 大约 2 over 表示 超过 more than 11 inside outside Inside 在 里面 反义词 outside 在 外面 12 in the wall on the wall in the wall 表示 门窗在墙上 on the wall 表示 某东西张贴或挂在墙上 九 不用介词的情况 1 当时间状为 tonight today yesterday tomorrow 等时 不用介词 What are you going to do tonight 2 含有 this that these those last next every each 等时间状语 He went to Wuhan last week 3 以 all 开头的时间状语前面不用介词 He has worked all day 4 以 some any one 等构成的时间状语前不用介词 介词短语介词短语 介词和动词 形容词或名词相结合后 形成复合词 有特定的意思 如下 1 动词 介词 如 talk about look at 2 Be 动词 形容词 介词 如 be kind of 3 介词 名词 如 at home on foot in time 动词动词 介词介词 look up 查看 查 字典 play with sth 玩某物 玩耍 Don t play with fire 别玩火 think of 想起 想到 hear from sb 收到某人的信 talk about sth 谈论某事 talk to with sb 和某人谈论 look at 注视 listen to 倾听 call on sb 拜访某人 arrive at in 到达 take care of 照顾 wait for 等待 look for 寻找 add to 加到 上 agree with 同意 某人 arrive at in 到达 ask for 询问 begin with 从 开始 believe in 相信 break into 闯入 break off 打断 break out 爆发 bring down 降低 bring in 引进 bring up 教育 培养 build up 建起 burn down 烧光 call back 回电话 call for 要求约请 call in 召来 call on 拜访 访问 care for 喜欢 carry on 继续开展 carry out 实行开展 check out 查明 结帐 clear up 整理 收拾 come about 发生 产生 come across 偶然 遇见 come out 出来 come to 共计 达到 compare with 与 比较 compare to 比作 cut off 切断 date from 始于 depend on 依靠 devote to 献于 die out 灭亡 divide up 分配 dream of 梦想 fall off 下降 fall over 跌倒 feed on 以 为食 get down to 专心于 get through 通过 give in 让步 屈服 give out 分发 give up 放弃 go abroad 出国 go against 反对 go on with 继续 go through 浏览 grow up 生长 hand down 传下来 hear about 听说 hold out 伸出 join up 连接起来 keep off 让开 不接近 keep on 继续 lead to 导致 live on 靠 为生 look down upon 看不起 look forward to 盼望 look into 调查 look out 当心 look a round 仔细查看 set off 动身 set up 建立 show off 炫耀 shut up 住口 speed up 加速 stand for 代表 象征 stick to 坚持 suffer from 遭受 talk of 谈论 think of 考虑 想起 try out 试验 turn down 调低 turn off 关掉 worry about 担心 Be 动词动词 形容词形容词 介词介词 be kind to 对 某人 亲切 be good at 在 做得好 擅长于 be late for 迟到 be afraid of 害怕 be sorry for sth 为 抱歉 be absent from 缺席 be proud of 以 为自豪 be found of 喜欢 be full of 充满 be interested in 对 有兴趣 be keen on 热衷于 be confident in 对 有信心 be short of 缺乏 be sick of 厌恶 be proud of 对 感到骄傲 be loyal to 对 忠诚 be ashamed of 为 感到羞耻 be worried about 为 担心 be aware of 意识到 be busy with 忙于 某事 be different from 和 不同 be famous for 因 而出名 介词介词 名词名词 1 英语中有大量成语由介词构成 单是一些常用介词就可构成大量成语 at at a stretch 一连 连续地 at a time 一次 每次 at ease 稍息 安心 at first sight 一见 钟情 at first 最初 开始时 at heart 在内心 at home 在家 随便 at last 最后 at least 至少 at length 最后 详细地 at most 至多 at once 立即 同时 at peace war 处于和平 战争 状态 at play work 在玩耍 工作 at present 现在 目前 at random 随意地 胡乱地 at the risk of 冒 的风险 at the same time 与此 同时 at the start 一开头 at the time 此刻 这时 at times 有时候 at will 任意地 by by accident 偶然 by air 航空 by all means 想一切办法 by bus plane etc 坐巴士 飞机等 by chance 偶然 by cheque 用支票 by choice 出于自愿 by daylight 在大白天 by day night 白天 夜间 by force 靠武力 by mistake 错误地 误把 by turns 轮流 by surprise 突然 出其不意 by the way 顺便说一句 in in a sense 从某种意义上说 in addition to 此外 除 之外 in advance 事前 in all 总共 in any case event 不管怎样 反正 in brief 简而言之 in case 要是 如果 in case of 在 情况下 in comparison 比较起来 in danger 处于危险中 in debt 负债 in demand 有需求 in detail 详细地 in fact 实际上 in general 一般说来 in one s opinion 在 某人 看来 in order to that 以便 为了 in other words 换句话说 in part s 部分地 in person 亲自 in practice 实际上 in public private 公开 私下 地 in regard to 关于 in short 总之 in the end 最后 in the middle of 在 中间 in time 及时地 经过一段时间 in vain 白白地 没有结果 on on account of 由于 on behalf of 代表 某人 on board 在船 飞机 上 on condition 在 条件下 on duty 值班 on fire 着火 on foot 步行 on guard 有警惕 值班 on hand 在身边 on holiday 在休假 on purpose 故意地 on sale 在出售 on strike 罢工 on the contrary 相反 on the way 在路上 on time 准时 on the top of 在 上面 on the run 正在逃窜 out of out of action 失灵 out of breath 气喘吁吁 out of control 失去控制 out of danger 脱离危险 out of doors 在户外 out of fashion 不时新 out of hand 失去控制 out of order 坏了 out of reach 无法得到 拿到 out of sight 看不见 out of temper 发脾气 out of question 不可能 out of touch with 和 失去联系 out of tune 走调 out of use 不再使用 out of work 失业 2 有些介词夹在名词之间构成成语 day after day 日复一日地 year after year 年复一年 one after another 一个接一个地 one by one 一个接一个 little by little 一点一点地 side by side 并肩 step by step 一步步地 face to face 面对面 arm in arm 手挽手地 hand in hand 手牵手地 day to day 日常的 day by day 一天一天地 day before yesterday 前天 day after tomorrow 后天 heart to heart 互相交心的 3 还有一些成语包含两个介词 from beginning to end 从头至尾 from bad to worse 越来越糟 from time to time 不时地 from head to foot 浑身 from morning to night 从早到晚 from start to finish 从头至尾 from door to door 挨门挨户地 from place to place 到各地 from generation to generation 一代一代地 from cover to cover 书面 全部地 从头至尾 实例分析实例分析 1 He has been late for school three times the morning of last Friday A in B on C since D until 分析 本题介词的选择取决于谓语动词所用的时态 谓语动词用了现在完成时 与之相对 应的介词应当是 since 答案 C 2 I forgot to bring the key my office A of B for C with D to 分析 在英语中 表达 门的钥匙 练习的答案 要用 key 这个词 它需要用介词 to 与后 面的名词连用 这是习惯用法 其他的例子还有 an answer to the question 问题的答案 a reply to our letter 对我们信的答复 the entrance to the building 大楼入口处 the monument to the heroes 英雄纪念碑 等等 答案 D 3 You ll get one thousand dollars A after all B at all C in all D all together 分析 after all 意为 到底 毕竟 终于 at all 通常与 not 连用 意为 完全不 一 点也不 in all 通常用于数量词后面 意为 总共 同义词是 altogether 所以本题答案 应该选 C 课堂作业课堂作业 I 用适当的介词填空用适当的介词填空 1 I m sorry I can t say it Chinese 2 Do you usually go to school bike 3 Look the farmer is carrying apples a truck 4 Is anyone home 5 Please look my bird when I m away 6 Are Jim and Li Lei the same class 7 There is a hole the wall 8 the beginning of this term I met my new friend Jim 9 There are a few leaves the tree 10 The girl the red coat is my sister 11 Could you give an orange me 12 It s time to go bed 13 I can see a bottle orange 14 Put the basket there 15 What s wrong your watch 16 One the students is in the classroom 17 I think the shop is closed this time of day 18 My father teaches English a school 19 We have lunch the middle of the day 20 You can buy some school things your way home 21 I was born July 1st 1982 22 May I borrow a pencil you 23 Don t sleep the open air 24 I often help my mother the housework 25 It s time school 26 I have quite a lot homework to do 27 What s the time It s half five 28 Ducks are good swimming 29 What are you talking 30 He is sitting the front of the car 31 The eraser was passed one student another 32 Did you live Beijing in 1997 33 When did you arrive the village 34 I think Mary is duty today 35 Eating too much isn t good your health 36 I m afraid he is the cinema the moment 37 Thanks asking me to your party 38 My watch is very different yours 39 What s the weather today 40 The student is asking his teacher the sports meeting II 选择填空 选择填空 41 the money she bought a new coat her father A With for B With to C For with D To with 42 The beautiful bottle was made glass A from B in C of D by 43 This is a map China A in B at C of D on 44 A group boys and girls are dancing in the park A with B of C for D to 45 Tom always comes late school A at B inside C to D for 46 Mr Smith caught hold Bob and said This is a good lesson you A of for B for of C of of D for for 47 The shop clothes is the right side the street A of at beside B for on at C for on of D of in of 48 It s hot summer in Beijing A by B on C at D in 49 China is famous her Great Wall A as B for C to D of 50 These knives are made metal and wood A from B of C by D in 51 My father returned at 10 o clock of June 15 A in the night B by the night C on the night D at night 52 your help we finished the work on time A Thanks B Thanks of C Thank for D Thanks to 53 China built a Great Wall the northern part the country A to in B across of C across on D at of 54 He often mistakes me my brother A to B as C for D with 55 The woman a red dress is my aunt A in B at C of D on 56 I remember Susan left a very cold morning of January A in B on C at D from 57 Thank you very much lending the eraser me A for at B to to C for to D to for 58 Don t tell anybody about it Keep it you and me A among B between C in D with 59 I enjoy reading but I can t much time it A spend on B pay in C take in D cost on 60 No one can stop her leaving for Shanghai A of B from C to D for 参考答案参考答案 介介 词词 1 in 2 by 3 with 4 at 5 after 6 in 7 in 8 At 9 on 10 in 11 to 12 to 13 of 14 over 15 With 16 of 17 at 18 in 19 in 20 on 21 on 22 from 23 in 24 with 25 for 26 of 27 past 28 at 29 about 30 in 31 from to 32 in 33 at 34 on 35 for 36 at at 37 for 38 from 39 like 40 about 41 45 ACCBC 46 50 ACDBB 51 55 CDBCA 56 60 BCBAB 家庭作业家庭作业 一 用适当的介词填空 1 You can find the post office a fruit shop and a book shop 2 We have friends all the world 3 You have to write a line the last name the book 4 The answer the question was quite difficult 5 The children are not allowed to look the window in class 6 They have stayed in the hotel nearly ten days 7 The teacher is standing the students 8 the time the firemen arrived the big fire had been put out 9 My house is the other side river so I have to go the bridge 10 They all went to sleep young Tom He was listening to music the radio 11 The students go to school Monday Friday 12 My office is theirs 13 Do not throw any litter the river 14 What do you think the movie Wonderful 15 The dead leaves on the ground also keep the water running away 16 The trees can be planted the lake 17 We got on together just old friends 18 I was told that we could do that different ways 19 What do you want to do after you graduate school 20 Can you see the broom the door 二 单项选择 1 He has poor eyesight computer work A because too many B because too many C because of too much D because of much too 2 Lucy likes sports very much Yes she is good playing badminton A at B for C in D to 3 Is Jack at school now No He is at home his illness A because B because of C for D when 4 John arrived London a cold morning A on at B at at C in on D at in 5 Do you like your English teacher Yes He is very friendly to us and he is also strict us our lessons A with in B with with C in with D in in 6 Children in China start school 6 years old A in B on C to D at 7 I think drinking milk is good our health Yes I agree you A for with B to to C with to D at with 8 It s dangerous with the wild animal A for us to play B of us playing C for us playing D of us to play 9 People from different parts