新增文章汇总.doc

*第二十四篇 Sleep Lets Brain File MemoriesTo sleep. Perchance to file? Findings published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzzs.Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University5 and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically, they examined the electrical activity emanating from6 the somatosensory neocortex (an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus, which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined. So-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex) were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples. The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation. A second study, also published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels.Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes suffer from increased memory problems. In the new work, Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels, which tend to increase with age, affect memory in healthy people as well. The scientists administered11 recall tests, brain scans and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the bodys tissues. Subjects with the poorest memory recollection, the team discovered, also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance. In addition, their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar.Our study suggests that this impairment12 may contribute to the memory deficits13 that occur as people age. Convit says. And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition.14 Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check15, so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.词汇：perchance p?t?:ns adv. 偶然；可能online ?nlain n. 在线的stow st?u vt. 贮藏，堆装emanate em?neit vi. 发源somatosensory ,s?um?t?sens?ri adj. 体觉的neocortex ,ni:?uk?:teks n. 新（大脑）皮质oscillation ,?silei?n n. 振荡intertwine ,int?twain v. 缠绕spindle spindl n. 纺锤体ripple ripl n. 波动，脉动diabetes ,dai?bi:ti:z n. 糖尿病recollection ,rek?lek?n n. 回忆shrinkage ?ri?kid? n. 收缩impairment imp?m?nt n. 损伤intrigue intri: n. 引起。兴趣（或好奇心）cognition k?ni?n n. 认识注释：1. file memories：归档并储存记忆。 file：意为 to put or keep (papers,etc. ) in useful order for storage or reference（把归档）。2. To sleep. Perchance to file? ：从莎士比亚笔下哈姆雷特的独白中的名句 To sleep: perchance to dream. 改编而来。3. the Proceedings: (科学文献、会议文献)汇编，常用复数形式。4. zzz：（拟声词）打鼾声 5. Rutgers University：美国新泽西州立大学 (the State University of New Jersey)。6. emanating from：发源于。7. neocortex：新(大脑)皮质，尤指大的高等哺乳动物大脑中新生长的部分，也叫做 neopallium。neo-：前縀，意思是新的。8. thehippocampus：大脑侧面脑室壁上的隆起物，也称海马状突起，在泛记过程中起主要作用。9. tens of milliseconds：几十毫秒10. age-associated memory decline：与年龄相关的记忆衰退11. administer：实施12. this impairment：指上句中 hippocampus shrinkage.13. memory deficits：记忆衰退14. the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition：令人兴奋的可能性，即不断改善葡萄糖容许量可以完全改变对某些与年龄相关的认知问题。15. keep glucose levels in check：限制葡萄糖水平。 in check：在控制中，被阻止。练习：1. Which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence To sleep. Perchance to file? A Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep?B Does brain have memories when one is sleeping?C Does brain remember files after one falls asleep?D Does brain work on files in sleep?2. What is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University?A The electrical activity is emanating from the somatosensory neocortex.B Oscillations in brain waves are from hippocampus.C Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together in memory consolidation.D Somatosensory neocortex plays it primary role in memory consolidation.3. What is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4?A People with poor memory have high glucose tolerance.B People with good memory have low glucose tolerance.C Memory level has nothing to do with glucose tolerance.D The poorer the memory, the poorer glucose tolerance.4. In what way is memory related to hippocampus shrinkage?A There is no relation between memory and hippocampus shrinkage.B The more hippocampus shrinks, the poorer ones memory.C The more hippocampus shrinks, the better ones memory.D The less hippocampus shrinks, the poorer ones memory.5. According to the last paragraph, what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym?A To prevent hippocampus shrinkage.B To control weight.C To exercise.D To control glucose levels.答案与解释 :1. A文章第一段告诉我们，科学新发现进一步支持了一种理论，即，当人体进入睡眠状态时，大脑对在白天形成的记忆进行组织和储存。 To sleep. Perchance to file?见注释 1和注释 2。2. C 第二段告诉我们，科学家分析了老鼠的脑电波，尤其是从 somatosensory neocortex和 hippocampus两个区域发出的脑电波。该段是后两句指出，这两个大脑区域的活动是互相作用的。第二段并没有说 somatosensory neocortex或 hippocampus起主导作用。3. D 该段倒数第二句提供了答案。4. B 第四段的后一句中 their brain scans，指上句中的 subjects 5. D 锻炼身体和体重控制能保持葡萄糖水平，闲此，去健身房就有了另外一个理由。第二十四篇 睡眠促使记忆归档存储睡觉，说不定就是在整理归类记忆？刊登在最近网上出版的国家科学院文献汇编上的新发现 进一步证明了这个理论：当人体的其他部分在鼾声中安眠时，人体大脑就在整理和储存着甶天形 成的记忆。类国新泽西州立大学的乔治? Buzsaki和他的同事们分析了睡眠中的老鼠和田鼠的脑电波。他 们特别研究了发源于学习记忆中心大脑知觉新皮层（处理知觉信息的区域）和海马状的电流 活动。科学家们发现，这两个区域的脑电波变化仿佛处于交织状态。而数十毫秒后海马状突起发 出的波动将紧跟茬所谓的睡眠纺锤体（新皮层上的种种活动）。这对科学家们假设这两个大脑区 域的互动是理解增强记忆的关键。接下来的研究，同样也是刊登在这周网上出版的国家科学院文献汇编中，是关于与年龄相关 的由于葡萄糖浓度过高引起的记忆衰退。之前的一项研究表明，患糖尿病的人一直受到记忆衰退的困扰。纽约大学医学院的安东尼? 康威特及其同琪在一项新的工程中研究了 30个平均年龄69岁的人，以调查是否血糖浓度，随着 年龄增长而増长，同样会影响健康人的记忆。科学家们实施了回忆测试、脑部扫描和葡萄糖耐S 测试，以便测狱出人体组织从血液中吸收糖分的速度。这组科学家发现，与最次的记忆相对的， 是最低的葡萄糖耐?：。此外，他们的脑部扫描也显示出海马状突起的缩小要比那些更容易从血液 中吸收糖分的人明显。“我们的研究表明，这种海马状突起的缩小对随着人类年龄增大而出现的记忆衰退有着不可 忽视的影响，硪威特指出，“这一发现大大提高了令人兴奋的可能性，即，不断改善葡萄糖耐诳 可以完全改变对某些与年龄相关的认知问题。身体锻炼和体重控制能限制葡萄糖浓度，由此，我们有了另外一个去健身房的理由。第十九篇Prolonging Human Life Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion. Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often go on welfare if they have a serious illness. When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply dumping grounds for the dying in which care is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel. 词汇： dependency n.依赖性 contemporary .现代的 obligation n. 义务 insurance n. 保险 welfare n.福利 senile dj. 衰老的 grave dj. 严肃的 convalescent dj.康复的 sponsor v. 发起，资助 institution n. 机构 注释: 1. Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population:延长人类生命的结果使得人口的数量有了增加。句中的 prolonging human life是动名词短语。由动名词短语作句子的主语时，句中动词必须用单数形式。如 : Collecting stamps is his hobby. 2. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago:如果今天活着的很多人生于一百年以前，他们会死于各种儿童疾病。 3. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time:因为有更多的人寿命更长，所以在任何一个特定的时间里的人也就更多。 4. the dependency load: 抚养人口数量。 5. In times of famine: 在饥荒年代 6. go on welfare : 靠福利救济 go on 有许多意思，其中的一个意思是依靠过活。例: Many people go on welfare when jobs become scarce. (工作难找时，许多人靠政府救济金过日子。) 7. grave problems: 严重的问题 8. convalescent hospitals: 康复医院;疗养院 9. profit-making organizations: 赢利机构 10. dumping grounds: 垃圾场 练习: 1. The writer believes that the population explosion results from A an increase in birthrates. B the industrial development. C a decrease in death rates. D cultural advances. 2. It can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering cultures A it was a moral responsibility to keep old-aged people alive. B infants could be left dead in times of starvation. C parents had to impart the cultural wisdom of the tribe to their children. D death was considered to be freedom from hardships. 3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the United States is true? A Many of them have a very hard life. B They cannot live a decent life without enough bank savings. C They rely mainly on their children for financial support. D Most of them live with their children and therefore are well looked after. 4. In Paragraph 3, the phrase this need refers to A the need to prolong the lives of old people. B the need to enrich the life of the retired people. C the need to build profit-making nursing homes. D the need to take care of a sick and weak person. 5. Which of the following best describes the writers attitude toward most of the nursing homes, and convalescent hospitals? A Sympathetic. B Unfriendly. C Optimistic. D Critical. 答案与题解 : 1. C 第一段最后一句说： In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion. 事实上，是由于死亡率的下降，而不是出生率的上升，导数了人口爆炸。因此，选项 C是正确答案。 2. B 第二段第四句说： In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. 在灾年，可能会容忍婴儿死亡，因为，如果他们的父母饿死了，他们也无法生存，而如果父母生存下来可重新生儿育女。因此，选项 B是正确的答案。 3. A 第二段倒数第二句是这么说的：In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. （在美国，许多退休人员依靠社会保障金生活，其数额之小差不多使人穷困潦倒。）可以看出，在美国许多退休人员的生活是很艰难的。这正是选项A表达的意思，因而选项A是正确的答案。 4. D 第三段第三句：Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. （当今，由于家庭中大多数人都出去工作或上学，家里常常没有人来照顾有病或虚弱的人。）this need 出现在下面这个短语中：To meet this need（为了满足这种需要），它指句子前面的care for a sick or weak person。这正是选项D表达的意思。 5. D文章昀后一句说 : most of them are simply dumping grounds for the dying in which care is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.大多数机构只不过是倾倒垂死的人的垃饭场，所谓的照顾都是由收入低、超量工作、技术水平低下的人员提供的。作者如此措辞显然是对大多数机构的强烈批评。因此，选项 D是正确答案。 译文：第十九篇 延长人类生命人类生命的延长使人口增加了。许多现在还活着的人，如果早出生100年的话，可能在幼年 就得病死了。因为活得长的人越多，在任何一个特定的时间里的人也就越多。实际上导致人口爆炸的是死亡率的降低而不是出生率的增长。延长人的生命同时也使要抚养的人数增长了。在所有的社会里，残疾的、太小或太老的以至不能工作的人，要靠社会中其他人的救助。在以狩猎和采集为生的时代，不能跟上其他人的老人会被甩在后面，任他死去。在饥荒年代，人们允许婴儿死，因为如果他们的父母饿死了， 他们也活不成，但是如果他们的父母活下来了，他们还可以再要个孩子。在大部分的当代社会里，人们觉得在道义上负有让人们活着的义务，不管他们能不能工作。现在有i午多人已经过了想工作 或能工作的年龄；我们也制定了让人们在特定年龄退休的规章制度。除非这些人为他们退休后的生活攒够了钱，否则别人就得负担他们。在美国，许多退休的老人靠很少的一点社会保障金过日子，生活几近赤贫。老年人比年轻人或中年人更容易得病；除非他们很有钱，或有私人或政府的保险金，否则他们在得重病的时候就得靠福利救济。当老年人变得袞老，或太虚弱，病太重以至于不能照料自己时，他们就给他们的家庭带来了 很严?的问题，在过去和一些流传的习俗里，他们会在家中得到照料直到死去。现在，由于大部分的家庭成员都在工作或上学，所以常常没有人在家照料病弱的人。为满足这种需要，许多养老 院和康复医院被建立起来。这些机构通常是缻利的，尽管其中有一些是宗教及其他非舔利团体资助的。然而只有少数的这样的机构是好的，它们大部分是垂死的人的“垃圾场，里面的工作是 由一些工资低的、劳动蛩大的、没有技术的人做的。：2012年职称英语卫生类新增文章（教材第八篇）Eat Healthy健康饮食(参与活动提问)以利于以后汇总整理笔记文章及练习如下：Eat HealthyClean your plate! and Be a member of the clean-plate club1! Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often, its accompanied by an appeal： “Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!2 Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites3. Instead of staying clean the plate, perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story.4 Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University； told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began (o grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently, some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large； 23 percent had no opinion； 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who cant afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions； but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.Its not that working class Americans dont want to eat healthy. Its just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal.5 They live frompaycheck to paycheck, happy to save a little money for next years Christmas presents.词汇：orphan n.孤儿 belly n.肚子nutrition n.营养 waistline n.腰围paycheck n.薪金支票练习：1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their childrenA to save food.B to wash the dishes.C not to waste food.D not to eat too much.2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions?A Because Americans associate quantity with value.B Because Americans have big bellies.C Because Americans are good eaters.D Because Americans are greedy.3.What happened in the 1970s?A The US government recommended the amount of food a restaurant gave to a customer.B Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve smaller portions.C The United States produced more grain than needed.D The American waistline started to expand.4.What does the survey indicate?A Many poor Americans want large portions.B Twenty percent Americans want smaller portions.C Fifty seven percent Americans earn $150,000 per year.D Twenty three percent Americans earn less than $25,000 per year.5.Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?A They work long hours.B They live from paycheck to paycheck.C They dont want to be healthy eaters.D They want to save money for their children.注释：1. Be a member of the clean -plate club!做清盘俱乐部的成员2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们！3. take too many bites 吃得太多4. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story.根据今日美国刊登的一个故事,服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜,其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。5. Its just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal.事情是这样的，美国工人觉得做许多个小时低收入的工作下来,盘子里的饭菜量小有点不合算。答案与题解：1. C本题问的是：美国父母总是叫他们的孩子干什么？文章开头说到,每个美国孩子都能从父母或爷爷奶奶那里听到这样的话,“吃光你盘子里的东西”，“做淸盘俱乐部的成员”。这些话表达的意思就是不要浪费粮食。因此C是正确的答案。2. A本题问的是：美国饭馆为什么饭菜给得多？第二段相关的话是这么说的：美国人在传统 上把东西值不值是跟数量联系在一起,因此大多数的饭馆给的量大。这些饭馆乐于让顾客 们抱怨饭菜给得太多而不乐于让他们抱怨饭菜给得太少。所以A是正确的答案。3. D本题问的是:20世纪70年代发生了什么？文章第三段是这样说的：一位宾州大学营养 教授,Barbara Rolls，告诉今日美国20世纪70年代饭馆给的饭菜的量开始增加，与此同 时,美国人的腰围也开始增大。所以D是对的。4. A本题问的是：调查报告说明了什么？选项B，C和D所说的数字不对。因此唯有A是正确的。A说的是：许多美国穷人希望量大。这个信息可以在第四段中找到。相关的句子是 这么说的：许多吃不起精美正餐的美国人仍然要量大。5. C本题问的是:下面的哪一种说法不符合美国工人的实际情况？ C说的是：他们不想做吃 得健康的人。这个说法是不对的。最后一段的第一句话是这么说的:美国工人不是不想做 吃得健康的人。因此C正确。译文：健康饮食“把盘子里的东西吃完了!”“要成为一名清盘俱乐部的成员!”几乎每一个美国小孩都会听到父母亲或祖父母这样的唠叨。父母亲或祖父母们还经常会加上一句恳求的话：“想想那些饥饿的非洲孤儿吧，多可怜啊!”我们的确应该为每一口食物充满感激。但不幸的是，很多美国人吃得太多了。也许我们应该为明天节约一些粮食，而不足坚持“把盘子里的东西吃完”。据新闻报导，美国的餐馆应该为美国人日益增大的肚腩负部分责任。今日美国刊登的一个故事，服务员给每个顾客提供的一盘食物的量是政府推荐的二至四倍。美国人传统的认为有量才有质，所以大多数餐馆都试图迎合顾客们的这一想法。他们宁愿被抱怨提供了过多的食物也不愿意被投诉提供的食物太少。芭芭拉罗尔斯是宾夕法尼亚州立大学的一位营养学教授。在接受今日美国采访时她说道：“从20世纪70年代起，美国的餐馆就开始提供越来越大份的食物；也就是从这个时候起，美国人的腰围也变得越来越粗了。”健康专家已经试着让很多餐馆提供份量小一些的食物。显然，现在很多顾客也为此而呼吁。据QSR杂志(美国的一份餐饮业经营杂志)报道：在上个月对4000多人所做的一次调查中，有57的人认为餐馆提供的食物份量太大了，23的人没有发表看法，还有 20的人不同意此看法。但是再仔细看看调查结果，你就