动词的时态及语态+主谓一致

三 动词的时态及语态三 动词的时态及语态 I 时态时态 时态考查项目时态考查项目 1 过去完成时过去完成时 2 现在完成进行时现在完成进行时 3 将来完成时将来完成时 4 一般现在时一般现在时 用于表示客观事实用于表示客观事实 科学真理科学真理 答题依据答题依据 句中时间状语句中时间状语 主从句谓语动词的先后关系主从句谓语动词的先后关系 语境语境 时态的呼应时态的呼应 the sequence of tenses 时态呼应是指从句中谓语动词的时态因受主句中谓语动词时态的影响而须采用一定的时时态呼应是指从句中谓语动词的时态因受主句中谓语动词时态的影响而须采用一定的时 态 从而达到两者在逻辑关系上的一致 态 从而达到两者在逻辑关系上的一致 一 主句谓语动词的时态为现在时或将来时 一 主句谓语动词的时态为现在时或将来时 从句谓语动词根据实际情况可用各种时态从句谓语动词根据实际情况可用各种时态 She says she is a college student she was a college student she will be a college student Has he told you when he is to leave for Beijing Will you tell me when you finished the work 二 主句谓语动词用过去时态 二 主句谓语动词用过去时态 1 若从句谓语动词的动作与主句谓语动词的动作同时发生 若从句谓语动词的动作与主句谓语动词的动作同时发生 从句用一般过去时或过去进行时从句用一般过去时或过去进行时 She told me she was a teacher He said he was studying English 2 若从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前 若从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前 从句用过去完成时或过去完成从句用过去完成时或过去完成 进行时进行时 She explained to me that she had made the mistake chiefly out of carelessness Betty said that she had been waiting for my call 3 若从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之后若从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之后 从句用过去将来时 过去将来 从句用过去将来时 过去将来 进行时或过去将来完成时 进行时或过去将来完成时 He said that he would come back the next day She said that she would be setting off on the 10 o clock train He told them that he would have finished by six o clock 4 若从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前 但从句中有表示某一具体时间若从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前 但从句中有表示某一具体时间 的状语的状语 从句用一般过去时 从句用一般过去时 He told me that he was born in 1959 My mother told me that my grandfather went to Germany in 1917 5 若从句说明的是客观事实或科学真理 现在依然成立若从句说明的是客观事实或科学真理 现在依然成立 从句用一般现在时 从句用一般现在时 Our teacher said that the earth is round and it goes round the sun 三 主 从句动作都是将来时 但在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中 三 主 从句动作都是将来时 但在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中 从句谓语动词用从句谓语动词用 一般现在时代替将来时 主句仍用一般将来时 一般现在时代替将来时 主句仍用一般将来时 I will be a teacher when I grow up What shall we do if it snows II 语态语态 语态语态 主动语态和被动语态主动语态和被动语态 一 被动语态考查项目 一 被动语态考查项目 1 被动语态进行式被动语态进行式 2 被动语态完成式被动语态完成式 3 不定式被动式不定式被动式 需要注意需要注意 主动变被动后加主动变被动后加 to 二二 具有被动意义的主动结构具有被动意义的主动结构 即不该用被动语态的情况即不该用被动语态的情况 1 在在 主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 过去分词过去分词 作宾补作宾补 结构中结构中 谓语动词为使役动词或感官动词谓语动词为使役动词或感官动词 Eg I had the machine repaired I didn t hear my name called 2 在在 主系表主系表 结构中结构中 Eg The flowers smell sweet The food tastes nice 3 在在 主语主语 vi adj adv 结构中结构中 vi 有有 open shut sell wear blow work move lock cook wash clean read write draw make burn eat blame photograph etc Eg The goods sells well The door blew open The door can t shut lock This material has worn thin The food is ready to eat This kind of rice cooks quickly She doesn t photograph well Danish bacon and egg makes a good meal The mother didn t know who to blame for the broken glass 4 sth want need to be done sb want sb to do sth want need doing sth require doing sth be worth doing be worthy to be done be worthy of sth be worthy of doing Eg The house needs wants repairing The book is worth reading 四 主谓一致四 主谓一致 主谓一致 谓语动词在人称和数上与主语一致主谓一致 谓语动词在人称和数上与主语一致 一 主谓一致三原则 一 主谓一致三原则 1 语法一致原则语法一致原则 单主单主 单谓单谓 复主复主 复谓复谓 2 意义一致原则意义一致原则 1 单形主单形主 复谓复谓 Eg The volleyball team are playing magnificently The old are respected in China 2 复形主复形主 单谓单谓 Eg This works was built in 1982 Economics was taught by Prof Li Is the United States a big country 3 同一词作主语时单同一词作主语时单 v 时复时复 v Eg All possible means have been adopted Every means has been tried 3 吸引原则吸引原则 邻近原则邻近原则 Neither nor Either or or Not only but also There be 句型句型 Here 引导的句子引导的句子 Eg Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you Here are some pieces of paper and a pen for you 与第一主语一致与第一主语一致 主语后跟主语后跟 together with along with as well as like unlike but except rather than as much as no less than besides including in addition to not 等引导的短语时 其谓语动词的单 复数按主语的单 复数定 即与第一主语一致 等引导的短语时 其谓语动词的单 复数按主语的单 复数定 即与第一主语一致 Eg An iron and steel works with some satellite factories is to be built here An expert together with some assistants was sent to help in this work The room with its furniture was rented The teacher as well as the students was excited I as well as you am a football fan He no less than you is my friend I rather than him am to blame I not you am wrong You not I are wrong No one except my parents knows anything about it 二 用单数谓语动词的情况 二 用单数谓语动词的情况 1 each either neither 复合不定代词做主语复合不定代词做主语 Eg Is there anything in the box Neither is good 2 整体看待的数目整体看待的数目 时间时间 价值价值 重量重量 等复数等复数 n 做主语做主语 Eg Twenty minutes is not enough Three feet is a yard Fifteen dollars is the price 999 is a large number 3 不可数名词不可数名词 动名词动名词 不定式不定式 从句做主语从句做主语 what 从句根据句义定从句根据句义定 What he said is correct What he left me are but a few old books 4 单数名词单数名词 and 单数名词单数名词 结构表示一种概念或事物结构表示一种概念或事物 如何确定此结构表示一种概念或事物如何确定此结构表示一种概念或事物 第二个名词前无冠词第二个名词前无冠词 第一个名词前可有可没有冠词第一个名词前可有可没有冠词 Eg The hammer and sickle was flying over the roof A knife and fork was placed before every guest The poet and writer is one of my friends Butter and bread is usually eaten with smoked salmon Truth and honesty is the best policy The girl s teacher and friend is a young doctor To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit 5 形复单义词做主语形复单义词做主语 headquarters works news 以以 ics 结尾的学科名词结尾的学科名词 国名国名 运动项目运动项目 politics mathematics physics the United Nations the United States Eg The news was very exciting Their headquarters is at the foot of the mountain 6 each every 修饰名词做主语修饰名词做主语 each every 单数可数名词单数可数名词 each every 单数可数名词单数可数名词 结构做主语结构做主语 Eg Every hour and every minute is important Each boy and each girl wishes to serve the people in the future Every man woman and child is an important being 7 more than one 单数可数名词单数可数名词 结构及结构及 many a 单数可数名词单数可数名词 结构做主语 结构做主语 但但 more 复数名词复数名词 than one 结构和结构和 many 复数名词复数名词 结构中 谓语动词多用复数形结构中 谓语动词多用复数形 式 式 Eg More than one question was asked More members than one are against your plan Many a student likes popular songs Many students like popular songs 8 名词所有格之后的名词被省略 这种情况一般只指商店 工厂 或个人的住宅 名词所有格之后的名词被省略 这种情况一般只指商店 工厂 或个人的住宅 做主语做主语 时动词一般用单数 如时动词一般用单数 如 the baker s the barbar s the carpenter s the Zhang s Eg The doctor s is on the side of the street My uncle s is not far from here 注 表示店铺的名词 一般作集体名词看待 但用作主语时 谓语动词往往用复数 注 表示店铺的名词 一般作集体名词看待 但用作主语时 谓语动词往往用复数 Eg Richardson s have a lot of imported goods to sells 9 a series of a species of n 结构作主语时 其谓语动词用单数 结构作主语时 其谓语动词用单数 注意 注意 series species 的单 复数形式相同 如果的单 复数形式相同 如果 series species 之前不是之前不是 a 而是 而是 two 一类的表示复数的词 其谓语动词用复数 一类的表示复数的词 其谓语动词用复数 Eg A series of actions is repeated over and over again There are two series of experiments chemical and physical 三 用复数谓语动词的情况 三 用复数谓语动词的情况 1 and 连接两个名词做主语连接两个名词做主语 不表示同一概念或事物时不表示同一概念或事物时 即两个名词前都有冠词或限定词即两个名词前都有冠词或限定词 both and 短语做主语短语做主语 Eg The professor and the scientist give us lectures every week 2 集合名词做主语集合名词做主语 一些集合名词做主语一些集合名词做主语 谓语动词要求复数谓语动词要求复数 cattle police people mankind poultry militia vermin Eg The police have caught the burglar Cattle are selling at reasonable price 一些集合名词做主语一些集合名词做主语 谓语要求单数谓语要求单数 machinery equipment merchandise jewelry Eg How much machinery has been installed 一些集合名词做主语看成整体时一些集合名词做主语看成整体时 谓语动词用单数谓语动词用单数 强调个个成员时强调个个成员时 谓语动词用复数谓语动词用复数 family team committee crew staff audience club class company crowd enemy government group public population Eg His family is going to have a long juourney The whole family are watching TV The population in China is very large and eighty percent of the population in China are farmers 3 the adj 表示一类人做主语表示一类人做主语 Eg The old are respected in China 4 all none some any more most 等不定代词及等不定代词及 the rest the majority 做主语做主语 修饰或指代可修饰或指代可 数名词时数名词时 要求复数谓语要求复数谓语 修饰或指代不可数名词时修饰或指代不可数名词时 要求单数谓语要求单数谓语 None but 短语视其后短语视其后 名词定名词定 Eg Most of his friends are rich Most of his time is spent playing All are agreed All goes well None but the brave man deserves a reward None but the fools are prepared to believe that 5 分数分数 百分数百分数 half 修饰可数名词做主语时修饰可数名词做主语时 谓语动词用复数谓语动词用复数 修饰不可数名词做主语时修饰不可数名词做主语时 谓语动词用单数谓语动词用单数 Eg More than 70 of the surface of the earth is covered with by water Three fourths of the students in our class are League Members one and a half 复数名词复数名词 one 单数名词单数名词 and a half 如果表示时间如果表示时间 距离距离 重量重量 谓语动词用单数谓语动词用单数 如果表示数量如果表示数量 谓语动词用复数谓语动词用复数 Eg One and a half miles has been covered One and a half apples were left in the plate 6 名词性物主代词做主语时名词性物主代词做主语时 视其义定视其义定 Eg His is a new bike His books are new Ours are old bikes 7 such the same 起指示代词作用时起指示代词作用时 应根据其所指的内容来决定单 复数 应根据其所指的内容来决定单 复数 Eg Such is our plan Such are his words 8 关系代词关系代词 who that which 等在定语从句中做主语时 其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词等在定语从句中做主语时 其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词 的数一致 的数一致 Eg Those who want to go please sign your names here Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun 在在 one of 复数名词复数名词 who which that 引导的从句结构中 关系代词引导的从句结构中 关系代词 who which that 的的 先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是 one 因此从句中的动词应该是复数形式 因此从句中的动词应该是复数形式 但是当但是当 one 之前有之前有 the only 等修饰语时 关系代词的先行词是等修饰语时 关系代词的先行